ovalbumin and Acidosis

Conventional motor nerve conduction studies are usually normal in early and mild carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Single-fiber electromyography (SFEMG) measures the mean consecutive difference (MCD) as an expression of the variability in impulse transmission over the motor endplates and along the nerve fibers distally to the last branching point and along the muscle fibers.Application of concentric needle SFEMG in a group of CTS patients who showed pure sensory abnormalities in nerve conduction studies to examine for subclinical motor involvement.. Thirty CTS patients having only sensory involvement proved clinically and by conventional electrophysiological studies were included in addition to 30 control subjects. Concentric needle SFEMG was performed to the abductor pollicis brevis (APB), abductor digiti minimi (ADM), and extensor digitorum communis (EDC) muscles.. The results suggest the presence of a subclinical motor median neuropathy at the wrist in patients with early and mild carpal tunnel syndrome and highlight the validity of the concentric needle SFEMG in early neuropathies.. PACTR201802002971380 registered 12 February 2018, retrospectively registered.. Severely acidotic COPD patients had a poorer short- and long-term prognosis compared with mild-to-moderate acidotic COPD patients if acute and chronic hypoxemia was predominant.

Topics: Acid-Base Equilibrium; Acidosis; Aged; Animals; Caproates; Chi-Square Distribution; Chromatography, Gel; Comorbidity; Delayed-Action Preparations; Drug Carriers; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Female; Hospitals, Teaching; Humans; Hypoglossal Nerve; Hypoxia; Intensive Care Units; Kaplan-Meier Estimate; Length of Stay; Logistic Models; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Male; Medicine, Chinese Traditional; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Middle Aged; Nanoparticles; NIH 3T3 Cells; Ovalbumin; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; Patient Discharge; Polyesters; Polyethylene Glycols; Polymerization; Proportional Hazards Models; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Respiration, Artificial; Respiratory System; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Severity of Illness Index; Snoring; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Tertiary Care Centers; Time Factors; Tin; Treatment Outcome

The major effector cells for cellular adaptive immunity are CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), which can recognize and kill virus-infected cells and tumor cells. Although CTLs exhibit strong cytolytic activity against target cells in vitro, a number of studies have demonstrated that their function is often impaired within tumors. Nevertheless, CTLs can regain their cytotoxic ability after escaping from the tumor environment, suggesting that the milieu created by tumors may affect the function of CTLs. As for the tumor environment, the patho-physiological situation present in vivo has been shown to differ from in vitro experimental conditions. In particular, low pH and hypoxia are the most important microenvironmental factors within growing tumors. In the present study, to determine the effect of these factors on CTL function in vivo, we examined the cytolytic activity of CTLs against their targets using murine CTL lines and the induction of these cells from memory cells under low pH or hypoxic conditions using antigen-primed spleen cells. The results indicated that both cytotoxic activity and the induction of functional CTLs were markedly inhibited under low pH. In contrast, in hypoxic conditions, although cytotoxic activity was almost unchanged, the induction of CTLs in vitro showed a slight enhancement, which was completely abrogated in low pH conditions. Therefore, antigen-specific CTL functions may be more vulnerable to low pH than to the oxygen concentration in vivo. The findings shown here provide new therapeutic approaches for controlling tumor growth by retaining CTL cytotoxicity through the maintenance of higher pH conditions.

Topics: Acidosis; Animals; Antigens; Cell Line; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte; Extracellular Space; Female; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hypoxia; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Ovalbumin; Oxygen Consumption; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic

It is widely appreciated that inflammatory responses in peripheral tissues are usually associated to the development of acidic microenvironments. Despite this, there are few studies aimed to analyze the effect of extracellular pH on immune cell functions. We analyzed the impact of acidosis on the behavior of dendritic cells (DCs) derived from murine bone marrow. We found that extracellular acidosis (pH 6.5) markedly stimulated the uptake of FITC-OVA, FITC-dextran, and HRP by DCs. In fact, to reach similar levels of endocytosis, DCs cultured at pH 7.3 required concentrations of Ag in the extracellular medium almost 10-fold higher compared with DCs cultured at pH 6.5. Not only the endocytic capacity of DCs was up-regulated by extracellular acidosis, but also the expression of CD11c, MHC class II, CD40, and CD86 as well as the acquisition of extracellular Ags by DCs for MHC class I-restricted presentation. Importantly, DCs pulsed with Ag under acidosis showed an improved efficacy to induce both specific CD8(+) CTLs and specific Ab responses in vivo. Our results suggest that extracellular acidosis improves the Ag-presenting capacity of DCs.

Topics: Acidosis; Animals; Antibody Formation; Antigen Presentation; Antigens; Antigens, CD; Cell Differentiation; Cells, Cultured; Dendritic Cells; Egg Proteins; Endocytosis; Extracellular Space; Female; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Ovalbumin; Peptide Fragments; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic; Up-Regulation