ovalbumin and Virus-Diseases

Topics: Allergens; Animals; Asthma; Biopsy; Blood Proteins; Bronchi; Cell Adhesion; Crosses, Genetic; Dendritic Cells; Eosinophil Granule Proteins; Eosinophils; Epithelial Cells; Fibroblasts; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Muscle, Smooth; Ovalbumin; Pulmonary Eosinophilia; Respiratory Tract Infections; Ribonucleases; Th1 Cells; Th2 Cells; Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; Transgenes; Virus Diseases

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Bacterial Infections; Blood Bactericidal Activity; Body Temperature; Chick Embryo; Chickens; Egg Proteins; Egg Shell; Female; Infections; Intestines; Muramidase; Mycoses; Ovalbumin; Phagocytosis; Skin; Transferrin; Virus Diseases; Vitelline Membrane

Two trials were conducted to investigate the effects of supplemental chromium (Cr) from organic sources (Cr chelate and high Cr yeast) on antibody responses of newly arrived feeder calves following vaccination with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), para-influenza-3 (PI3), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) and Pasteurella haemolytica and ovalbumin (OVA). Using cross bred steer calves purchased at sales in Ontario, vaccines and OVA were given on d 0 and 21 after arrival in the feedlot. Immune responses of calves were measured as serum specific antibody titres against all antigens on d 0 and 28 or d 35. The anti-OVA antibody responses (trial 2) were further investigated by measuring antibody concentrations of calves weekly until d 55 after arrival in the feedlot. Supplemental Cr (0.14 ppm) from an amino acid-chelated source had no effect on antibody responses to IBR, P13 and BRSV, but enhanced (P < 0.05) antibody titres of calves in response to the BVD vaccine on d 28 or d 35. Supplemental Cr from Cr yeast had no effect on antibody titres of calves to any vaccines. Chromium from both sources (trial 1 and 2) had no effect on antibody responses of calves following vaccination with P. haemolytica. However, supplemental Cr (0.75 ppm) from Cr yeast enhanced (P < 0.05) serum antibody responses of calves to OVA during the primary response (d 14) and secondary response (d 35) following immunization. These data confirmed our previous finding that supplemental Cr can enhance humoral immune response of market-transit stressed calves, but its enhancement on vaccine efficacy was antigen-dependent and variable.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Antibody Formation; Bacterial Vaccines; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Chromium; Food, Fortified; Male; Mannheimia haemolytica; Orchiectomy; Ovalbumin; Pasteurella Infections; Viral Vaccines; Virus Diseases

Toll-like receptor (TLR) family members, 3, 7 and 9 are key components in initiation and progression of autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). These TLRs are often referred to as nucleic acid-sensing TLRs based on their ability to recognize DNAs or RNAs produced by pathogens or damaged cells. During autoimmune disease progression these receptors recognize self nucleic acids as well as self nucleic acid-containing complexes and contribute to inflammatory cytokine production and subsequent enhancement of serum autoantibody levels. We have recently discovered that nucleic-acid scavenging polymers (NASPs) can neutralize the proinflammatory effects of nucleic acids. Here, we begin to explore what effects such NASPs have on normal immune function. We show that such NASPs can inhibit TLR activation without affecting nucleic acid-independent T cell activation. Moreover, we observe that stimulation of immune cells by encapsulated nucleic acids, such as those found in viral particles, is unaffected by NASPs. Thus NASPs only limit the activation of the immune system by accessible extra-cellular nucleic acid and do not engender non-specific immune suppression. These important findings suggest that NASPs represent a new approach toward anti-inflammatory drug development as these agents can potentially be utilized to block overt autoimmune disorders and inflammation while allowing normal immune responses to occur.

Topics: Animals; Antibody Formation; Antigen Presentation; Antigens; Antiviral Agents; B-Lymphocytes; Cell Proliferation; Dendrimers; Dendrites; DNA; Extracellular Space; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; Immunity, Innate; Lymphocyte Activation; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Ovalbumin; Phagocytosis; Polymers; Receptors, Immunologic; Virus Diseases

Although matured DC are capable of inducing effective primary and secondary immune responses in vivo, it is difficult to control the maturation and antigen loading in vitro. In this study, we show that ER-enriched microsomal membranes (microsomes) isolated from DC contain more peptide-receptive MHC I and II molecules than, and a similar level of costimulatory molecules to, their parental DC. After loading with defined antigenic peptides, the microsomes deliver antigenic peptide-MHC complexes (pMHC) to both CD4 and CD8 T cells effectively in vivo. The peptide-loaded microsomes accumulate in peripheral lymphoid organs and induce stronger immune responses than peptide-pulsed DC. The microsomal vaccines protect against acute viral infection. Our data demonstrate that peptide-MHC complexes armed microsomes from DC can be an important alternative to DC-based vaccines for protection from viral infection.

Topics: Animals; Antigen Presentation; Antigen-Presenting Cells; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Dendritic Cells; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Microsomes; Ovalbumin; Peptide Fragments; Spleen; Vaccinia; Viral Vaccines; Virus Diseases

The magnitude of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses is not fixed but correlates with the severity of infection. Although by definition T cell response size is the product of both the capacity to recruit naïve T cells (clonal selection) and their subsequent proliferation (clonal expansion), it remains undefined how these two factors regulate antigen-specific T cell responses. We determined the relative contribution of recruitment and expansion by labeling naïve T cells with unique genetic tags and transferring them into mice. Under disparate infection conditions with different pathogens and doses, recruitment of antigen-specific T cells was near constant and close to complete. Thus, naïve T cell recruitment is highly efficient, and the magnitude of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses is primarily controlled by clonal expansion.

Topics: Adoptive Transfer; Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antigens; Antigens, Bacterial; Antigens, Viral; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Dendritic Cells; Epitopes; Genes, T-Cell Receptor alpha; Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta; Influenza A virus; Listeriosis; Lymphocyte Activation; Lymphocyte Count; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Molecular Sequence Data; Orthomyxoviridae Infections; Ovalbumin; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta; Spleen; Vaccinia; Virus Diseases

Respiratory viral infections in early childhood may interact with the immune system and modify allergen sensitization and/or allergic manifestations. In mice, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection during allergic provocation aggravates the allergic T helper (Th) 2 immune response, characterized by the production of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, and inflammatory infiltrates. However, it is unclear whether the RSV-enhanced respiratory allergic response is a result of non-specific virus-induced damage of the lung, or virus-specific immune responses.. In the present study we investigated whether RSV, pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) and influenza A virus similarly affect the allergic response.. BALB/c mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA), and inoculated with virus during the challenge period. Pulmonary inflammation, lung cytokine mRNA responses, and IgE production in serum were assessed after the last OVA-challenge.. Like RSV, PVM enhanced the OVA-induced pulmonary IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 mRNA expression, which was associated with enhanced perivascular inflammation. In addition, PVM increased the influx of eosinophils in lung tissue. In contrast, influenza virus decreased the Th2 cytokine mRNA expression in the lungs. However, like PVM, influenza virus enhanced the pulmonary eosinophilic infiltration in OVA-allergic mice.. The Paramyxoviruses RSV and PVM both are able to enhance the allergic Th2 cytokine response and perivascular inflammation in BALB/c mice, while the Orthomyxovirus influenza A is not.

Topics: Animals; Female; Hypersensitivity; Immunoglobulin E; Influenza A virus; Interleukin-13; Interleukin-4; Interleukin-5; Lung; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Murine pneumonia virus; Orthomyxoviridae Infections; Ovalbumin; Pneumovirus Infections; Pulmonary Eosinophilia; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; RNA, Messenger; Virus Diseases

Topics: Animals; Asthma; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Immunization; Influenza, Human; Orthomyxoviridae; Ovalbumin; Virus Diseases

In the airways, inhibitory M2 muscarinic receptors (M2Rs) on parasympathetic nerves limit acetylcholine release. Viral infection causes M2R dysfunction, which increases acetylcholine release and leads to airway hyperreactivity. In these studies we tested the role of CD8+ T cells in parainfluenza virus-induced hyperreactivity and M2R dysfunction in normal guinea pigs and in guinea pigs previously sensitized to ovalbumin. Depleting CD8+ T cells prevented virus-induced M2R dysfunction and hyperreactivity in sensitized animals, but not in nonsensitized animals. Sensitization increased the number of eosinophils in close relation to the airway nerves where, when activated, they release major basic protein, which binds to and blocks the M2Rs. Regardless of sensitization, viral infection decreased the number of visible tissue eosinophils, likely reflecting eosinophil degranulation via cytolysis. Depleting CD8+ T cells prevented this virus-induced eosinophil degranulation. In addition, an antiviral effect of sensitization, which we previously showed to be eosinophil mediated, was again seen. This was prevented by depletion of CD8+ Tcells. Thus, CD8+ T cells play a role in airway hyperreactivity and M2R dysfunction of sensitized virus-infected guinea pigs by mediating eosinophil degranulation near airway nerves. In contrast, CD8+ T cells are not necessary for virus-induced hyperreactivity and M2R dysfunction in nonsensitized guinea pigs.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Asthma; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Cell Degranulation; Eosinophils; Female; Guinea Pigs; Immunization; Leukocyte Count; Ovalbumin; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Receptor, Muscarinic M2; Receptors, Muscarinic; Virus Diseases

CD8+ T lymphocytes recognize antigens as short peptides bound to MHC class I molecules. Available methods cannot determine the number and distribution of these ligands on individual cells or detect antigen-presenting cells in tissues. Here we describe a method for eliciting and identifying monoclonal antibodies specific for a particular peptide-MHC class I combination. One such antibody can identify antigen complexes with a limit of detection approaching that of T cells. We used this antibody to determine the number of peptide-class I complexes generated upon viral infection, to identify antigen-presenting cells in cell mixtures, to determine the site of peptide-MHC class I interaction inside cells, and to visualize cells bearing specific peptide-MHC class I complexes after in vivo infection. Similar antibodies may prove useful for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes in cancer, infectious diseases, and autoimmune disorders.

Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibody Affinity; Antibody Specificity; Antigen-Presenting Cells; Cell Compartmentation; Cell Separation; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; H-2 Antigens; Immunohistochemistry; Macromolecular Substances; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Ovalbumin; Peptides; Protein Binding; Vaccinia virus; Virus Diseases

Several macromolecular homeostasis-regulating mechanisms were tested for functional integrities in mice during acute and early chronic phases of infection with lactic dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV). Fractional catabolic rates of carbodiimide-aggregated albumin and immunoglobulin G were studied to evaluate glomerular filtration and hepatic Kupffer cell phagocytic activities. Several glycoproteins (fetuin, IgG antibodies, and ovalbumin) were also compared with their deglycosylated counterparts for fractional catabolic rates and organ distributions as a basis for evaluating virus-induced modifications of saccharide-binding "receptor functions" in vivo. Findings were that normal hepatic clearance of aggregated albumin and of ovalbumin is slowed from the onset of viremia. Fractional catabolic rates of amannosyl-ovalbumin and amannosyl-IgG are similar in uninfected animals to those seen with native ovalbumin or with mannose-terminated IgG in LDV-infected animals. Ovalbumin and aggregated albumin were also found to be mutually competitive for hepatic uptake in uninfected animals. It is proposed that LDV, which replicates in cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system (reticuloendothelial system), alters the clearance functional state of fixed tissue macrophage, thereby explaining in part the protracted circulatory longevity of several enzymes, aggregated albumin and mannose-terminated ovalbumin, and IgG in LDV-infected mice.

Topics: alpha-Fetoproteins; Animals; Antibodies; Glycoproteins; Immunoglobulin G; Kidney; Lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus; Liver; Lung; Mannose; Mice; Ovalbumin; Serum Albumin, Bovine; Spleen; Virus Diseases

Topics: Animals; Bronchitis; Calcium; Chickens; Egg Yolk; Female; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Magnesium; Ovalbumin; Oviducts; Ovulation; Ovum; Potassium; Poultry Diseases; Proteins; Sodium; Virus Diseases