ovalbumin and Swine-Diseases

An immunochromatographic strip for discriminating Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infected from vaccinated pigs was developed based on synthetic peptide. Five peptides designed from the amino acid sequences of nonstructural proteins (NSP) of FMDV were synthesized, and pep5 located in NSP 3B reacted strongly with serum from FMDV-infected pigs but did not react with serum samples from healthy vaccinated pigs. An immunochromatographic strip was developed by using colloidal gold labeled with pep5 as the detector. Staphylococcal protein A and rabbit against peptide-conjugated ovalbumin antibody immunoglobulin G were blotted on the nitrocellulose membrane for the test and control lines. In comparison with 2 commercial NSP enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, the peptide-based strip showed good specificity and sensitivity. The apparent agreements of this new assay with Ceditest(R) ELISA and UBI(R) ELISA were 98.59% and 96.63%, respectively. These results indicate that the strip can be adequately used to discriminate FMDV-infected animals from vaccinated animals.

Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Carrier State; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Foot-and-Mouth Disease; Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus; Goat Diseases; Goats; Immunoglobulin G; Molecular Sequence Data; Ovalbumin; Peptide Fragments; Rabbits; Sensitivity and Specificity; Swine; Swine Diseases; Vaccination; Viral Nonstructural Proteins; Viral Vaccines

Progressive atrophic rhinitis is an upper respiratory tract disease of pigs caused by toxigenic strains of the bacterium Pasteurella multocida. In this study the effect of P. multocida on the humoral immune response of pigs and mice was investigated. Pigs were given live intranasal challenge with either a toxigenic strain or a non-toxigenic strain of P. multocida, or were given daily intranasal instillation of a cell-free lysate of the toxigenic strain. Mice were given a live intranasal challenge of either a toxigenic or a non-toxigenic strain of P. multocida. All of the animals were immunised with ovalbumin and serum concentrations of anti-ovalbumin antibodies were quantified and compared between different treatment groups and control animals. Intranasal challenge with toxigenic P. multocida caused a significant reduction in the levels of anti-ovalbumin IgG in both species. A similar effect was seen in pigs given a cell-free extract of toxigenic P. multocida. Whilst the mechanism of this suppression is unclear, we surmise that immunomodulation of the host is an important virulence factor for toxigenic P. multocida, and could be an important function of the toxin. This immunomodulatory effect may enhance colonisation of P. multocida aiding horizontal transmission and may predispose to concurrent infection with other potential pathogens.

Topics: Animals; Antibody Formation; Female; Immunization; Immunoglobulin A; Immunoglobulin G; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Ovalbumin; Pasteurella Infections; Pasteurella multocida; Respiratory System; Rhinitis, Atrophic; Sus scrofa; Swine Diseases

The study examined the effects of stressors on the responses of 3 and a half-week old piglets that had been given an oral dose of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and a novel harmless antigen (ovalbumin). Removal from the sow (WEAN), a short-term cold stressor (12;C for 48 hours) (TEMP) and mixing with non-littermates (MIX) were assessed in terms of the effects on faecal shedding of ETEC, immune responses, weight gain and an ACTH stimulation test. WEAN and TEMP reduced weight gain and all stressors increased faecal shedding of ETEC. All stressors increased the IgG responses to F4(K88)ac antigens and WEAN and TEMP increased the IgA responses to the same antigens, probably as a result of increased intestinal proliferation of ETEC. None of the stressors, however, had significant effects on antibody responses to ovalbumin or on lymphocyte proliferation assays. The results indicate that stressors influence the faecal shedding of ETEC in young piglets by a mechanism that may not involve modulation of immune responses.

Topics: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Animals; Antigens, Bacterial; Antigens, Surface; Cold Temperature; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Feces; Female; Fimbriae Proteins; Housing, Animal; Hydrocortisone; Immunity, Cellular; Immunoglobulin A; Immunoglobulin G; Lymphocyte Activation; Male; Ovalbumin; Stress, Physiological; Swine; Swine Diseases; Time Factors; Weaning; Weight Gain

Pigs reared commercially indoors are exposed to air heavily contaminated with particulate and gaseous pollutants. Epidemiological surveys have shown an association between the levels of these pollutants and the severity of lesions associated with the upper respiratory tract disease of swine atrophic rhinitis. This study investigated the role of aerial pollutants in the etiology of atrophic rhinitis induced by Pasteurella multocida. Forty, 1-week-old Large White piglets were weaned and divided into eight groups designated A to H. The groups were housed in Rochester exposure chambers and continuously exposed to the following pollutants: ovalbumin (groups A and B), ammonia (groups C and D), ovalbumin plus ammonia (groups E and F), and unpolluted air (groups G and H). The concentrations of pollutants used were 20 mg m-3 total mass and 5 mg m-3 respirable mass for ovalbumin dust and 50 ppm for ammonia. One week after exposure commenced, the pigs in groups A, C, E, and G were infected with P. multocida type D by intranasal inoculation. After 4 weeks of exposure to pollutants, the pigs were killed and the extent of turbinate atrophy was assessed with a morphometric index (MI). Control pigs kept in clean air and not inoculated with P. multocida (group H) had normal turbinate morphology with a mean MI of 41.12% (standard deviation [SD], +/- 1. 59%). In contrast, exposure to pollutants in the absence of P. multocida (groups B, D, and F) induced mild turbinate atrophy with mean MIs of 49.65% (SD, +/-1.96%), 51.04% (SD, +/-2.06%), and 49.88% (SD, +/-3.51%), respectively. A similar level of atrophy was also evoked by inoculation with P. multocida in the absence of pollutants (group G), giving a mean MI of 50.77% (SD, +/-2.07%). However, when P. multocida inoculation was combined with pollutant exposure (groups A, C, and E) moderate to severe turbinate atrophy occurred with mean MIs of 64.93% (SD, +/-4.64%), 59.18% (SD, +/-2.79%), and 73.30% (SD, +/-3.19%), respectively. The severity of atrophy was greatest in pigs exposed simultaneously to dust and ammonia. At the end of the exposure period, higher numbers of P. multocida bacteria were isolated from the tonsils than from the nasal membrane, per gram of tissue. The severity of turbinate atrophy in inoculated pigs was proportional to the number of P. multocida bacteria isolated from tonsils (r2 = 0.909, P < 0.05) and nasal membrane (r2 = 0.628, P < 0.05). These findings indicate that aerial pollutants contribute to the

Topics: Air Pollution, Indoor; Ammonia; Animals; Atrophy; Dust; Eating; Female; Ovalbumin; Palatine Tonsil; Pasteurella multocida; Rhinitis, Atrophic; Swine; Swine Diseases; Turbinates

Seventy-three piglets were weaned at 1 week of age, randomly assigned to 10 groups (A to J), accommodated in stainless steel exposure chambers, and exposed continuously to a controlled environment containing aerosolized ovalbumin. The concentrations of ovalbumin dust were as follows (milligrams per cubic meter): A and F, 16.6; B and G, 8.4; C and H, 4.2; D and I, 2.1; E and J, 0. At weekly intervals, the pigs were bled via venipuncture and anesthetized for nasal lavage and tonsilar biopsies performed for subsequent bacteriologic analysis. At 2 weeks of age, the pigs in groups A to E were challenged with toxigenic Pasteurella multocida (10(8) CFU pig(-1)), and at 6 weeks of age, the pigs were euthanatized. At postmortem, the extent of turbinate atrophy was assessed on the snout sections by using a morphometric index. Exposure to aerial ovalbumin resulted in a dose-dependent increase in serum antiovalbumin immunoglobulin G (IgG; P < 0.001) and serum antiovalbumin IgA (P < 0.001). Exposure also caused a significant increase in the numbers of P. multocida organisms isolated from the upper respiratory tract (P < 0.001) and a corresponding increase in turbinate atrophy, as judged by the morphometric index (P < 0.001). Concurrent challenge with P. multocida and ovalbumin resulted in a significant decrease in both the IgG and IgA responses to ovalbumin (P < 0.001). These results show that ovalbumin exposure increases pig susceptibility to P. multocida colonization and that toxigenic P. multocida modifies the serum IgG and IgA responses to ovalbumin in the pig. Both of these effects may enhance the virulence of this respiratory pathogen and so influence the pathogenesis of atrophic rhinitis in pigs.

Topics: Aerosols; Animals; Antigens; Dust; Immunoglobulin A; Immunoglobulin G; Nasal Cavity; Ovalbumin; Palatine Tonsil; Pasteurella Infections; Pasteurella multocida; Rhinitis, Atrophic; Swine; Swine Diseases; Virulence

Four trials were conducted to characterize the consumption of creep feed by nursing pigs and the effects of creep feeding (from 10 d to weaning at 28 d) on the immune response, scouring index and subsequent performance of weanling pigs. Pigs were fed a ground 20% CP corn-soybean meal-whey diet with 1.0% chromic oxide (control, 9 litters), this diet with 2.7% ovalbumin added as a dietary antigen (ovalbumin, 14 litters), or no creep feed (unexposed, 11 litters). At weaning, pigs within a litter were fed a 20% CP corn-soybean meal diet either with or without 2.7% ovalbumin. Creep-fed litters began eating at 11 d of age and disappearance of creep feed increased linearly until weaning (P less than .01). However, based on the chronic oxide coloring of the feces, total creep feed consumption was quite variable from pig to pig (13 to 194 g) and from litter to litter (107 to 1,550 g). Preweaning daily gain was similar between creep-fed and noncreep-fed litters; larger litters generally had lower daily gains (P less than .09) and less feed disappearance per pig (P less than .02). Weekly blood sampling showed that pigs fed the antigen diet had a higher (P less than .001) antibody titer to ovalbumin at 14, 21 and 28 d of age than did pigs fed the control diet or pigs unexposed to creep feed. At 56 and 63 d of age, all pigs given an ovalbumin injection at 49 d (1 ml containing 3 mg of ovalbumin) had responded (P less than .001) to injection, with the lowest titers for pigs fed the control creep diet and the highest titers for pigs fed the ovalbumin creep diet; titers were intermediate for pigs not fed creep. Regardless of preweaning or postweaning treatment, most pigs began scouring 4 to 5 d postweaning; scouring peaked at d 10 and returned to normal after d 15. Although the magnitude of difference was small, creep-fed pigs tended to scour more than pigs not fed creep (P less than .01). Postweaning performance was not influenced by preweaning treatments.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Antibody Formation; Diarrhea; Eating; Female; Hemagglutination Tests; Litter Size; Male; Ovalbumin; Random Allocation; Regression Analysis; Swine; Swine Diseases; Weaning; Weight Gain

Experiments are described which demonstrate that intraperitoneal injection of a soluble protein antigen (ovalbumin) in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) followed 14 days later by seven days of repeated infusions of an ovalbumin/DEAE-dextran mixture resulted in the appearance of IgA-specific antiovalbumin-containing cells (AOCC) in the intestinal lamina propria and IgA associated specific antibody in intestinal secretion of pigs. Neither intraperitoneal injection alone nor infusion of the antigen mixture alone resulted in a significant local intestinal immune response. In intraperitoneal primed animals the repeated infusion of ovalbumin without DEAE-dextran or a single intraduodenal injection of ovalbumin both resulted in a similar AOCC response in the intestine but, in the absence of DEAE-dextran, IgA was not the predominant class specificity of AOCC. Evidence is also presented for a depression of the intestinal immune response when intraperitoneal immunisation was performed using a large dose of antigen in FCA.

Topics: Animals; Antibody Formation; Antibody-Producing Cells; Female; Immunization; Immunization Schedule; Immunoglobulins; Intestinal Diseases; Intestines; Male; Ovalbumin; Swine; Swine Diseases

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Edema; Edema Disease of Swine; Gallbladder; Gastric Mucosa; Immunization; Injections, Intravenous; Larynx; Ovalbumin; Swine; Swine Diseases; Vitamin E Deficiency

Topics: Acute Disease; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Apnea; Carotid Arteries; Erythrocyte Count; Hemodynamics; Histamine; Hypersensitivity, Immediate; Hypertension; Hypertension, Pulmonary; Leukocyte Count; Leukopenia; Ovalbumin; Swine; Swine Diseases; Thrombocytopenia

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Animals; Antigens; Edema Disease of Swine; Escherichia coli; Intestines; Ovalbumin; Polysaccharides, Bacterial; Swine; Swine Diseases

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Animals; Antibodies; Antigens; Colostrum; Digestive System; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Hypersensitivity, Immediate; Immunization, Passive; Liver; Lung; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Myocardium; Ovalbumin; Pregnancy; Skin Tests; Swine; Swine Diseases