okadaic-acid and Vomiting

We report on six cases of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning following consumption of mussels harvested in the United Kingdom.

Topics: Abdominal Pain; Adult; Aged; Animals; Bivalvia; Diarrhea; Dinoflagellida; Disease Outbreaks; Environmental Monitoring; Female; Fever; Food Contamination; Humans; Male; Marine Toxins; Middle Aged; Nausea; Okadaic Acid; Seafood; Shellfish Poisoning; United Kingdom; Vomiting

This paper describes for the first time a massive intoxication episode due to consumption of shellfish contaminated with 7-O-acyl-derivative dinophysistoxin-1, named Dinophysistoxin-3 (DTX-3). 7-O-acyl-derivative dinophysistoxin-1, a compound recently described in the literature, was found in shellfish samples collected in the Chilean Patagonia fjords. This compound does not inhibit Protein Phosphatases and also does not elicit the symptoms described for Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP). The data showed here, give evidence of metabolic transformation of 7-O-acyl-derivative dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-3) into Dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1, Methyl-Okadaic acid) in intoxicated patients. This metabolic transformation is responsible for the diarrheic symptoms and the intoxication syndrome showed by patients that consumed contaminated shellfish, which showed only the presence of 7-O-acyl-derivative dinophysistoxin-1. Patients fecal bacterial analysis for the presence of enteropathogens was negative and the mouse bioassay for DSP, performed as described for regulatory testing, was also negative. The HPLC-FLD and HPLC-MS analysis showed only the presence of DTX-3 as the only compound associated to DSP toxins in the contaminated shellfish samples. No other DSP toxins were found in the shellfish sample extracts. However, the patient fecal samples showed DTX-1 as the only DSP toxins detected in fecal. Moreover, the patient fecal samples did not show DTX-3. Since 7-O-acyl-derivative dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-3) was the only compound associated to DSP toxins detected in the shellfish samples, an explanation for the diarrheic symptoms in the intoxicated patients would be the metabolic transformation of DTX-3 into DTX-1. This transformation should occur in the stomach of the poisoned patients after consuming 7-O-acyl-derivatives dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-3) contaminated bivalves.

Topics: Abdominal Pain; Adolescent; Adult; Biotransformation; Chile; Diarrhea; Feces; Food Contamination; Gastric Mucosa; Humans; Marine Toxins; Mass Spectrometry; Mytilus edulis; Okadaic Acid; Pyrans; Shellfish; Shellfish Poisoning; Vomiting