Page last updated: 2024-11-01

ofloxacin and Cross Infection

ofloxacin has been researched along with Cross Infection in 74 studies

Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.
9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.
ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.

Cross Infection: Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.

Research Excerpts

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"In this study, we analyzed 302 patients with pneumonia admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) who were treated with levofloxacin (LFX) either as monotherapy or combined therapy."9.11Levofloxacin in the treatment of pneumonia in intensive care unit patients. ( Alvarez-Lerma, F; Bermejo, B; León, C; Olaechea, P; Palomar, M; Sanchez, M, 2004)
"A pharmacodynamic model was used to generate supportive data comparing tigecycline with other broad-spectrum agents against pathogens implicated in hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)."7.74A pharmacodynamic simulation to assess tigecycline efficacy for hospital-acquired pneumonia compared with other common intravenous antibiotics. ( Dowzicky, M; Kuti, JL; Nicolau, DP, 2008)
"We report a multicentric, open trial of intravenous followed by oral ofloxacin, 400 mg every 12 h, as therapy for 100 cases of nosocomial pneumonia and community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization."7.68Parenteral followed by oral ofloxacin for nosocomial pneumonia and community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization. ( Gentry, LO; Khan, FA; Kohler, RB; Rodriguez-Gomez, G; Rytel, MW, 1992)
"The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of ofloxacin against 400 isolates cultured from the urine of urological patients with complicated urinary tract infections (UTI) resulted in an inhibition of 94% (99%) of the gram-negative strains at a concentration of 1 mg/l (2 mg/l) and an inhibition of 59% (100%) of the gram-positive strains at a concentration of 1 mg/l (4 mg/l)."7.67[In vitro activity, serum, urine and prostatic adenoma concentrations of ofloxacin in urologic patients with complicated urinary tract infections]. ( Adam, D; Bartosik-Wich, B; Naber, KG; Wittenberger, R, 1986)
" Its improved bioavailability and safety profile makes the possibility of shorter hospital stays a reality."6.48Levofloxacin for the treatment of respiratory tract infections. ( Liapikou, A; Torres, A, 2012)
" Nine patients (2 with liver dysfunction, 6 with renal dysfunction and 1 with thrombocytopenia) out of 62 patients were reported to have possible adverse effects of LVFX."5.40[Efficacy and safety of levofloxacin in patients with nursing and healthcare-associated pneumonia]. ( Akata, K; Awaya, Y; Chojin, Y; Hara, K; Hata, R; Inoue, N; Ishimoto, H; Kato, K; Kawanami, T; Kawanami, Y; Mukae, H; Naito, K; Nishida, C; Noguchi, S; Obata, H; Oda, K; Ogoshi, T; Orihashi, T; Sasahara, Y; Shimabukuro, I; Shiraishi, T; Suzuki, Y; Tachiwada, T; Takaki, T; Taura, Y; Tokuyama, S; Tsuda, T; Uchimura, K; Yamasaki, K; Yatera, K; Yoshida, Y; Yoshii, C, 2014)
"An analysis of subjects with concurrent bacteraemia and either nosocomial pneumonia, complicated intra-abdominal infection or complicated urinary tract infection from six phase 3 clinical trials demonstrated similar cure rates and clearance of bacteraemia in patients treated with doripenem and comparator agents."5.17Activity of doripenem versus comparators in subjects with baseline bacteraemia in six pooled phase 3 clinical trials. ( Kaniga, K; Lee, M; Redman, R; Rice, DA, 2013)
"An open-label randomised clinical trial was designed to compare the efficacy and tolerance of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin plus phenethicillin for the prevention of bacterial infections in patients with high-risk neutropenia, and to monitor the emergence of antimicrobial resistance."5.12Levofloxacin vs. ciprofloxacin plus phenethicillin for the prevention of bacterial infections in patients with haematological malignancies. ( Huijgens, PC; Janssen, JJ; Leidekker, ME; Simoons-Smit, AM; Timmers, GJ; Vandenbroucke-Grauls, CM, 2007)
"In this study, we analyzed 302 patients with pneumonia admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) who were treated with levofloxacin (LFX) either as monotherapy or combined therapy."5.11Levofloxacin in the treatment of pneumonia in intensive care unit patients. ( Alvarez-Lerma, F; Bermejo, B; León, C; Olaechea, P; Palomar, M; Sanchez, M, 2004)
"In a multicentre non-randomized open prospective study, 124 patients hospitalized in medical infectious disease or intensive care units, with severe community and hospital-acquired bacterial infections were treated with 15 mg/kg body weight amikacin in a once-daily dose given as a 30 min iv infusion, combined with other antibiotics."5.07Clinical and bacteriological efficacy, and practical aspects of amikacin given once daily for severe infections. ( Beaucaire, G; Beuscart, C; Caillaux, M; Chidiac, C; Karp, P; Leroy, O, 1991)
"The efficacy and safety of ofloxacin for the treatment of pneumonia, urinary infection and skin infections in the institutionalized elderly is being studied in a multicenter North American trial."5.07Ofloxacin use in a geriatric population. ( Alessi, P; Cullison, J; Degelau, J; Meyers, B; Nicolle, LE, 1991)
"Strains isolated in health-related bacteriuria are more frequently ofloxacin resistant principally because of the greater proportion of Gram positive bacteria and because of a non-significant higher ofloxacin resistance rate among Enterobacteriaceae."3.78[Differences between species involved and fluoroquinolone resistance patterns of strains isolated from bacteriuria according to nosocomial, health-related or community-acquired onset]. ( Batalla, AS; De Champs, C; Duval, V; Guillard, T; N'Guyen, Y; Strady, C; Tassain, J, 2012)
"Among hospitalized patients with diarrhea who underwent testing for C difficile toxin, age 75 years or older, hospitalization for 7 days or greater, and recent exposure to cefazolin or levofloxacin were important predictors of a positive CDTT."3.74Is it Clostridium difficile infection or something else? A case-control study of 352 hospitalized patients with new-onset diarrhea. ( Aradhyula, S; Greisnauer, S; Manian, FA; Meyer, PL; Senkel, D; Setzer, J; Wiechens, M, 2007)
"A pharmacodynamic model was used to generate supportive data comparing tigecycline with other broad-spectrum agents against pathogens implicated in hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)."3.74A pharmacodynamic simulation to assess tigecycline efficacy for hospital-acquired pneumonia compared with other common intravenous antibiotics. ( Dowzicky, M; Kuti, JL; Nicolau, DP, 2008)
"We report a multicentric, open trial of intravenous followed by oral ofloxacin, 400 mg every 12 h, as therapy for 100 cases of nosocomial pneumonia and community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization."3.68Parenteral followed by oral ofloxacin for nosocomial pneumonia and community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization. ( Gentry, LO; Khan, FA; Kohler, RB; Rodriguez-Gomez, G; Rytel, MW, 1992)
"In order to determine the efficacy and safety of the new quinolone ofloxacin in the treatment of chronic lower respiratory disease, 674 patients (353 with chronic bronchitis, 212 with community-acquired pneumonia and 109 with hospital-acquired pneumonia) were treated with ofloxacin 200 mg twice a day."3.68Ofloxacin in lower respiratory tract infections. ( Petermann, W, 1991)
"The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of ofloxacin against 400 isolates cultured from the urine of urological patients with complicated urinary tract infections (UTI) resulted in an inhibition of 94% (99%) of the gram-negative strains at a concentration of 1 mg/l (2 mg/l) and an inhibition of 59% (100%) of the gram-positive strains at a concentration of 1 mg/l (4 mg/l)."3.67[In vitro activity, serum, urine and prostatic adenoma concentrations of ofloxacin in urologic patients with complicated urinary tract infections]. ( Adam, D; Bartosik-Wich, B; Naber, KG; Wittenberger, R, 1986)
"42 mL/min/kg]), leading to a shorter elimination half-life (5."2.71Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous levofloxacin in patients with early-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia. ( Baldassarre, M; Brollo, L; Cusenza, A; Di Qual, E; Furlanut, M; Pea, F, 2003)
"Levofloxacin was administered as an infusion of 500 mg/h for 1."2.71Relationship between fluoroquinolone area under the curve: minimum inhibitory concentration ratio and the probability of eradication of the infecting pathogen, in patients with nosocomial pneumonia. ( Corrado, M; Drusano, GL; Fowler, C; Kahn, J; Preston, SL; Weisinger, B, 2004)
"Fifteen patients with severe hospital infections such as postoperative pneumonia or intraabdominal sepsis were treated with ofloxacin in a dose of 400 mg once a day for 7 to 14 days (11 days at the average)."2.68[Clinical trials of ofloxacin in sequential use (intravenous and oral) in patients with serious hospital infection]. ( Dvoretskiĭ, LI; Eremina, LV; Iakovlev, SV; Kudinkina, IP; Prokhorenko, TS; Shakhova, TV; Vlasenko, NA; Vorob'ev, PA, 1996)
" Its improved bioavailability and safety profile makes the possibility of shorter hospital stays a reality."2.48Levofloxacin for the treatment of respiratory tract infections. ( Liapikou, A; Torres, A, 2012)
"Clinical manifestations of Legionnaires' disease are not specific and current diagnostic scores are of limited use."2.46An update on Legionella. ( Carratalà, J; Garcia-Vidal, C, 2010)
"For levofloxacin-treated CAP patients with P."2.43Pneumonia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa: the levofloxacin clinical trials experience. ( Davis, NB; Kahn, J; Tennenberg, AM; Wu, SC, 2006)
" Pharmacodynamic principles can also be used to devise the optimal administration regimen for specific antimicrobial agents."2.41Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin. ( Grant, EM; Nightingale, CH; Quintiliani, R, 2000)
"The empiric treatment of acute pyelonephritis (APN) with third generation cephalosporins (3GC) or fluoroquinolones (FQ) has been challenged by Escherichia coli resistance reported by community surveillance networks."1.40Antibiotic resistance in adult female patients hospitalized for acute pyelonephritis: rates and predicting factors. ( Caron, F; Choplin-Renard, J; Etienne, M; Pestel-Caron, M; Van Elslande, H, 2014)
" Nine patients (2 with liver dysfunction, 6 with renal dysfunction and 1 with thrombocytopenia) out of 62 patients were reported to have possible adverse effects of LVFX."1.40[Efficacy and safety of levofloxacin in patients with nursing and healthcare-associated pneumonia]. ( Akata, K; Awaya, Y; Chojin, Y; Hara, K; Hata, R; Inoue, N; Ishimoto, H; Kato, K; Kawanami, T; Kawanami, Y; Mukae, H; Naito, K; Nishida, C; Noguchi, S; Obata, H; Oda, K; Ogoshi, T; Orihashi, T; Sasahara, Y; Shimabukuro, I; Shiraishi, T; Suzuki, Y; Tachiwada, T; Takaki, T; Taura, Y; Tokuyama, S; Tsuda, T; Uchimura, K; Yamasaki, K; Yatera, K; Yoshida, Y; Yoshii, C, 2014)
"A 55 year-old male patient with chronic renal failure was hospitalized in intensive care unit following cardiopulmonary arrest."1.38[A case of ventilator-associated pneumonia due to Pantoea agglomerans]. ( Altın, N; Argun, C; Canbakan, B; Cesur, S; Koldaş, K; Kurşun, O; Sencan, I; Unal, N, 2012)
"Levofloxacin use was associated with increased resistance of P."1.36Fluoroquinolone resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates causing nosocomial infection is correlated with levofloxacin but not ciprofloxacin use. ( Chun, CL; Hsueh, PR; Lee, YJ; Lin, YC; Liu, HY; Sun, KL, 2010)
"This report describes an outbreak of Legionnaires' disease in severely immunosuppressed patients hospitalised at a cancer centre."1.34Outbreak of Legionnaires' disease in immunosuppressed patients at a cancer centre: usefulness of universal urine antigen testing and early levofloxacin therapy. ( Angeles Domínguez, M; Carratalà, J; Fernández-Sevilla, A; Gudiol, C; Verdaguer, R, 2007)
"Levofloxacin was added to the formulary in 1999, and gatifloxacin was substituted for levofloxacin in 2001."1.33Using interrupted time series analysis to assess associations of fluoroquinolone formulary changes with susceptibility of gram-negative pathogens and isolation rates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. ( Bosso, JA; Mauldin, PD, 2006)
"Levofloxacin use was more frequent in the QR P."1.33Differential effects of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin on the risk for isolation of quinolone-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ( Carmeli, Y; Dodds, AE; Engemann, JJ; Kanafani, ZA; Kaye, KS; Weber, SG, 2006)
"Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections have been associated with considerable morbidity and mortality."1.33Fluoroquinolone-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: assessment of risk factors and clinical impact. ( Bilker, WB; Fishman, NO; Gasink, LB; Lautenbach, E; Nachamkin, I; Weiner, MG, 2006)
"Levofloxacin is a new, recently commercialized fluoroquinolone."1.32[Use of levofloxacin in the hospital]. ( Arnau, JM; Campany, D; Castells, X; Rigau, D; Vallano, A, 2003)
"Levofloxacin was predominantly prescribed for treating community-acquired infections (67."1.32[Observational study investigating the use of levofloxacin in ICU patients]. ( Alvarez-Lerma, F; Bermejo, B; León, C; Olaechea, P; Palomar, M; Sánchez, M, 2004)
"Ciprofloxacin was the quinolone of choice in 24/32 (75%) of assessable cases."1.29An audit of ciprofloxacin use in a district general hospital. ( Fenelon, LE; MacGowan, AP; Reeves, DS; Smyth, EG; Speirs, GE; Speller, DC; Wilcox, MH, 1995)
"Among 219 pathogens originating from nosocomial infections, 3."1.27Comparative activity of ofloxacin with reference to bacterial strains isolated in in-patients and out-patients. ( Alkan, M; Berger, S; Bogokowski, B; Keren, G; Mark, Z; Rubinstein, E, 1986)

Research

Studies (74)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-19903 (4.05)18.7374
1990's14 (18.92)18.2507
2000's45 (60.81)29.6817
2010's11 (14.86)24.3611
2020's1 (1.35)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Mendonça, N1
Leitão, J1
Manageiro, V1
Ferreira, E1
Caniça, M1
Gutiérrez, O1
Juan, C1
Cercenado, E1
Navarro, F1
Bouza, E1
Coll, P1
Pérez, JL1
Oliver, A1
Quiroga, MP1
Andres, P1
Petroni, A1
Soler Bistué, AJ1
Guerriero, L1
Vargas, LJ1
Zorreguieta, A1
Tokumoto, M1
Quiroga, C1
Tolmasky, ME1
Galas, M1
Centrón, D1
Carrër, A1
Poirel, L1
Eraksoy, H1
Cagatay, AA1
Badur, S1
Nordmann, P1
Lecuru, M1
Daniau, C1
Alfandari, S1
Dumartin, C1
Bajolet, O1
Blanchard, H1
Simon, L1
Colomb-Cotinat, M1
Rice, DA1
Kaniga, K1
Lee, M1
Redman, R1
Etienne, M1
Van Elslande, H1
Choplin-Renard, J1
Pestel-Caron, M1
Caron, F1
Yamasaki, K1
Yatera, K1
Kawanami, T1
Sasahara, Y1
Hata, R1
Uchimura, K1
Tachiwada, T1
Naito, K1
Kato, K1
Takaki, T1
Shimabukuro, I1
Shiraishi, T1
Oda, K1
Hara, K1
Chojin, Y1
Suzuki, Y1
Akata, K1
Ogoshi, T1
Tokuyama, S1
Inoue, N1
Noguchi, S1
Nishida, C1
Orihashi, T1
Yoshida, Y1
Kawanami, Y1
Taura, Y1
Ishimoto, H1
Obata, H1
Awaya, Y1
Tsuda, T1
Yoshii, C1
Mukae, H1
Blatun, LA1
Terekhova, RP1
Alvarez Lerma, F1
Romero Luján, JL1
Morón Jiménez, A1
Ortiz López, R1
Borges Sá, M1
Grau Cerrato, S1
Gracia Arnillas, MP1
Cox, HS1
Sibilia, K1
Feuerriegel, S1
Kalon, S1
Polonsky, J1
Khamraev, AK1
Rüsch-Gerdes, S1
Mills, C1
Niemann, S1
Passerini de Rossi, B1
García, C1
Calenda, M1
Vay, C1
Franco, M1
Riabkova, EL1
Kozlov, RS1
Beloborodov, VB1
Hosgor-Limoncu, M1
Ermertcan, S1
Tasli, H1
Yurtman, AN1
Lee, YJ1
Liu, HY1
Lin, YC1
Sun, KL1
Chun, CL1
Hsueh, PR2
Carratalà, J2
Garcia-Vidal, C1
Blasi, F1
Petrosillo, N1
Khawcharoenporn, T1
Vasoo, S1
Ward, E1
Singh, K1
Elgorriaga-Islas, E1
Guggiana-Nilo, P1
Domínguez-Yévenes, M1
González-Rocha, G1
Mella-Montecinos, S1
Labarca-Labarca, J1
García-Cañete, P1
Bello-Toledo, H1
Torres, A1
Liapikou, A1
Kurşun, O1
Unal, N1
Cesur, S1
Altın, N1
Canbakan, B1
Argun, C1
Koldaş, K1
Sencan, I1
Tassain, J1
N'Guyen, Y1
Batalla, AS1
Duval, V1
Guillard, T1
De Champs, C1
Strady, C1
West, M1
Boulanger, BR1
Fogarty, C1
Tennenberg, A1
Wiesinger, B1
Oross, M1
Wu, SC3
Fowler, C2
Morgan, N1
Kahn, JB1
Pea, F1
Di Qual, E1
Cusenza, A1
Brollo, L1
Baldassarre, M1
Furlanut, M1
Castells, X1
Vallano, A1
Campany, D1
Rigau, D1
Arnau, JM1
Gaynes, R1
Rimland, D1
Killum, E1
Lowery, HK1
Johnson, TM1
Killgore, G2
Tenover, FC2
Alvarez-Lerma, F3
Palomar, M2
Olaechea, P2
León, C2
Sánchez, M2
Bermejo, B2
Drusano, GL1
Preston, SL1
Corrado, M1
Weisinger, B1
Kahn, J2
Naber, KG2
Viale, P1
Scudeller, L1
Cristini, F1
Shorr, AF2
Susla, GB1
Kollef, MH2
Zadeikis, N1
Jackson, WL1
Ramage, AS1
Tennenberg, AM2
Lanzafame, A1
Bonfiglio, G1
Santini, L1
Mattina, R1
Muto, CA1
Pokrywka, M1
Shutt, K1
Mendelsohn, AB1
Nouri, K1
Posey, K1
Roberts, T1
Croyle, K1
Krystofiak, S1
Patel-Brown, S1
Pasculle, AW1
Paterson, DL1
Saul, M1
Harrison, LH1
Chen, WH1
Luh, KT1
Grau, S1
Alvarez-Beltrán, M1
Davis, NB1
Bosso, JA1
Mauldin, PD1
Kaye, KS1
Kanafani, ZA1
Dodds, AE1
Engemann, JJ1
Weber, SG1
Carmeli, Y1
Gasink, LB1
Fishman, NO1
Weiner, MG1
Nachamkin, I1
Bilker, WB1
Lautenbach, E1
Bassetti, M1
Righi, E1
Rosso, R1
Mannelli, S1
Di Biagio, A1
Fasce, R1
Pallavicini, FB1
Marchetti, F1
Viscoli, C1
Sirvent, E1
Ruiz, M1
Rodríguez, JC1
Royo, G1
Timmers, GJ1
Simoons-Smit, AM1
Leidekker, ME1
Janssen, JJ1
Vandenbroucke-Grauls, CM1
Huijgens, PC1
Biller, P1
Shank, B1
Lind, L1
Brennan, M1
Tkatch, L1
Thompson, A1
McDonald, LC1
Gudiol, C1
Verdaguer, R1
Angeles Domínguez, M1
Fernández-Sevilla, A1
Manian, FA1
Aradhyula, S1
Greisnauer, S1
Senkel, D1
Setzer, J1
Wiechens, M1
Meyer, PL1
Kuti, JL1
Dowzicky, M1
Nicolau, DP1
von Gottberg, A1
Klugman, KP1
Cohen, C1
Wolter, N1
de Gouveia, L1
du Plessis, M1
Mpembe, R1
Quan, V1
Whitelaw, A1
Hoffmann, R1
Govender, N1
Meiring, S1
Smith, AM1
Schrag, S1
Wang, A1
Yang, Y1
Lu, Q1
Wang, Y1
Chen, Y1
Deng, L1
Ding, H1
Deng, Q1
Wang, L1
Shen, X1
Trzciński, K1
Zareba, T1
Tyski, S1
Hryniewicz, W1
Beam, TR1
Kern, WV1
Andriof, E1
Oethinger, M1
Kern, P1
Hacker, J1
Marre, R1
Speirs, GE1
Fenelon, LE1
Reeves, DS1
Speller, DC1
Smyth, EG1
Wilcox, MH1
MacGowan, AP1
Stein, GE1
Molinari, G1
Schito, GC1
Iakovlev, SV1
Dvoretskiĭ, LI1
Shakhova, TV1
Kudinkina, IP1
Vorob'ev, PA1
Vlasenko, NA1
Prokhorenko, TS1
Eremina, LV1
Tabe, Y1
Nakamura, A1
Oguri, T1
Igari, J1
Scotton, PG1
Tonon, E1
Giobbia, M1
Gallucci, M1
Rigoli, R1
Vaglia, A1
Nightingale, CH1
Grant, EM1
Quintiliani, R1
Steward, CD1
Wallace, D1
Hubert, SK1
Lawton, R1
Fridkin, SK1
Gaynes, RP1
McGowan, JE1
Dreyfuss, D1
Mier, L1
Graffunder, EM1
Venezia, RA1
Gür, D1
Kocagöz, T1
Akalin, HE1
Gentry, LO1
Rodriguez-Gomez, G1
Kohler, RB1
Khan, FA1
Rytel, MW1
Petermann, W1
Beaucaire, G1
Leroy, O1
Beuscart, C1
Karp, P1
Chidiac, C1
Caillaux, M1
Nicolle, LE1
Degelau, J1
Alessi, P1
Cullison, J1
Meyers, B1
Carbon, C1
Delval, C1
Adam, D1
Wittenberger, R1
Bartosik-Wich, B1
Kosakai, N1
Rubinstein, E1
Mark, Z1
Keren, G1
Alkan, M1
Berger, S1
Bogokowski, B1

Clinical Trials (2)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Pharmacometrics to Advance Novel Regimens for Drug-resistant Tuberculosis[NCT03827811]625 participants (Anticipated)Observational2020-01-30Recruiting
A Multicenter, Randomized, Open Label Study to Compare the Safety and Efficacy of Levofloxacin With That of Imipenem/Cilastatin in the Treatment of Nosocomial Pneumonia[NCT00236834]Phase 3438 participants (Actual)Interventional1997-12-31Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Reviews

11 reviews available for ofloxacin and Cross Infection

ArticleYear
[Present aspects and prospects of levofloxacin use in therapy of nosocomial pneumonia].
    Antibiotiki i khimioterapiia = Antibiotics and chemoterapy [sic], 2008, Volume: 53, Issue:9-10

    Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cross Infection; Humans; Levofloxacin; Ofloxacin; Pneumonia, Bacterial

2008
[Clinical positioning of levofloxacin in the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia].
    Antibiotiki i khimioterapiia = Antibiotics and chemoterapy [sic], 2008, Volume: 53, Issue:9-10

    Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cross Infection; Humans; Levofloxacin; Ofloxacin; Pneumonia, Bacterial

2008
An update on Legionella.
    Current opinion in infectious diseases, 2010, Volume: 23, Issue:2

    Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antigens, Bacterial; Azithromycin; Community-Acquired Infections; Cross Infec

2010
[Therapeutic experience with levofloxacin in pneumonia and COPD].
    Le infezioni in medicina, 2009, Volume: 17 Suppl 5

    Topics: Algorithms; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Community-Acquired Infections; Cross In

2009
Levofloxacin for the treatment of respiratory tract infections.
    Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy, 2012, Volume: 13, Issue:8

    Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Community-Acquired Infections; Cross Infection; Humans; Levofloxacin; Ofloxac

2012
Levofloxacin in the treatment of urinary tract infections and prostatitis.
    Journal of chemotherapy (Florence, Italy), 2004, Volume: 16 Suppl 2

    Topics: Adult; Anti-Infective Agents; Ciprofloxacin; Cross Infection; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug

2004
Quinolones for treatment of nosocomial pneumonia: a meta-analysis.
    Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2005, Feb-15, Volume: 40 Suppl 2

    Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Cilastatin; Ciprofloxacin; Cross Infection; Humans; Imipenem; Levofloxacin; M

2005
Levofloxacin in the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia.
    Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2006, Volume: 12 Suppl 3

    Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Cross Infection; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Levofloxacin; Of

2006
Pneumonia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa: the levofloxacin clinical trials experience.
    Current medical research and opinion, 2006, Volume: 22, Issue:5

    Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ciprofloxacin; Community-Acquired Infections; Cross Infection; Drug Re

2006
Quinolone therapy in intensive care unit settings.
    New horizons (Baltimore, Md.), 1993, Volume: 1, Issue:2

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Ciprofloxacin; Clinical Protocols; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cross Infec

1993
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin.
    Chemotherapy, 2000, Volume: 46 Suppl 1

    Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Area Under Curve; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Cross Infection; Drug Costs; Humans;

2000

Trials

12 trials available for ofloxacin and Cross Infection

ArticleYear
Activity of doripenem versus comparators in subjects with baseline bacteraemia in six pooled phase 3 clinical trials.
    International journal of antimicrobial agents, 2013, Volume: 41, Issue:4

    Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteremia; Carbapenems; Cross Infection; Doripenem; Female; Humans; Imipenem

2013
Levofloxacin compared with imipenem/cilastatin followed by ciprofloxacin in adult patients with nosocomial pneumonia: a multicenter, prospective, randomized, open-label study.
    Clinical therapeutics, 2003, Volume: 25, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cilastatin; Ciprofloxacin; Cross Infection; Drug Therapy, Combin

2003
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous levofloxacin in patients with early-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia.
    Clinical pharmacokinetics, 2003, Volume: 42, Issue:6

    Topics: Aged; Anti-Infective Agents; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Critical Illness; Cross Infection

2003
Relationship between fluoroquinolone area under the curve: minimum inhibitory concentration ratio and the probability of eradication of the infecting pathogen, in patients with nosocomial pneumonia.
    The Journal of infectious diseases, 2004, May-01, Volume: 189, Issue:9

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Infective Agents; Area Under Curve; Cross Infection; Female; Fl

2004
Levofloxacin in the treatment of pneumonia in intensive care unit patients.
    Journal of chemotherapy (Florence, Italy), 2004, Volume: 16, Issue:6

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Community-Acquired Infections; Critical Illness; Cross Infection

2004
Levofloxacin for treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a subgroup analysis from a randomized trial.
    Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2005, Feb-15, Volume: 40 Suppl 2

    Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cilastatin; Cilastatin, Imipenem Drug Combination; Cohort Studies; Cross Infe

2005
Efficacy of the combination of levofloxacin plus ceftazidime in the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia in the intensive care unit.
    International journal of antimicrobial agents, 2006, Volume: 28, Issue:6

    Topics: Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ceftazidime; Cross Infection; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Gram-N

2006
Levofloxacin vs. ciprofloxacin plus phenethicillin for the prevention of bacterial infections in patients with haematological malignancies.
    Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2007, Volume: 13, Issue:5

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Ciprofloxacin; Cross Infecti

2007
[Clinical trials of ofloxacin in sequential use (intravenous and oral) in patients with serious hospital infection].
    Antibiotiki i khimioterapiia = Antibiotics and chemoterapy [sic], 1996, Volume: 41, Issue:9

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged; Anti-Infective Agents; Cross Infection; Drug Administration Sched

1996
Clinical and bacteriological efficacy, and practical aspects of amikacin given once daily for severe infections.
    The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 1991, Volume: 27 Suppl C

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Amikacin; Bacterial Infections; Cefotaxime; Ceftazidime; Cross Infection; Drug Administ

1991
Ofloxacin use in a geriatric population.
    Chemotherapy, 1991, Volume: 37 Suppl 1

    Topics: Aged; Cross Infection; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Humans; Ofloxacin; Pneumonia;

1991
[Therapeutic potential of ofloxacin in hospital medicine. A French multicenter study].
    Pathologie-biologie, 1990, Volume: 38, Issue:5

    Topics: Bacteria, Anaerobic; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Posit

1990

Other Studies

51 other studies available for ofloxacin and Cross Infection

ArticleYear
Spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase CTX-M-producing escherichia coli clinical isolates in community and nosocomial environments in Portugal.
    Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2007, Volume: 51, Issue:6

    Topics: Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactamases; Community-Acquired Infections; Cross Infection; Drug R

2007
Molecular epidemiology and mechanisms of carbapenem resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from Spanish hospitals.
    Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2007, Volume: 51, Issue:12

    Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; beta-Lactam Resistance; beta-Lactama

2007
Complex class 1 integrons with diverse variable regions, including aac(6')-Ib-cr, and a novel allele, qnrB10, associated with ISCR1 in clinical enterobacterial isolates from Argentina.
    Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2007, Volume: 51, Issue:12

    Topics: Alleles; Amino Acid Sequence; Argentina; Bacterial Proteins; Base Sequence; beta-Lactamases; Cross I

2007
Spread of OXA-48-positive carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in Istanbul, Turkey.
    Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2008, Volume: 52, Issue:8

    Topics: Bacterial Proteins; beta-Lactamases; Carbapenems; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Elect

2008
Evolution of antibiotic treatments for healthcare-associated infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in France.
    Infectious diseases now, 2022, Volume: 52, Issue:7

    Topics: Aminoglycosides; Amoxicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactamases; beta-Lactams; Carbapenems; Cla

2022
Antibiotic resistance in adult female patients hospitalized for acute pyelonephritis: rates and predicting factors.
    Medecine et maladies infectieuses, 2014, Volume: 44, Issue:5

    Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Aged; Aminoglycosides; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteremia; Catchment Area, Heal

2014
[Efficacy and safety of levofloxacin in patients with nursing and healthcare-associated pneumonia].
    The Japanese journal of antibiotics, 2014, Volume: 67, Issue:1

    Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cross Infection; Female; Humans; Japan; Levofloxacin; Male; Ofloxacin; Pneumo

2014
[Oflomelid ointment: activity against hospital microbial strains].
    Antibiotiki i khimioterapiia = Antibiotics and chemoterapy [sic], 2014, Volume: 59, Issue:1-2

    Topics: Acinetobacter; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cross Infection; Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests; Escherich

2014
[Levofloxacin in the treatment of nosocomial infection in critically ill patients].
    Revista espanola de quimioterapia : publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia, 2008, Volume: 21, Issue:2

    Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Critical Illness; Cross Infection; Female; Humans; Levofloxacin; Male; Middle

2008
Emergence of extensive drug resistance during treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2008, Nov-27, Volume: 359, Issue:22

    Topics: Analysis of Variance; Antitubercular Agents; Cross Infection; Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosi

2008
Activity of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin on biofilms and planktonic cells of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolates from patients with device-associated infections.
    International journal of antimicrobial agents, 2009, Volume: 34, Issue:3

    Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Argentina; Biofilms; Ciprofloxacin; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Multipl

2009
Activity of amikacin, ertapenem, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin alone and in combination against resistant nosocomial pathogens by time-kill.
    The West Indian medical journal, 2008, Volume: 57, Issue:2

    Topics: Amikacin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactams; Ciprofloxacin; Cross Infection; Drug Synergism; Drug

2008
Fluoroquinolone resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates causing nosocomial infection is correlated with levofloxacin but not ciprofloxacin use.
    International journal of antimicrobial agents, 2010, Volume: 35, Issue:3

    Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ciprofloxacin; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Utilization;

2010
[Experience accumulated in hospital setting with levofloxacin, in monotherapy and in association therapy].
    Le infezioni in medicina, 2009, Volume: 17 Suppl 5

    Topics: Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Bacterial Infections; Community-Acquired Infect

2009
High rates of quinolone resistance among urinary tract infections in the ED.
    The American journal of emergency medicine, 2012, Volume: 30, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Anti-Bacterial Agents

2012
[Prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinant aac(6')-Ib-cr among ESBL producing enterobacteria isolates from Chilean hospitals].
    Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiologia clinica, 2012, Volume: 30, Issue:8

    Topics: Acetylation; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Chile; Ciprofloxacin; Cross Infection; Drug

2012
[A case of ventilator-associated pneumonia due to Pantoea agglomerans].
    Mikrobiyoloji bulteni, 2012, Volume: 46, Issue:2

    Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cefoperazone; Cross Infection; Drug Therapy, Combination; Enterobacteriaceae

2012
[Differences between species involved and fluoroquinolone resistance patterns of strains isolated from bacteriuria according to nosocomial, health-related or community-acquired onset].
    Presse medicale (Paris, France : 1983), 2012, Volume: 41, Issue:12 Pt 1

    Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriuria; Community-Acquired Infections; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance,

2012
[Use of levofloxacin in the hospital].
    Revista espanola de quimioterapia : publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia, 2003, Volume: 16, Issue:2

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Cross Infec

2003
Outbreak of Clostridium difficile infection in a long-term care facility: association with gatifloxacin use.
    Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2004, Mar-01, Volume: 38, Issue:5

    Topics: Case-Control Studies; Clostridioides difficile; Clostridium Infections; Cross Infection; Diarrhea; D

2004
[Observational study investigating the use of levofloxacin in ICU patients].
    Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiologia clinica, 2004, Volume: 22, Issue:4

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Infective Agents; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; B

2004
Levofloxacin: a suitable option for the infectious disease consultant.
    Journal of chemotherapy (Florence, Italy), 2004, Volume: 16 Suppl 2

    Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Communicable Diseases; Critical Illness; Cross Infection; Humans; Intensive C

2004
In vitro activity of levofloxacin against recent Gram-negative nosocomial pathogens.
    Chemotherapy, 2005, Volume: 51, Issue:1

    Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactam Resistance; beta-Lactamases; beta-Lactams; Cross Infection; Gram-

2005
A large outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated disease with an unexpected proportion of deaths and colectomies at a teaching hospital following increased fluoroquinolone use.
    Infection control and hospital epidemiology, 2005, Volume: 26, Issue:3

    Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Case-Control Studies; Cause of Death; Clindamycin; Clostridioides difficile;

2005
Relationships between antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacteria causing nosocomial infections from 1991-2003 at a university hospital in Taiwan.
    International journal of antimicrobial agents, 2005, Volume: 26, Issue:6

    Topics: Aminoglycosides; Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactamase Inhibitors; beta-Lactamases; beta-Lactams; Ca

2005
Using interrupted time series analysis to assess associations of fluoroquinolone formulary changes with susceptibility of gram-negative pathogens and isolation rates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
    Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2006, Volume: 50, Issue:6

    Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Ciprofloxacin; Cross Infection; Escherichia coli; Fluo

2006
Differential effects of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin on the risk for isolation of quinolone-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
    Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2006, Volume: 50, Issue:6

    Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Infective Agents; Case-Control Studies; Ciprofloxacin; Cross Infection

2006
Fluoroquinolone-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: assessment of risk factors and clinical impact.
    The American journal of medicine, 2006, Volume: 119, Issue:6

    Topics: Academic Medical Centers; Case-Control Studies; Cohort Studies; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Ba

2006
[Study investigating the activity of several fluoroquinolones against Pseudomonas aeruginosa using the mutant prevention concentration].
    Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiologia clinica, 2006, Volume: 24, Issue:10

    Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Aza Compounds; Ciprofloxacin; Cross Infection; Dose-Response Relationship, Dr

2006
Moxifloxacin therapy as a risk factor for Clostridium difficile-associated disease during an outbreak: attempts to control a new epidemic strain.
    Infection control and hospital epidemiology, 2007, Volume: 28, Issue:2

    Topics: Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Aza Compounds; Clostridioides difficile; Cross I

2007
Outbreak of Legionnaires' disease in immunosuppressed patients at a cancer centre: usefulness of universal urine antigen testing and early levofloxacin therapy.
    Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2007, Volume: 13, Issue:11

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antigens, Bacterial; Cancer Care Facilities; Cross Infection; Female

2007
Is it Clostridium difficile infection or something else? A case-control study of 352 hospitalized patients with new-onset diarrhea.
    Southern medical journal, 2007, Volume: 100, Issue:8

    Topics: Aged; Analysis of Variance; Case-Control Studies; Cefazolin; Ceftriaxone; Clostridioides difficile;

2007
A pharmacodynamic simulation to assess tigecycline efficacy for hospital-acquired pneumonia compared with other common intravenous antibiotics.
    Journal of chemotherapy (Florence, Italy), 2008, Volume: 20, Issue:1

    Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cross Infection; Humans; Imipenem; Levofloxacin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests;

2008
Emergence of levofloxacin-non-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae and treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in children in South Africa: a cohort observational surveillance study.
    Lancet (London, England), 2008, Mar-29, Volume: 371, Issue:9618

    Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross Infection;

2008
Occurrence of qnr-positive clinical isolates in Klebsiella pneumoniae producing ESBL or AmpC-type beta-lactamase from five pediatric hospitals in China.
    FEMS microbiology letters, 2008, Volume: 283, Issue:1

    Topics: Bacterial Proteins; beta-Lactam Resistance; beta-Lactamases; Child; Child, Preschool; China; Ciprofl

2008
Comparison of simple methods of methicillin-resistance detection and evaluation of some properties of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains.
    Acta microbiologica Polonica, 1993, Volume: 42, Issue:1

    Topics: Ciprofloxacin; Cross Infection; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Gentamicins; Humans; Methicillin Resist

1993
Emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli at a cancer center.
    Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 1994, Volume: 38, Issue:4

    Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Cancer Care Facilities; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Uti

1994
An audit of ciprofloxacin use in a district general hospital.
    The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 1995, Volume: 36, Issue:1

    Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Bacterial Infections; Cephalosporins; Ciprofloxacin; Cross Infection; Drug Ut

1995
Fluoroquinolone resistance patterns after formulary addition of ofloxacin. A clinical isolate study.
    Drugs, 1995, Volume: 49 Suppl 2

    Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Ciprofloxacin; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Formularies, Hosp

1995
Comparative in vitro activity of BAY Y 3118 with other fluoroquinolones.
    Drugs, 1995, Volume: 49 Suppl 2

    Topics: Aminoglycosides; Ampicillin Resistance; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Bacteria; Cipr

1995
Molecular characterization of epidemic multiresistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus isolates.
    Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease, 1998, Volume: 32, Issue:3

    Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cefazolin; Cefmetazole; Cross Infection; DNA Restriction Enzymes;

1998
Rhodococcus equi nosocomial meningitis cured by levofloxacin and shunt removal.
    Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2000, Volume: 30, Issue:1

    Topics: Actinomycetales Infections; Anti-Infective Agents; Cross Infection; Female; Humans; Levofloxacin; Me

2000
Ability of laboratories to detect emerging antimicrobial resistance in nosocomial pathogens: a survey of project ICARE laboratories.
    Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease, 2000, Volume: 38, Issue:1

    Topics: Aminoglycosides; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Ciprofloxacin; Cross Infection; Drug

2000
Aspiration pneumonia.
    The New England journal of medicine, 2001, Jun-14, Volume: 344, Issue:24

    Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Bacteria, Anaerobic; Community-Acquired Infections; Cross Infection; Humans;

2001
Risk factors associated with nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection including previous use of antimicrobials.
    The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 2002, Volume: 49, Issue:6

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chi-Square Distribution; Confiden

2002
[In vitro activity of various antibiotic agents against gram-negative nosocomial bacteremia pathogens].
    Mikrobiyoloji bulteni, 1992, Volume: 26, Issue:3

    Topics: Amikacin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteremia; Ciprofloxacin; Cross Infection; Gram-Negative Bacteria;

1992
Parenteral followed by oral ofloxacin for nosocomial pneumonia and community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization.
    The American review of respiratory disease, 1992, Volume: 145, Issue:1

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Bacterial Infections; Cross Infection; Female;

1992
Ofloxacin in lower respiratory tract infections.
    Infection, 1991, Volume: 19 Suppl 7

    Topics: Bacterial Infections; Bronchitis; Chronic Disease; Cross Infection; Drug Administration Schedule; Dr

1991
[In vitro activity, serum, urine and prostatic adenoma concentrations of ofloxacin in urologic patients with complicated urinary tract infections].
    Infection, 1986, Volume: 14 Suppl 1

    Topics: Aged; Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary; Bacteria; Cross Infection; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; F

1986
[Susceptibilities of clinical isolates to antibacterial agents. Focusing mainly on ofloxacin (first report). Reported by the Research Group for Testing Ofloxacin Susceptibility of Clinical Isolates].
    The Japanese journal of antibiotics, 1988, Volume: 41, Issue:1

    Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial;

1988
Comparative activity of ofloxacin with reference to bacterial strains isolated in in-patients and out-patients.
    Infection, 1986, Volume: 14 Suppl 1

    Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Cross Infection; Dose-Response Relationship,

1986