ovalbumin and Staphylococcal-Infections

Childhood trauma may contribute to poorer premorbid social and academic adjustment which may be a risk factor for schizophrenia.. We explored the relationship between premorbid adjustment and childhood trauma, timing of childhood trauma's moderating role as well as the association of clinical and treatment-related confounders with premorbid adjustment.. Type of childhood trauma was assessed with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, short-form and premorbid adjustment using the Premorbid Adjustment Scale. Timing of childhood trauma was assessed using the Life Events Checklist and life events timeline. Linear regression analyses were used to assess the moderating effect of timing of childhood trauma. Clinical and treatment-related confounders were entered into sequential hierarchical regression models to identify independent predictors of premorbid adjustment across key life stages.. Childhood physical neglect was associated with poorer premorbid academic functioning during childhood and early adolescence, and poorer premorbid social functioning during early and late adolescence. By hierarchical regression modelling (. In patients with FES, childhood physical neglect may contribute to poorer premorbid social functioning during early adolescence. This may provide us with an opportunity to identify and treat at-risk individuals earlier.. Utilization of pharmacy services including telehealth, may allow clinical pharmacists to collaboratively provide remote services without jeopardizing patient outcomes. Larger studies are needed to confirm these findings, and display the long-term impact and satisfaction of these services.. Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus IE in IDUs on methadone treatment requires the use of high daptomycin daily doses in order to achieve satisfactory pharmacodynamic parameters. Close monitoring of the daptomycin plasma concentration is suggested.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; Area Under Curve; Atherosclerosis; B7-H1 Antigen; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; C-Reactive Protein; Calgranulin B; Cause of Death; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Cell Line, Tumor; Combined Modality Therapy; Comorbidity; Cost-Benefit Analysis; COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; CRISPR-Cas Systems; Daptomycin; Dexamethasone; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Interactions; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Drug Therapy, Combination; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Enzyme Inhibitors; Extracellular Matrix; Female; Ferritins; Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Gene Knockout Techniques; Gene Targeting; Glioblastoma; Half-Life; Health Status; Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring; Hospital Mortality; Humans; Interleukin-6; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lung; Lung Diseases, Interstitial; Male; Matrix Metalloproteinase 13; Methadone; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Microglia; Middle Aged; Neuroendocrine Tumors; Octreotide; Opiate Substitution Treatment; Ovalbumin; Oxygen; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; Parkinson Disease; Partial Pressure; Phenotype; Plaque, Atherosclerotic; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Positron-Emission Tomography; Prospective Studies; Quality of Life; Radiotherapy Dosage; Radiotherapy, Conformal; SARS-CoV-2; Severity of Illness Index; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Surveys and Questionnaires; Survival Rate; Sweden; Temozolomide; Tissue Distribution; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Treatment Outcome; Tumor-Associated Macrophages; Young Adult

Several different self-assembling peptide systems that form nanofibers have been investigated as vaccine platforms, but design principles for adjusting the character of the immune responses they raise have yet to be well articulated. Here we compared the immune responses raised by two structurally dissimilar peptide nanofibers, one a β-sheet fibrillar system (Q11), and one an α-helical nanofiber system (Coil29), hypothesizing that integrated T-cell epitopes within the latter would promote T follicular helper (Tfh) cell engagement and lead to improved antibody titers and quality. Despite significantly different internal structures, nanofibers of the two peptides exhibited surprisingly similar nanoscale morphologies, and both were capable of raising strong antibody responses to conjugated peptide epitopes in mice without adjuvant. Both were minimally inflammatory, but as hypothesized Coil29 nanofibers elicited antibody responses with higher titers and avidities against a conjugated model epitope (OVA

Topics: Animals; Antibodies; B-Lymphocytes; Bacterial Vaccines; Dendritic Cells; Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte; Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte; Female; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Nanofibers; Ovalbumin; Peptides; Protein Conformation, alpha-Helical; Protein Conformation, beta-Strand; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Vaccines, Subunit

Atopic dermatitis (AD) lesional skin is often colonized with S. aureus, and the load of S. aureus correlates with disease severity. However, a causative and mechanistic link between S. aureus skin colonization and severity of AD is not well established. We made use of well-established mouse model of AD elicited by epicutaneous sensitization of tape stripped skin with ovalbumin to investigate the relationship between allergic skin inflammation and cutaneous S. aureus colonization. Topical application of S aureus exacerbated allergic skin inflammation induced by epicutaneous sensitization with ovalbumin, whereas allergic skin inflammation generated a permissive environment for S. aureus persistence. Our results establish a mutually reinforcing role of allergic skin inflammation and S. aureus skin colonization.

Topics: Allergens; Animals; Dermatitis, Atopic; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Immunoglobulin E; Interleukin-13; Interleukin-4; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Knockout; Ovalbumin; Skin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus

The superantigen

Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Cytokines; Disease Models, Animal; Enterotoxins; Female; Hypersensitivity; Immunization; Immunoglobulin E; Immunomodulation; Leukocytes; Lymphocyte Activation; Lymphocytes; Mice; Ovalbumin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Superantigens

Atopic dermatitis patients have an increased number of type 2 helper (T(H)2) cells in their peripheral blood and superficial Staphylococcus aureus colonization. The purpose of this study was to clarify the effects of peptidoglycan (PEG) from S aureus on the induction of the TH2 immune response in mice.. Mice were primed with PEG- and ovalbumin (OVA)-pulsed Langerhans cells (LCs) and given a booster OVA injection 2 days later via the hind footpad. Five days later, the cytokine response in the draining popliteal lymph nodes was investigated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). IL-12 production from cultured LCs was detected by ELISA and Western blot analysis.. Administration of PEG- and OVA-pulsed LCs into the hind footpads of the mice induced a T(H)2-prone immune response as represented by the enhanced interleukin (IL) 4 expression in the lymph nodes. We further showed that higher levels of IL-12 p40 production by PEG-stimulated LCs relative to IL-12 p70 (p35/p40) production were associated with the induction of the T(H)2 immune response.The LC-derived IL-12 p40 protein induced by PEG stimulation was detected mainly as monomeric and homodimeric IL-12 p40 subunits; other heterodimers including the L-12 p40 subunit, such as IL-23, were undetected.. These results suggest that PEG may have the ability to induce the development of T(H)2 cells through insufficient production of IL-12 p70 and excessive production by LCs of homodimeric IL-12 p40, a known antagonist of bioactive IL-12 p70, offering a possible explanation for the role of S aureus colonization in patients with atopic dermatitis.

Topics: Animals; Female; Interleukin-12; Interleukin-12 Subunit p40; Langerhans Cells; Lymph Nodes; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Ovalbumin; Peptidoglycan; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Th2 Cells

The aim of this study is to investigate the reciprocal effect of Staphylococcus aureus colonization and allergic rhinitis in an allergy model of mice.. BALB/c mice with intraperitoneal ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization and/or intranasal S. aureus inoculation were prepared. The following 4 groups were designed: an OVA-sensitized S. aureus-inoculated (AR-SA) group, an OVA-sensitized uninoculated (AR) group, a nonsensitized S. aureus-inoculated (SA) group, and a nonsensitized uninoculated (control) group. After intranasal OVA challenge, nasal lavage fluid, peripheral blood, and nasal mucosa were collected. Polymorphonuclear cells in the nasal lavage fluid were counted, serum OVA-specific IgE and IgG1 were measured by enzyme immunoassays, and IL-4, IL-5, and IFN-γ mRNAs in the nasal mucosa were assessed by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR. The number of S. aureus in the nasal mucosa and lavage fluid was counted.. Both eosinophil and neutrophil counts were larger in the AR-SA group than in the other groups. Both IgE and IgG1 levels were higher in the AR and AR-SA groups than in the SA and control groups, and the IgG1 level was higher in the AR-SA group than in the AR group. The expression of IL-4 mRNA was higher in the AR-SA group than in the other groups, and the expression of IL-5 mRNA was higher in the AR-SA group than in the SA group. The AR-SA group showed higher counts of S. aureus in the nasal mucosa than the SA group.. These results indicate the mutually potentiating effect of S. aureus colonization and allergic rhinitis.

Topics: Allergens; Animals; Bacterial Load; Cytokines; Eosinophils; Hypersensitivity; Immunoglobulin E; Immunoglobulin G; Leukocyte Count; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Nasal Cavity; Nasal Lavage Fluid; Nasal Mucosa; Neutrophils; Ovalbumin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus

Allergic conjunctivitis is an inflammatory eye disease mediated by Th2-type cytokines and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) colonization has been suggested as playing a role. This study used an experimental allergic conjunctivitis model to determine whether colonization by S. aureus affects the development of allergic conjunctivitis and modifies the immune response to OVA allergen. Mice challenged with OVA via conjunctival sac following systemic challenge with OVA in alum had severe allergic conjunctivitis. Of interest, inoculation of S. aureus markedly accelerated the signs of allergic conjunctivitis and was associated with higher levels of IgE Ab in serum. In addition, mice inoculated with S. aureus had more IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and eotaxin secretion than non-inoculated group. In contrast, inoculation of TLR2(-/-) mice with S. aureus had no effect on severity of allergic conjunctivitis. The findings suggest that activation of TLR2 signal by S. aureus induces Th2-type immune responses and accelerates experimental allergic conjunctivitis.

Topics: Animals; Conjunctivitis, Allergic; Cytokines; Disease Models, Animal; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Histocytochemistry; Immunoglobulin E; Lymphoid Tissue; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Knockout; Ovalbumin; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Th2 Cells; Toll-Like Receptor 2

The role of bacterial enterotoxins like Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB) in allergic asthma remains unknown. We used a mouse model of airway allergy to study the effects of nasal or bronchial contact with SEB on bronchial allergic inflammation.. The features of allergic asthma were induced in ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mice (days 1-13) by repeated exposures to nebulized OVA (days 33-37). Nasal or bronchial application of SEB was performed on three occasions (days 33-35-37), and the effects on bronchial inflammation, IgE titres and expression levels of mRNA for T helper type 2 cytokines and other inflammatory mediators were evaluated.. Both nasal and bronchial SEB enhanced the allergen-induced bronchial inflammation, as reflected by more eosinophilic inflammation in the airway lumen and in bronchial tissue. Aggravation of experimental asthma correlated with higher expression of mRNA for IL-5, IL-4, IFN-gamma, IL-12 p40, eotaxin-1 and TGF-beta in bronchi. In addition, nasal SEB elevated concentrations of IL-4, IL-5 and IFN-gamma in serum and bronchial SEB increased titres of OVA-specific and total IgE in serum.. Our data illustrate the potential of both nasal as well as bronchial SEB to aggravate several features of allergic asthma in a mouse model.

Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Antigens, Bacterial; Asthma; Bronchi; Chemokine CCL11; Chemokines, CC; Cytokines; Enterotoxins; Eosinophilia; Immunoglobulin E; Interferon-gamma; Interleukin-12; Interleukin-4; Interleukin-5; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Models, Animal; Nasal Mucosa; Ovalbumin; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Messenger; Staphylococcal Infections; Th2 Cells; Transforming Growth Factor beta

In the cystic fibrosis (CF) patient, lung function decreases throughout life as a result of continuous cycles of infection, particularly with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The mechanism underlying the pathophysiology of the disease in humans has not been established. However, it has been suggested that abnormal, tenacious mucus, resulting perhaps from improper hydration from loss of Cl- secretion via the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, impairs clearance of bacteria from the CF airway and provides an environment favorable to bacterial growth. If this hypothesis is correct, it could explain the absence of respiratory disease in CFTR-deficient mice, since mice have only a single submucosal gland and display few goblet cells in their lower airways, even when exposed to bacteria. To test this hypothesis further, we induced allergic airway disease in CFTR-deficient mice. We found that induction of allergic airway disease in mice, unlike bacterial infection, results in an inflammatory response characterized by goblet cell hyperplasia, increased mucin gene expression, and increased production of mucus. However, we also found that disease progression and resolution is identical in Cftr-/- mice and control animals. Furthermore, we show that the presence of mucus in the Cftr-/- airway does not lead to chronic airway disease, even upon direct inoculation with S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Therefore, factors in addition to the absence of high levels of mucus secretion protect the mouse from the airway disease seen in human CF patients.

Topics: Animals; Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator; Gene Expression; Goblet Cells; Hyperplasia; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Inbred DBA; Mucins; Ovalbumin; Pseudomonas Infections; Respiratory Hypersensitivity; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Messenger; Staphylococcal Infections

Sinusitis was produced in rabbits, after which animals were separated into three groups: allergic sinusitis, induced purulent sinusitis, and spontaneous purulent sinusitis. Mucosal specimens were taken from these animals and normal controls. Na/K-ATPase was localized cytochemically and its activity studied in order to define the energy metabolism of secretion. The Na/K-ATPase reaction was unable to be clearly distinguished in either the allergic sinusitis specimens or the normal mucosa. In both purulent sinusitis groups, an intensive reaction was observed in the subepithelial glands and a weak reaction was found in the goblet cells. The Na/K-ATPase activity in the purulent sinusitis groups was significantly higher than that in the normal control group. The increased Na/K-ATPase activity may be an affect of hyperactivity of the secretory cells.

Topics: Animals; Histocytochemistry; Immunization; Mucous Membrane; Ovalbumin; Paranasal Sinuses; Rabbits; Sinusitis; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; Staphylococcal Infections; Suppuration

Topics: Animals; Arthus Reaction; Coloring Agents; Exocrine Glands; Guinea Pigs; Inflammation; Injections; Lacrimal Apparatus; Mycobacterium bovis; Ovalbumin; Staining and Labeling; Staphylococcal Infections; Time Factors; Tuberculosis

Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Blood Proteins; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Klebsiella; Klebsiella Infections; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Ovalbumin; Pneumococcal Infections; Proline; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Tetracyclines

Topics: Animals; Cell Movement; Coloring Agents; Cyclophosphamide; Endotoxins; Leukocytes; Male; Ovalbumin; Rabbits; Radiation Injuries, Experimental; Skin Window Technique; Staphylococcal Infections

Topics: Agglutination Tests; Animals; Antibodies; Antibody Formation; Antigens; Aqueous Humor; Ovalbumin; Rabbits; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus; Uveitis; Vitreous Body

Topics: Animals; Blood Proteins; Cattle; Enterobacter; Female; Immunodiffusion; Leukocyte Count; Leukopenia; Mastitis, Bovine; Ovalbumin; Staphylococcal Infections

Topics: Abscess; Candida; Hypersensitivity; Kidney Diseases; Liver Abscess; Lung Abscess; Ovalbumin; Pathology; Rats; Research; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections