nystatin-a1 and Candidiasis

Nystatin is sometimes used prophylactically in patients with severe immunodeficiency or in the treatment of fungal infection in such patients, although its effect seems to be equivocal.. To study whether nystatin decreases morbidity and mortality when given prophylactically or therapeutically to patients with severe immunodeficiency.. We searched PubMed from 1966 to 7 July 2014 and the reference lists of identified articles.. Randomised clinical trials comparing nystatin with placebo, an untreated control group, fluconazole or amphotericin B.. Data on mortality, invasive fungal infection and colonisation were independently extracted by both authors. A random-effects model was used unless the P value was greater than 0.10 for the test of heterogeneity.. We included 14 trials (1569 patients). The drugs were given prophylactically in 12 trials and as treatment in two. Eleven trials were in acute leukaemia, solid cancer, or bone marrow recipients; one in liver transplant patients; one in critically ill surgical and trauma patients; and one in AIDS patients. Nystatin was compared with placebo in three trials, with fluconazole in 10, and amphotericin B in one; the dose varied from 0.8 MIE to 72 MIE daily and was 2 mg/kg/d in a liposomal formulation. The effect of nystatin was similar to that of placebo on fungal colonisation (relative risk (RR) 0.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.65 to 1.13). There was no statistically significant difference between fluconazole and nystatin on mortality (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.54 to 1.03) whereas fluconazole was more effective in preventing invasive fungal infection (RR 0.40, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.93) and colonisation (RR 0.50, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.68). There were no proven fungal infections in a small trial that compared amphotericin B with liposomal nystatin. The results were very similar if the three studies that were not performed in cancer patients were excluded. For the 2011 and 2014 updates no additional trials were identified for inclusion.. Nystatin cannot be recommended for prophylaxis or the treatment of Candida infections in immunodepressed patients.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Fluconazole; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Liposomes; Mycoses; Nystatin; Opportunistic Infections; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

Invasive fungal infections represent the third-leading cause of late-onset sepsis in very-low-birth-weight infants (VLBWI) and have a high rate of infection-associated mortality. The infants at high risk for fungal sepsis are VLBWI with presence of additional risk factors that contribute to increased colonization and concentration of fungal organisms. Colonization with Candida spp. in neonates is secondary to either maternal vertical transmission or nosocomial acquisition in the nursery. Multiple sites may become colonized and a direct correlation between fungal colonization and subsequent progression to invasive candidemia was determined. Randomized, single and multiple-center, placebo-controlled trials found intravenous fluconazole prophylaxis to be effective in decreasing fungal colonization and sepsis for at-risk preterm infants <1500 g birth weight. The prophylactic use of fluconazole was found to be safe with no significant development of fungal resistance. Fluconazole prophylaxis administered to preterm neonates with birth weight <1000 g and/or 27 weeks' gestation or less has the potential of reducing and potentially eliminating invasive fungal infections and Candida-related mortality.

Topics: Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Drug Resistance, Fungal; Fluconazole; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; Nystatin

Superficial candidosis is a common fungal infection that could become a gateway to systemic spread. Candida albicans is the most important Candida spp; recently, so-called emergent species, such as C dubliniensis, C famata, and C lipolytica have been isolated. This chapter describes the clinical manifestations and laboratory diagnostic techniques, including direct examination, smears, cultures, and physiologic tests. Topical antifungal drugs available for the treatment of superficial candidosis, including imidazoles, triazoles, allylamines, and nystatin, are also discussed. For granulomatous and invasive forms of candidosis, triazoles, allylamines (terbinafine), echinocandins (caspofungin), and amphotericin B are elective therapeutic choices. It is important to eliminate associated predisposing factors that contribute to infection and, if possible, all samples obtained should be evaluated for cases of resistance.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Candida; Candidiasis; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy, Combination; Echinocandins; Humans; Imidazoles; Naphthalenes; Nystatin; Terbinafine; Triazoles

Invasive fungal infection is an important cause of mortality and morbidity in very preterm (< 32 weeks gestation) or very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Clinical uncertainly exists about the effect of prophylactic oral/topical non-absorbed antifungals to reduce mucocutaneous colonisation and so limit the risk of invasive fungal infection in this population.. To assess the effect of prophylactic oral/topical non-absorbed antifungal therapy on the incidence of invasive fungal infection, mortality and morbidity in VLBW infants.. The standard search strategy of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group was used. This included searches of the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2009), MEDLINE (1966 - May 2009), EMBASE (1980 - May 2009), conference proceedings, and previous reviews.. Randomised controlled trials that compared the effect of prophylactic oral/topical non-absorbed antifungal therapy versus placebo or no drug or another antifungal agent or dose regimen in very preterm or VLBW infants.. Data were extracted using the standard methods of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group with separate evaluation of trial quality and data extraction by each review author and synthesis of data using relative risk (RR) and risk difference (RD) and weighted mean difference (WMD).. Three trials, in which a total of 1625 infants participated, have compared oral/topical non-absorbed antifungal prophylaxis (nystatin or miconazole) with placebo or no drug. These trials had various methodological weaknesses including quasi-randomisation, lack of allocation concealment, and lack of blinding of intervention and outcomes assessment. The incidence of invasive fungal infection was very high in the control groups of two of the included trials. Meta-analysis found a statistically significant reduction in the incidence of invasive fungal infection [typical RR 0.19 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.14, 0.27); typical RD -0.19 (95% CI -0.22,-0.16)] but substantial statistical heterogeneity was detected. A statistically significant effect on mortality was not found [typical RR 0.88 (95% CI 0.72, 1.06); typical RD -0.02 (95% CI -0.06, 0.01)]. Long-term outcomes were not assessed by any of the trials.One small trial (N = 21) that assessed the effect of oral/topical non-absorbed antifungal prophylaxis (nystatin) compared with systemic antifungal (fluconazole) prophylaxis was underpowered to exclude important clinical effects.. The finding of a reduction in risk of invasive fungal infection in infants treated with oral/topical non-absorbed antifungal prophylaxis should be interpreted cautiously because of methodological weaknesses in the included trials. Further large randomised controlled trials in current neonatal practice settings are needed to resolve this uncertainty. These trials might compare oral/topical non-absorbed antifungal agents with placebo, with each other, or with systemic antifungal agents and should include an assessment of effect on long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Chronic Mucocutaneous; Fluconazole; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; Miconazole; Nystatin; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

: To provide the wound care practitioner with an overview of practical approaches to prevent and treat common peristomal skin conditions.. : This continuing education activity is intended for physicians and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care.. : After participating in this educational activity, the participant should be better able to:

Topics: Abdomen; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Folliculitis; Humans; Nystatin; Ostomy; Psoriasis; Skin Care; Skin Diseases

Bowels candidiasis is an urgent problem not only for gastroenterology but also for other fields of medicine--gynecology, dentistry, phthisiology, surgery, etc. as this disease is directly related with the manifestations of systemic candidiasis in other organs. The diagnostics algorithm includes the detection of a filamentary form (pseudomyceliums) of micromycetes of the Candida genus in the morphological study of a tissue sampling of the bowels mucous coat. The drug of choice for the treatment of bowels candidiasis is Pimafucin (Natamycin) having a local action on the Candida fungi in the intestinal lumen in the absence of any systemic absorption of the drug or any side effects.

Topics: Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Delayed-Action Preparations; Enterocolitis; Humans; Natamycin; Nystatin

Systemic fungal infection has increased in prevalence in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) caring for very low birth weight infants. It is associated with a prolonged stay and an increase in morbidity and mortality. An assessment of the use of oral prophylactic antifungals to prevent systemic infection is needed.. To assess whether the prophylactic administration of oral antifungal agents to very preterm infants reduces the occurrence of systemic fungal infection.. The standard methods of the Cochrane Collaboration and its Neonatal Review Group were used. Searches were carried out up to July 2003 on the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library Issue 2, 2003), MEDLINE from 1966, EMBASE from 1980, CINAHL from 1992. Abstracts from SPR (1993 - 2003) and ESPR (1995 to 2002) were hand searched.. Randomized and quasi randomized controlled trials in very low birth weight or very preterm infants in which an oral antifungal agent was compared with placebo or no treatment or another oral antifungal agent. Data were extracted using the standard methods of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group, with separate evaluation of the trial quality and data extraction undertaken by each author. Results were reported using relative risk (RR) and risk difference (RD) and weighted mean difference (WMD). 95% confidence intervals were reported.. We identified three eligible trials, one comparing nystatin with no treatment (67 infants), one comparing miconazole with placebo (600 infants), and one comparing nystatin with fluconazole (21 infants). As the two trials comparing nystatin or miconazole with placebo or no treatment were clinically quite different, meta-analysis was not performed. In the trial of nystatin versus no treatment, systemic fungal infection was significantly reduced [RR 0.19 (0.04,0.78)] in the group treated with nystatin. In the study comparing miconazole with placebo there was no significant effect on systemic fungal infection [RR 1.32 (0.46,3.75)]. Neither study found a significant effect on mortality, and there was no significant difference in the mean number of days infants received ventilation or stayed in the neonatal intensive care unit. In the small trial comparing oral fluconazole with nystatin, no significant difference in systemic fungal infection [RR 0.17 (0.01, 2.84)] or mortality [RR 0.17 (0.01, 2.84)] was reported. Adverse drug reactions were not reported in any study.. There is insufficient evidence to support the use of prophylactic oral antifungal agents in very low birth weight infants in the neonatal intensive care unit. Randomised controlled trials in current neonatal practice settings are needed, comparing oral antifungal agents with placebo and with each other and including an assessment of side effects, in order to determine whether oral antifungal agents have a role in preventing systemic fungal infections in preterm infants.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Chronic Mucocutaneous; Fluconazole; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; Miconazole; Nystatin; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

Invasive candidiasis is a feared infection with mortality similar to that of septic shock (40-60%). Improved knowledge of its pathophysiology and the availability of new compounds for antifungal therapy and prophylaxis have contributed to improving the prognosis of severe candidal infections among immunosuppressed patients at the possible cost of the emergence of non-albicans strains of candida with lower susceptibility to azoles. This review focuses on the management of invasive deep-seated candidiasis in critically ill, non-immunocompromised patients. We discuss antifungal use, indications, potential benefit, and main secondary effects. Prevention strategies include pre-emptive antifungal therapy and azole-based prophylaxis. For patients at lower initial risk, pre-emptive therapy should be based on a management strategy that takes into account the presence of definite risk factors and the dynamics of candida colonisation. Among critically ill patients, azole prophylaxis is effective and is not associated with acquisition of resistance; it must be restricted to highly selected groups of patients at high risk only.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Azoles; Candidiasis; Clinical Trials as Topic; Critical Illness; Humans; Immunocompetence; Nystatin; Practice Guidelines as Topic

A systematic review of randomized clinical trials published between 1966 and April 2000 was undertaken to determine the strength of evidence for the effectiveness of antifungal drugs (nystatin, clotrimazole, amphotericin B, fluconazole, ketoconazole, and itraconazole) to prevent and treat oral candidiasis in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients.. An automated database search identified 366 articles. Six met inclusion and exclusion criteria with respect to prophylaxis; 12 met criteria for treatment of oral candidiasis.. The evidence for the prophylactic efficacy of fluconazole is good, although insufficient to draw conclusions about the other antifungals. Evidence for treatment effectiveness is insufficient for amphotericin B but good for nystatin, clotrimazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole, and itraconazole.. Suggestions for strengthening the evidence base include the following: use of larger, more well-defined groups; control for immunologic status, viral load, history of oral candidiasis, past exposure to antifungals, baseline oral Candida carriage, drug interactions, and antiretroviral therapy; and consistent use of compliance monitors, fungal speciation, and susceptibility testing.

Topics: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Oral; Clotrimazole; Databases as Topic; Fluconazole; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Itraconazole; Ketoconazole; Nystatin; Oropharynx; Pharyngeal Diseases; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Research Design; Statistics as Topic; Treatment Outcome

RISING INCIDENCE: In the past two decades, systemic fungal infections, essentially invasive candidiasis, but also invasive aspergillosis, has increased substantially. Despite the currently available antifungal drugs, amphotericin B (AmB), azole compounds (fluconazole or FLU, itraconazole or ITR), these infections are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. AmB remains the drug of choice for treatment of most fungal diseases because of its broad spectrum and potent fungicidal activity, but significant side effects limit its clinical utility. The azole antifungal agents are easier to take, less toxic than AmB, but their use is limited by multiazole-resistant strains. NEW ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS: Lipid formulations have recently attracted much attention due to a significantly lower toxicity: this concerns lipid formulations of AmB and perhaps nystatin in the future. New triazoles (voriconazole, ravuconazole, posaconazole) have shown a wide spectrum of action including against azole-resistant isolates. A new class of antifungal agents, lipopeptides (MK-0991, LY303366, FK463), with an original mechanism of action are being developed. These new compounds are reported to possess a large fungicidal activity against most isolates including AmB and azole-resistant strains.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Aspergillosis; Candidiasis; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Incidence; Nystatin; Risk Factors; Triazoles

Topics: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Nurse Practitioners; Nystatin

The multiplicity of information which electronmicroscopy has contributed to our knowledge of Candida albicans and its relationship to the human host is reviewed and by means of examples presented.

Topics: Antifungal Agents; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal; Female; Humans; Nystatin

Despite its widespread use, the antimycotic nystatin rarely causes allergic reactions. We observed a case of acute generalized pustular exanthem with arthralgia and fever, after the oral administration of nystatin. A causal relationship was demonstrated by positive Intracutaneous testing of the drug. Immunohistology revealed positive staining for C3 in the test area, whereas circulating immune complexes could not be identified. These findings are compatible with a type-II allergic reaction. Systemic prednisolone treatment led to a complete remission of the clinical symptoms within 11 days. In two test subjects who had never received nystatin intracutaneous testing was initially negative. After 3 weeks, both developed itching erythematous papules at the injection sites. Therefore, intracutaneous testing of nystatin involves the risk of sensitization.

Topics: Adult; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Diagnosis, Differential; Drug Eruptions; Drug Hypersensitivity; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Intradermal Tests; Nystatin; Patch Tests; Skin Diseases, Vesiculobullous

We describe congenital cutaneous candidiasis (CCC) in a term newborn. The mother had candidal vaginitis 1 week before delivery. At birth, the infant had a generalized, intensely erythematous, papulovesicular eruption, respiratory distress and elevation of liver function tests. The child responded well to intravenous amphotericin B plus topical and oral nystatin. There have been 13 previously reported cases of CCC in infants weighing more than 1500 gm who had evidence of systemic infection. Two deaths were attributed to candidal pneumonia and sepsis. The majority of infants with CCC have infection localized to the skin, but if there is any evidence of respiratory distress or signs of sepsis the possibility of systemic candidiasis and the need for parenteral antifungal therapy must be considered.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Cutaneous; Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Liver Function Tests; Nystatin; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn

In conclusion, the use of nystatin for fungal prophylaxis in hematology/oncology/bone marrow transplantation patients appears to convey little or no benefit over no therapy. Nystatin treatment significantly reduced the frequency of multiple-site colonization and of persistently positive oropharyngeal cultures, but was not able to prevent the occurrence of disseminated fungal infections. Other antifungal agents (e.g., ketoconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, oral or intravenous amphotericin B) may be of benefit. Studies comparing nystatin with other agents are available in the literature but are beyond the scope of this review.

Topics: Agranulocytosis; Antifungal Agents; Bone Marrow Transplantation; Candidiasis; Child; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Leukemia; Nystatin

On the basis of intestinal yeast colonization different consequences for therapeutic and prophylactic administration of polyene antimycotics have to be drawn. Immunocompromised neutropenic patients should orally receive polyene antifungal drugs (nystatin or amphotericin B) for a long time during the period of increased risk for systemic candidosis. The level of daily dosing is dependent on age, physiological status of the gastrointestinal tract, and underlying disease of the patient. In immunocompetent persons the normal commensal yeast flora should not be suppressed by antifungal chemoprophylaxis if no clinical indications are present, because permanent eradication of yeast in the intestinal tract ist not attainable. About 5 to 15 days after finishing the administration of polyene antimycotics the fungi are detectable again in the faeces in low quantities. The influence of orally administered polyene drugs in the intestinal tract may be detected shortly after starting the application. Thus efficient concentrations of nystatin and amphotericin B are continuously present in the faeces 24 to 48 hours after beginning until 2 to 10 days after finishing the administration. During this time the quantity of yeast in the faeces is evidently reduced or not longer detectable by fungal culture. The oral administration of polyene antimycotics for a long time in persons without immunodepression and without heavy intestinal yeast colonization is not justified.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Colon; Feces; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Nystatin; Polyenes; Risk Factors; Yeasts

The oral cavity and the oesophagus are the main sites of involvement in orointestinal candidosis. The clinical pictures of these manifestations are characterized. Involvement of the stomach as well as the small and large intestine is an exceedingly rare but possible manifestation. There are obviously no repeatedly occurring characteristical symptoms, neither have controlled studies confirmed such characteristics. Recently a discussion has arised-undoubtedly to a large extent influenced by public media-to explain a variety of in particular gastrointestinal symptoms as a consequence of an apparent "mycotic infection of the orointestinal tract" as "a new mass disease". These reports lack any scientific basis supported by experimental or clinical studies. There are similarities to the "candidiasis hypersensitivity syndrome" or "the yeast connection", the existence of which has been critically denied by experts. Corresponding references are given. The author realizes the necessity to oppose this public debate on a critical scientific basis and to answer open questions by controlled studies.

Topics: Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Oral; Esophagitis; Humans; Intestinal Diseases; Nystatin; Stomach Diseases; Syndrome

Topics: Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Aspergillosis; Bone Marrow Transplantation; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Chronic Mucocutaneous; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cryptococcosis; Double-Blind Method; Fluconazole; Humans; Itraconazole; Ketoconazole; Mucormycosis; Mycoses; Neutropenia; Nystatin; Primary Prevention; Recurrence; Retrospective Studies

Topics: Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Esophagitis; Humans; Nystatin

Infectious vaginitis occurs when the normal vaginal flora is disrupted; it may arise when saprophytes overwhelm the host immune response, when pathogenic organisms are introduced into the vagina or when changes in substrate allow an imbalance of microorganisms to develop. Examples of these types of vaginitis include the presence of chronic fungal infection in women with an inadequate cellular immune response to the yeast, the introduction of trichomonads into vaginal epithelium that has a sufficient supply of glycogen, and the alteration in bacterial flora, normally dominated by Lactobacillus spp., and its metabolites that is characteristic of "nonspecific vaginitis". The authors review microbiologic and clinical aspects of the fungal, protozoal and bacterial infections, including the interactions of bacteria thought to produce nonspecific vaginitis, that are now recognized as causing vaginitis. Other causes of vaginitis are also discussed.

Topics: Antibody Formation; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal; Carrier State; Female; Gardnerella vaginalis; Haemophilus Infections; Humans; Lactobacillus; Male; Metronidazole; Mycoplasma Infections; Nystatin; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Sexual Behavior; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus agalactiae; Trichomonas Vaginitis; Vagina; Vaginitis; Virus Diseases

As invasive fungal infection remains a common problem in the management of cancer patients, chemoprophylaxis of these opportunistic infections is desperately needed. The most frequently investigated antifungal agents have been nystatin, amphotericin B, and ketoconazole. In placebo-controlled studies, high doses of antifungal agents decreased the positive results from surveillance cultures, and there is some suggestion that such chemoprophylaxis may reduce the incidence of invasive candidiasis in neutropenic cancer patients. However, no oral chemoprophylaxis has effectively prevented aspergillosis or mucormycoses in these patients. There are still many areas of controversy, and the most adequate regimens, if any, remain to be defined.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Administration, Topical; Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Clinical Trials as Topic; Humans; Ketoconazole; Miconazole; Mycoses; Neoplasms; Nystatin

Infection is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in children receiving anticancer therapy. Children who have severe neutropenia (neutrophil count less than 100/mm3) for longer than 2 weeks should receive oral antibiotic prophylaxis. At present, trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole in combination with either nystatin or amphotericin B is the best regimen for reducing the incidence of serious infections. Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole is very effective in the prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis. Clinicans will have to balance the advantages and disadvantages of prophylaxis in patients who are at risk for P. carinii pneumonitis.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Amphotericin B; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Candidiasis; Child; Compliance; Drug Combinations; Humans; Leukemia; Neoplasms; Neutropenia; Nystatin; Pneumonia, Pneumocystis; Sulfamethoxazole; Trimethoprim; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

Fungal infections of the gastrointestinal tract have risen to higher levels of prevalence in the past decade. Major factors accounting for this increase are social changes, such as the increased ease and frequency of travel, which exposes the individual to environmental conditions that may result in fungal infection; increasing use of antibiotic and hormonal medications by otherwise healthy persons; and improved therapy for other diseases, such as polychemotherapy of cancer with its immunosuppressive effects. Both noninvasive and invasive fungal disease of the intestinal tract in otherwise healthy individuals can be successfully treated. The invasive fungal infections in patients with severe prior underlying disease are often first diagnosed postmortem, but improvement in serologic techniques now offers a possibility of earlier diagnosis and therapeutic intervention.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Diarrhea; Enteritis; Histoplasmosis; Humans; Imidazoles; Immunosuppression Therapy; Ketoconazole; Miconazole; Mycoses; Neoplasms; Nystatin; Paracoccidioidomycosis; Piperazines; Sulfadiazine

Before 1950 no reliable or safe therapy existed for systemic and invasive mycoses, and only traditional and empirical topical preparations were available for dermatomycoses. Two distinct eras of rapid progress in antifungal therapy followed: first, in the 1950's came the introduction of the polyenes, nystatin and pimaricin for cutaneous, vaginal and intestinal candidiasis, and amphotericin B for the treatment of severe systemic mycoses. The second phase saw the successful introduction and clinical use of 5-fluorocytosine and several imidazole derivatives some twenty years later, at a time when the vast increase in iatrogenic systemic mycoses caused by opportunistic fungi had created an urgent and pressing need for new agents in addition to those still effective.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Blastomycosis; Candidiasis; Flucytosine; Humans; Imidazoles; Mycoses; Natamycin; Nystatin; Polyenes

Twenty-five years ago many of the topical remedies for superficial mycoses were irritating, toxic, or allergenic. Total x-ray depilation of the scalp was the accepted mode of therapy for tinea capitis. The introduction of topical nystatin for candidiasis and tolnaftate for dermatophytosis were major advances, but tinea capitis, onychomycosis, and chronic tinea pedis still presented problems. Soon after its introduction in 1958, griseofulvin became the definitive form of therapy for all types of dermatophytosis and played a major role in abolishing large-scale epidemics of tinea capitis in some countries. Recently, haloprogin and the imidazole derivatives, miconazole and clotrimazole, which are topically active against dermatophytes and Candida albicans, have become available. Selective indicator media for isolating dermatophytes are useful diagnostic tools, but quicker methods of diagnosis which require little interpretation are still lacking. Epidemiologic studies in Vietnam again revealed the effects of climate and occlusion on the prevalence, incidence, and severity of superficial mycoses and led to renewed interest in host susceptibility, environment, and prevention of infections.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Adult; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Arthrodermataceae; Candidiasis; Dermatomycoses; Female; Griseofulvin; Hair Removal; Humans; Male; Nystatin

On the basis of the data currently available, no dogmatic statements can be made about optimal therapy for Candida endocarditis. In those with valve protheses, early surgery should be carefully assessed even though the differences in outcome (17% vs 53% survival) are not yet statistically significant.

Topics: Adolescent; Amphotericin B; Aortic Valve; Candidiasis; Drug Therapy, Combination; Endocarditis; Flucytosine; Heart Valve Diseases; Heart Valve Prosthesis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Tricuspid Valve

Topics: Administration, Topical; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Dermatomycoses; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Nails; Nystatin; Paronychia; Skin Diseases

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Aspergillosis; Blastomycosis; Candicidin; Candidiasis; Coccidioidomycosis; Colistin; Cryptococcosis; Dermatomycoses; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Emetine; Flucytosine; Griseofulvin; Histoplasmosis; Humans; Imidazoles; Minocycline; Natamycin; Nystatin; Polyenes; Tolnaftate

Topics: Amphotericin B; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; Burns; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Catheterization; Central Nervous System Diseases; Diabetes Complications; Diagnosis, Differential; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Fluorouracil; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes; Immunosuppression Therapy; Lung Diseases, Fungal; Nystatin; Pneumonia, Pneumocystis; Pyelonephritis; Respiratory Hypersensitivity; Sepsis; Serologic Tests

Topics: Amphotericin B; Candida; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Cutaneous; Candidiasis, Oral; Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal; Cheilitis; Female; Folliculitis; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes; Intertrigo; Leukoplakia, Oral; Male; Nystatin; Paronychia

Topics: Administration, Topical; Amphotericin B; Candidiasis; Coccidioides; Flucytosine; Fusarium; Griseofulvin; Histoplasma; Humans; Mycoses; Natamycin; Nystatin; Streptomyces

Topics: Adult; Candidiasis; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Haemophilus Infections; Humans; Metronidazole; Nystatin; Recurrence; Sulfonamides; Trichomonas Vaginitis; Vaginal Diseases; Vaginitis; Vulvovaginitis

Topics: Amphotericin B; Benzene Derivatives; Benzyl Compounds; Candidiasis; Drug Interactions; Ethers; Griseofulvin; Humans; Imidazoles; Nystatin; Tolnaftate

Topics: Candida; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Cutaneous; Candidiasis, Oral; Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal; Female; Humans; Male; Nystatin; Ointments; Powders; Suppositories; Suspensions; Tablets

Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Alopecia; Balanitis; Candidiasis; Dermatitis, Occupational; Dermatomycoses; Diaper Rash; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Eczema; Erectile Dysfunction; Estrogens; Female; Glucocorticoids; Griseofulvin; Humans; Keloid; Male; Nystatin; Paronychia; Psoriasis; Scabies; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Skin Diseases; Varicose Veins; Vitamins

Topics: Adult; Amphotericin B; Candidiasis; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Histoplasmosis; Humans; Infant; Leukemia; Lymphoma; Male; Mucormycosis; Mycoses; Nystatin

Topics: Actinomycosis; Adolescent; Adult; Amphotericin B; Animals; Aspergillosis; Basidiomycota; Blastomycosis; Candidiasis; Cephalosporins; Child; Chromoblastomycosis; Coccidioidomycosis; Conjunctiva; Cryptococcosis; Drug Synergism; Eye Diseases; Female; Fungi; Geotrichosis; Guinea Pigs; Histoplasmosis; Humans; Male; Mucor; Mycetoma; Mycoses; Natamycin; Nystatin; Penicillium; Pityriasis; Rabbits; Rhinosporidiosis; Sporotrichosis; Tinea

Topics: Actinomycosis; Amphotericin B; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Aspergillosis; Candidiasis; Cryptococcosis; Griseofulvin; Histoplasmosis; Humans; Nystatin; Penicillins

Topics: Actinomycosis; Amphotericin B; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Aspergillosis; Blastomycosis; Candidiasis; Coccidioidomycosis; Cryptococcosis; Griseofulvin; Histoplasmosis; Humans; Iodides; Mucormycosis; Mycoses; Nocardia Infections; Nystatin; Penicillins; Sporotrichosis; Stilbamidines; Sulfadiazine; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Toxicology

The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of orally administered Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) versus nystatin in prevention of fungal colonization and invasive candidiasis in very low birth weight infants.. A prospective, randomized comparative study was conducted in preterm infants with a gestational age of ≤32 weeks and birth weight of ≤1500 g. Patients were randomized into two groups, to receive L. reuteri or nystatin. Skin and stool cultures were performed once a week for colonization and blood cultures for invasive infections. The trial was registered to ClinicalTrials.gov under identifier NCT01531192.. A total of 300 preterm infants were enrolled (n = 150, for each group). Gastrointestinal colonization and skin colonization rates were not significantly different between the groups (18.7% versus 16%, p = 0.54 and 14% versus 12%, p = 0.6, respectively). Invasive candidiasis was detected in two patients of the probiotic group and one patient of the antifungal group. Proven sepsis, feeding intolerance, and duration of hospitalization were significantly lower in the probiotics group than in the antifungal group.. Prophylactic L. reuteri supplementation is as effective as nystatin, and more effective in reducing the incidence of proven sepsis in addition to its favorable effect on feeding intolerance.

Topics: Antifungal Agents; Candida; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Invasive; Chemoprevention; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; Limosilactobacillus reuteri; Male; Nystatin; Probiotics; Sepsis

Candida prophylaxis in ICU is still a matter of debate. Oral chemoprophylaxis has been advocated to reduce the incidence of Candida colonisation and infection.. We performed a randomised trial studying a single drug (nystatin) versus control in surgical/trauma ICU patients. Multiple-site testing for fungi was performed in each patient on ICU admission (T0) and subsequently every 3 days (T3, T6, T9, and so forth). The primary evaluation criterion was the time course of the corrected colonisation index.. Ninety-nine patients were enrolled. At admission, 69 patients exhibited Candida colonisation: the most frequently colonised body sites were the stomach and the pharynx. The most frequent isolated species was Candida albicans. The corrected colonisation index was similar in the two groups at T0 (P = 0.36), while a significant statistical difference was observed between the treatment and control groups at T6 (median 0.14 and 0.33, respectively; P = 0.0016), at T9 (median 0.00 and 0.28, respectively; P = 0.0001), at T12 (median 0.00 and 0.41, respectively; P = 0.0008), and at T15 (median 0.00 and 0.42, respectively; P < 0.0003). The same results were obtained in the subgroup of patients already colonised at ICU admission.. This trial shows that nystatin prophylaxis significantly reduces fungal colonisation in surgical/trauma ICU patients, even if already colonised.. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01495039.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Chi-Square Distribution; Critical Care; Female; Humans; Intensive Care Units; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Statistics, Nonparametric; Treatment Outcome

The hypothesis that an immunologic reaction to Candida yeasts, present in the gastrointestinal tract, causes a diffuse collection of multisystem symptoms is not generally accepted within conventional medicine. A questionnaire, the Fungus Related Disease Questionnaire (FRDQ-7), was previously developed and used to identify patients for a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the nonabsorbed antifungal drug nystatin. Nystatin was superior to placebo in relieving these symptoms. This provides some support for the hypotheses that underpin the "Candida syndrome".. The aim of this study was to identify a population with a high (>9) FRDQ-7 score and symptom-free controls and, subsequently, to explore the relationship between FRDQ-7 scores and Candida immunoglobulin (Ig)A, IgG, and IgM levels.. This was a case-controlled study.. Santelmann has suggested that the FRDQ-7 describes people with Candida syndrome if the FRDQ-7 score is >9; 35 patients with medically unexplained symptoms, between ages 18 and 64, were selected for the study if they scored > 9 on the FRDQ-7 questionnaire. Serum Candida IgA, IgG, and IgM measurements were undertaken both for this group and a group of 45 healthy age- and gender-matched controls, and the Ig concentrations were compared.. Candida IgG concentration was significantly higher in the noncontrol group than in the control group (p < 0.001). No significant difference was found for Candida IgA or IgM concentrations.. Further studies are required to identify whether there is a causal link for the elevation of serum IgG found in this subgroup of patients with increased FRDQ-7 scores, or whether these two observations are parallel manifestations of a common underlying disorder.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Antifungal Agents; Candida; Candidiasis; Fatigue; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Immunoglobulin A; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin M; Male; Medical History Taking; Memory Disorders; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Pain; Pilot Projects

The use of oral nystatin to prevent fungal colonisation and infection in neonates in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) is still an open question and not yet recommended as a standard of care. To determine whether prophylactic oral nystatin results in a decreased incidence of invasive candidiasis in the newborn infants, a total of 3991 infants were divided randomly into two groups. Group A infants (n = 1995), only those neonates who were identified as yeast carriers (oral moniliasis) were treated with oral nystatin. Group B infants, all neonates who were admitted to the unit received oral nystatin, was routinely administered three times a day. Group A was divided into groups A1 and A2 (who were treated only if identified as yeast carriers). Urine and rectal cultures were taken on admission and then weekly thereafter. There were 215 (14.2%), 27 (5.6%) and 36 (1.8%) patients positive for invasive candidiasis in groups A1, A2 and B respectively. Oral nystatin prophylaxis significantly reduced the invasive candidiasis (P = 0.004) in extremely low-birth weight (ELBW) and very low-birth weight (VLBW) infants. Prophylactic administration of oral nystatine to the ELBW and VLBW infants results in a decreased risk of invasive candidiasis.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Antifungal Agents; Candida; Candidiasis; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; Male; Nystatin; Pharynx; Rectum

Colonization of multiple body sites is a leading risk factor for Candida spp. infection in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. We evaluated whether oral nystatin prophylaxis reduces Candida spp. colonization in ventilated ICU patients.. Prospective, randomized, open-label study with blinded assessment of the objective primary evaluation criterion in the medical-surgical ICU of a teaching hospital.. The study included 98 consecutive patients mechanically ventilated for at least 48 h (mean age 58+/-19 years; mean SAPS II 40+/-11), assigned to either treatment group (n=51) or control group (n=47). Study groups were comparable for age, SAPS II, reason for admission, and immune status.. Patients were randomized to receive oral nystatin (treatment group; 3x10(6) U per day) or no nystatin (control group). Multiple body sites (trachea, stomach, rectum, urine, groin, and blood) were tested for Candida spp. on admission and then every 3 days by mycologists blinded to group assignment, and the colonization index was determined.. Colonization by Candida spp. developed in 25% of controls but in none of the treated patients. In multivariate analysis, the absence of nystatin prophylaxis and ICU length of stay were independently associated with Candida spp. colonization. No invasive candidiasis was diagnosed in either study group.. Oral nystatin prophylaxis efficiently prevented Candida spp. colonization in ICU patients at low risk of developing invasive candidiasis. Further studies are needed to determine whether this strategy remains efficient in reducing Candida spp. infections in higher risk ICU patients.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Critical Illness; Female; Hospital Mortality; Humans; Intensive Care Units; Length of Stay; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Respiration, Artificial; Risk Factors

To evaluate the therapeutic effect and mechanism of Jiechang Mixture (JCM) in treating infantile mycotic enteritis.. The children patients confirmed to be suffered from mycotic enteritis were divided randomly into two groups: the 40 cases in the treated group treated with JCM and the 20 cases in the control group treated with fungicidin. The time of stool forming, diarrhea relieving and fungi vanishing were observed. The promoting effect of JCM on small intestine motility and the inhibition of JCM on Candida albicans in stool culture were studied experimentally.. The time of stool forming, diarrhea relieving and fungi vanishing in the treated group were significantly shorter than those in the control group (P < 0.01), and JCM also showed a better effect in improving clinical symptoms and signs of patients than the control. Results of experimental study showed that JCM could abate the ink evacuation of small intestine in mice. The fungi inhibitory test suggested that Candida albicans was susceptible to JCM.. JCM is an effective herbal medicine in treating infantile mycotic enteritis.

Topics: Administration, Rectal; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Enteritis; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Mice; Nystatin; Phytotherapy; Prospective Studies

To assess the effect of treatment of vaginal infections on vaginal shedding of cell-free human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-1-infected cells, HIV-1-seropositive women were examined before and after treatment of Candida vulvovaginitis, Trichomonas vaginitis, and bacterial vaginosis. For Candida (n=98), vaginal HIV-1 RNA decreased from 3.36 to 2.86 log(10) copies/swab (P<.001), as did the prevalence of HIV-1 DNA (36% to 17%; odds ratio [OR], 2.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-6.5). For Trichomonas vaginitis (n=55), HIV-1 RNA decreased from 3.67 to 3.05 log(10) copies/swab (P<.001), but the prevalence of HIV-1 DNA remained unchanged (22%-25%; OR, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.3-2.2). For bacterial vaginosis (n=73), neither the shedding of HIV-1 RNA (from 3.11 to 2.90 log(10) copies/swab; P=.14) nor the prevalence of DNA (from 21% to 23%; OR, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.3-2.0) changed. Vaginal HIV-1 decreased 3.2- and 4.2-fold after treating Candida and Trichomonas, respectively. These data suggest that HIV-1 transmission intervention strategies that incorporate diagnosis and treatment of these prevalent infections warrant evaluation.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitrichomonal Agents; Candidiasis; DNA, Viral; Down-Regulation; Female; HIV Infections; HIV Seropositivity; HIV-1; Humans; Metronidazole; Nystatin; Odds Ratio; Prospective Studies; RNA, Viral; Trichomonas Vaginitis; Vagina; Vaginitis; Vaginosis, Bacterial; Virus Shedding

Candida overgrowth and invasion constitute a serious threat with a high mortality in BMT recipients. Currently available topical antifungal prophylaxis is largely ineffective, and as resistance to existing, absorbable drugs for systemic use is rapidly developing, new forms of therapy are needed. We investigated the effect of oral treatment of BMT recipients with a bovine immunoglobulin product derived from animals immunized against several Candida species. The natural Candida colonization was first followed in 19 patients to establish the colonization pattern. Half of the patients were found to be colonized prior to transplantation and altogether 72% were colonized at some point during follow-up. Those with a high pre-transplant concentration of Candida in saliva (>100 CFU/ml) remained colonized throughout the BMT treatment period. The therapeutic effect was monitored in two other patient groups. The first group consisted of nine patients, where, due to a low number of primary colonized patients, response in colonized patients was suggestive of a therapeutic effect. In the second group, 10 patients with a high level of colonization (>100 CFU/ml) were given 10 g daily of the product in three divided doses. The results suggest a treatment-related reduction in Candida colonization in a majority (7/10) of patients and one patient became completely negative. As no adverse effects were noted, our findings encourage additional studies in immunocompromised, transplant patients.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; Anemia, Aplastic; Animals; Antibodies, Fungal; Antifungal Agents; Bone Marrow Transplantation; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Cattle; Child; Colostrum; Female; Hematologic Neoplasms; Humans; Immunization, Passive; Immunocompromised Host; Intestinal Absorption; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth; Nystatin; Opportunistic Infections; Pharmacokinetics; Saliva; Transplantation Conditioning; Transplantation, Homologous; Treatment Outcome

To assess the efficacy and clinical outcome of 2% mupirocin in a polyethylene glycol base and nystatin cream as treatment regimens in diaper candidosis.. A prospective randomized comparative study.. In vitro. The susceptibility of 20 clinical isolates of Candida albicans to 2% mupirocin, nystatin, and five additional antifungal agents was evaluated using the Nathan agar-well diffusion assay. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of mupirocin against the Candida species was determined using a tube dilution method. In vivo. Twenty patients (mean age, 12 months; range, 1 month to 4 years) with moderate to severe Monilia diaper dermatitis either had mupirocin ointment or nystatin cream applied to the infected area every 8 h or after every diaper change for a period of 7 days. Microscopic examination of skin scrapings and mycologic and microbiological cultures were performed before treatment and daily for 7 days, and progress was clinically assessed.. In vitro. Topical mupirocin produced a greater zone of inhibition than nystatin cream, i.e. a mean of 27.2 mm (SD 1.55) compared with a mean of 17.3 mm (SD 1.08) for nystatin cream. MIC for mupirocin of 512 microg/mL in one case, 256 microg/mL in six cases, 200 microg/mL in 10 cases and 400 microg/mL in three cases were obtained for the 20 clinical isolates. C. albicans also displayed a universal sensitivity to mupirocin and nystatin. In vivo. Eradication of all Candida organisms was achieved within 2-6 days (mean, 2.6 days) in 10 patients receiving topical mupirocin therapy with rapid healing of the excoriated wounds (mean, 4.7 days). Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were eradicated from the infected area within the trial period. Ten patients received topical nystatin cream and, in each case, Candida was successfully cleared within 5 days (mean, 2.8 days). Only three wounds were clinically healed within the trial period, however. The remaining seven wounds showed evidence of improved, but ongoing excoriated dermatitis and a heavy growth of polymicrobial organisms.. Both agents eradicated Candida, the major difference being the marked response of the diaper dermatitis to mupirocin. Mupirocin should be applied topically 3-4 times daily or with each diaper change and is an excellent antifungal agent.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Anal Canal; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Child, Preschool; Diaper Rash; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mupirocin; Nystatin; Treatment Outcome

In this multicentre, randomised, double-blind study, the safety and efficacy of oral fluconazole (200 micrograms/day) and nystatin suspension (6,000,000 IU/day) for the prevention of fungal infections were compared in patients with leukaemia undergoing remission induction chemotherapy. Antifungal prophylaxis was initiated at the time chemotherapy was started and continued throughout the hospital stay or the period of neutropenia to a maximum of 42 days. Prophylaxis was successful (no evidence of fungal infection or fever of unknown origin unresponsive to antibiotics) in 38 of 56 (68%) fluconazole-treated and 25 of 53 (47%) nystatin-treated patients (P = 0.03). 2 patients (4%) in the fluconazole group and 6 (11%) patients in the nystatin group developed systemic fungal infections (P = 0.15). The overall frequency of adverse events was similar among fluconazole-treated (29%) and nystatin-treated (32%); most events in both treatment groups involved the gastrointestinal tract. These results indicated fluconazole was more effective than nystatin in preventing Candida infections in patients with leukaemia; fluconazole was well tolerated.

Topics: Acute Disease; Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fluconazole; Humans; Leukemia; Male; Middle Aged; Neutropenia; Nystatin; Opportunistic Infections; Treatment Outcome

An open, prospective, randomized pilot study was performed to assess the efficacy and safety of oral fluconazole 3 mg/kg once daily compared with oral nystatin 50,000 units/kg/day in four divided doses in preventing candida infections in 50 children undergoing remission induction or consolidation therapy for cancer. In 21 of 25 fluconazole-treated and 20 of 25 nystatin-treated patients the overall outcome of prophylaxis was clearly successful. Mild and transient oropharyngeal candidosis was observed in two and three patients in the fluconazole and nystatin groups respectively. One patient randomized to fluconazole and two patients randomized to nystatin required empirical treatment with amphotericin B and one patient assigned to fluconazole developed tissue-proven candida colitis. Initially non-colonized patients remained yeast-free throughout treatment with no differences between the two study arms. Initially colonized patients stayed colonized throughout treatment although at the end of the study, more patients randomized to nystatin were still harbouring yeasts (P = 0.05). Almost exclusively, Candida albicans (95%) was isolated. A change in species was observed in one patient in each arm of the study. Candida krusei or Candida glabrata were not encountered. Transient elevations of hepatic transaminases were more common in the fluconazole group, although not statistically significant (28% vs 12%, P = 0.15). Reversible grade I gastrointestinal and skin symptoms were observed in four patients randomized to fluconazole (16 vs 0%, P < 0.05). Fluconazole was as safe and effective as nystatin in controlling yeast colonization and in preventing superficial and invasive candida infections and the empirical use of amphotericin B in children and adolescents undergoing intensive chemotherapy for cancer.

Topics: Adolescent; Antifungal Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Child; Child, Preschool; Feces; Female; Fluconazole; Humans; Infant; Male; Neoplasms; Nystatin; Oropharynx; Prospective Studies; Pruritus

A prospective, randomized, multicenter study addressed the safety and efficacy of fluconazole therapy in 143 liver transplant patients. Seventy-six patients received daily oral fluconazole (100 mg), and 67 received nystatin (4 X 10(6) U) during the first 28 days after transplantation. Candida colonization occurred in 25% and 53% of patients in the fluconazole and nystatin groups, respectively (P = .04), and 13% and 34% of patients in the respective groups had Candida infections (P = .022). Of these patients, 10.5% in the fluconazole group and 25.3% in the nystatin group had superficial candidal infections (P = .024). Invasive candidiasis developed in 2 patients in the fluconazole group (2.6%) and 6 in the nystatin group (9.0%) (P = .12). There was no increased hepatotoxicity, cyclosporine interaction, or emergence of clinically relevant resistant Candida strains attributable to fluconazole. Thus, oral fluconazole (100 mg) is safe and reduces Candida colonization and infection after liver transplantation.

Topics: Adult; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Female; Fluconazole; Humans; Liver Transplantation; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin

A prospective randomized study of the prevention of candida peritonitis (CP) in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients using oral nystatin given concomitantly with antibiotic therapy was carried out for 2 years. Patients were randomized into two groups. Nystatin tablets 500,000 units four times a day were given to group 1 but not group 2 patients whenever antibiotics were prescribed. There were 199 patients at risk (mean follow-up, 18.0 months) in group 1 and 198 patients at risk (mean follow-up, 16.6 months) in group 2. The peritonitis and antibiotic prescription rates were comparable between the two groups. There were four episodes of CP in four patients in group 1 and 12 episodes in 11 patients in group 2. The probability of CP-free survival at 2 years was higher in group 1 compared with group 2 (0.974 v 0.915; P < 0.05). However, only three (75%) CP episodes in group 1 and six (50%) in group 2 were considered "antibiotics related." The incidence of antibiotics-related CP was 1.39 and 3.19 per 100 peritonitis episodes and 0.66 and 1.43 per 100 antibiotic prescriptions in groups 1 and 2, respectively (P = NS). We conclude that oral nystatin prophylaxis with each antibiotic prescription reduced the rate of CP in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis irrespective of its apparent temporal relationship to antibiotic prescription.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory; Peritonitis; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors

A prospective, randomized study was conducted to determine if prophylactic antifungal agents prevented yeast colonization (YC) or yeast sepsis (YS), or if they diminished mortality in 292 critically ill adult (nontransplant/nonburned) surgical and trauma patients admitted to the SICU for 48 hours or longer. Patients were randomized to receive (group I) no therapy, (group II) clotrimazole 10 mg three times a day, (group III) ketoconazole 200 mg per day, or (group IV) nystatin 2 million units every 6 hours. For comparison patients were stratified by the criteria of Slotman and Burchard into high risk (> or = 3 risk factors) and low risk (< 3 risk factors). Fifty patients (17%) had yeast colonization, nine (3.1%) had yeast sepsis, and 41 (14%) died. Stepwise logistic regression analysis of yeast colonization and sepsis using the variables APACHE II scores > 10, need for ventilator support > 48 hours, and 14 risk factors (Slotman and Burchard) showed that treatment with three or more antibiotics, APACHE II > 10, and ventilatory support > 48 hours were the only three variables that were significant predictors of yeast colonization and sepsis. There was no significant difference between the four groups with regard to YC (23%, 18%, 12%, and 15%, respectively), YS (3%, 1%, 2%, and 7%, respectively), or mortality (15%, 14%, 6%, and 20%, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Aged; Candida; Candidiasis; Clotrimazole; Colony Count, Microbial; Critical Illness; Cross Infection; Female; Fungemia; Humans; Incidence; Intensive Care Units; Ketoconazole; Length of Stay; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Multiple Trauma; Nystatin; Postoperative Complications; Premedication; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Severity of Illness Index

Selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) with oral nystatin was evaluated as a measure to control an outbreak of Candida infection in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Seventy-six out of 106 neonates who carried Candida spp. received the main study manoeuvre (the application of oral nystatin in the throat and stomach) during the 12-month open trial. One third of the neonates weighed < 1500 g whilst about half were being ventilated. The mean stay was 33.2 d (SD +/- 46.9). Two cases with candidaemia within a fortnight were associated with a yeast carriage rate in the NICU of about 50%; more than 80% of the isolates were Candida parapsilosis. During the implementation period there were four new neonates with fungaemia caused by C. parapsilosis. Once the carriage rate dropped below 5% (P < 0.001), no new cases of systemic infection with the outbreak strain were recognized in the following 8 months. It took 3.5 months to control the outbreak. The observation that all other clinical diagnostic samples were free from Candida suggests that translocation from throat or gut into the systemic circulation occurred. SDD with oral nystatin was effective in reducing the yeast carriage index (mean index 1.93, before SDD; 0.45, after SDD; P < 0.001). A significant reduction of carriage, both in rates and indices, is thought to have contributed to the control of this candida outbreak.

Topics: Candidiasis; Carrier State; Digestive System; Disease Outbreaks; England; Fungemia; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; Nystatin; Pharynx

Topics: Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal; Female; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Nystatin; Research Design; Syndrome

The effectiveness of treatment of candidiasis of the esophagus by different methods and preparations (nystatin, amphotericin B, donor leukocytic mass) was compared in 34 patients. Local application of amphotericin B and donor leukocytic mass was found the most effective in the combined treatment of candidiasis of the esophagus.

Topics: Adult; Amphotericin B; Blood Transfusion; Candidiasis; Clinical Trials as Topic; Esophagitis; Female; Humans; Leukocyte Transfusion; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin

Of 224 consecutive renal transplant patients in a prospective, randomized immunosuppressive trial, candida esophagitis developed in 5 despite nystatin prophylaxis. No differences were noted between cyclosporine and antilymphocyte globulin-azathioprine immunosuppressive treatment. All patients were diabetic, and four were recipients of cadaver kidneys. Candida esophagitis occurred within 6 months after transplantation, and only one patient had recurrence. All patients responded to treatment consisting of 2 to 6 days of intravenous amphotericin B (0.2 to 2 mg/kg total dose). The prevalence of candida esophagitis was not related to rejection episodes. Three of five patients eventually died, one 2 weeks after resolution of candida esophagitis from a hypoglycemic episode, one from acute exacerbation of pulmonary failure and relapsing pancreatitis in association with candida esophagitis and therapy-resistant candidemia, and one 17 months after candida esophagitis from pulmonary edema. Our findings show that candida esophagitis by itself is an easily managed complication, but is also a sign of potentially increased morbidity in these patients.

Topics: Adult; Amphotericin B; Antilymphocyte Serum; Azathioprine; Candidiasis; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cyclosporins; Esophagitis; Female; Humans; Kidney Transplantation; Male; Minnesota; Nystatin; Prospective Studies; Random Allocation

In a randomized trial we compared ketoconazole (400 mg once daily, 27 patients) and nystatin (3 X 10(6) units four times daily, 29 patients) for prevention of fungal infection in neutropenic patients undergoing marrow transplantation in a protective environment. Fewer weekly surveillance cultures contained Candida species in ketoconazole recipients than in nystatin recipients (70 [26%] of 274 vs. 151 [47%] of 322; P less than .001). When all fungi were considered, the difference in colonization was less but was still significant (117 [43%] of 274 vs. 173 [54%] of 322; P = .01), primarily due to increased colonization of the rectum with Torulopsis glabrata among ketoconazole recipients (P less than .001). No difference in the incidence of local mucosal infection was seen. Two disseminated fungal infections occurred, both in nystatin recipients. Compliance with ketoconazole was significantly better than was compliance with nystatin (96% vs. 68%; P less than .001), but similar effects on colonization were found in an analysis adjusting for compliance. Ketoconazole was better tolerated and more effective than nystatin in reducing colonization due to Candida species but was also associated with significantly increased rates of colonization with T. glabrata.

Topics: Agranulocytosis; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Clinical Trials as Topic; Environment, Controlled; Humans; Ketoconazole; Mycoses; Neutropenia; Nystatin; Patient Compliance; Random Allocation

As invasive fungal infection remains a common problem in the management of cancer patients, chemoprophylaxis of these opportunistic infections is desperately needed. The most frequently investigated antifungal agents have been nystatin, amphotericin B, and ketoconazole. In placebo-controlled studies, high doses of antifungal agents decreased the positive results from surveillance cultures, and there is some suggestion that such chemoprophylaxis may reduce the incidence of invasive candidiasis in neutropenic cancer patients. However, no oral chemoprophylaxis has effectively prevented aspergillosis or mucormycoses in these patients. There are still many areas of controversy, and the most adequate regimens, if any, remain to be defined.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Administration, Topical; Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Clinical Trials as Topic; Humans; Ketoconazole; Miconazole; Mycoses; Neoplasms; Nystatin

The prevention of fungal infections in granulocytopenic patients seems necessary to improve the final outcome of neoplastic patients. In particular, aspergillosis and candidiasis represent common life-threatening infections among the patients with acute hematological malignancies. Despite extensive investigations during this last decade, the optimal approaches to prevent these complications are still controversial. This situation probably reflects and stresses the numerous factors which predispose to these opportunistic fungal infections. Therefore, the effective prophylaxis of candidiasis and aspergillosis should result from the use of basic and specific approaches. General and simple measures including well trained personnel (physicians, nurses but also individuals in charge of the housekeeping, etc.), careful patient teaching of personal hygiene and control of the food intake (limited to cooked food diet), will reduce the acquisition of potential fungal pathogens. Moreover, the isolation in a laminar air flow room seems to be the optimal specific technique to prevent the colonization as well as the development of pulmonary aspergillosis. The meticulous evaluation of the respiratory sinus status as well as surveillance cultures obtained from the nose have been shown to be helpful to predict patients at high risks. Until now, there is no systemic chemoprophylaxis available to decrease the incidence of invasive aspergillosis. However, the topical application of antifungal agent using nasal spray or aerosols should be further investigated. Exogenous candidiasis such as catheter or TPN products related yeast infections can be avoided by aseptic manipulations. Endogenous candidiasis, resulting from the dissemination of the yeasts from the gastro-intestinal tract (which represents the major reservoir), are still much more difficult to prevent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Agranulocytosis; Amphotericin B; Aspergillosis; Candidiasis; Clinical Trials as Topic; Humans; Ketoconazole; Neoplasms; Neutropenia; Nystatin; Patient Isolation

Topics: Administration, Oral; Administration, Topical; Candidiasis; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diaper Rash; Double-Blind Method; Humans; Infant; Nystatin; Prospective Studies; Recurrence

Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Aerosols; Asthma; Beclomethasone; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Oral; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Respiratory Tract Infections; Time Factors; Voice Disorders

Fifty-six untreated patients with acute leukemia (38 acute myelogenous leukemia, 16 acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and 2 blast crisis of chronic granulocytic leukemia) were randomized on admission to one of three groups--one to receive oral anticandidal prophylaxis through the period of remission induction chemotherapy with nystatin, another to receive natamycin, and the third to receive no anticandidal prophylaxis. Neither of the first two groups show any advantage over the last and it is concluded that provided gut sterilization regimes are not employed, prophylactic oral anticandidal treatment is of no value in these patients and should be reserved until there is clinical evidence of infection.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Antineoplastic Agents; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Oral; Drug Evaluation; Humans; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Natamycin; Nystatin

Topics: Adult; Amphotericin B; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Evaluation; Exanthema; Female; Humans; Leukorrhea; Nystatin; Pregnancy; Pruritus

Topics: Administration, Oral; Administration, Topical; Aerosols; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Asthma; Beclomethasone; Candidiasis; Chronic Disease; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Therapy, Combination; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Methylprednisolone; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Mucosa; Nystatin; Pharyngeal Diseases; Placebos; Prednisone; Propionates

Topics: Benzalkonium Compounds; Candidiasis; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dermatitis, Seborrheic; Diaper Rash; Drug Combinations; Eczema; Female; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Infant; Intertrigo; Male; Nystatin; Ointments; Pruritus Ani; Pruritus Vulvae; Psoriasis; Scrotum; Silicones; Simethicone; Skin Diseases; Tinea

Topics: Candidiasis; Clinical Trials as Topic; Clotrimazole; Dermatomycoses; Humans; Imidazoles; Nystatin; Tinea; Tolnaftate

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Candidiasis; Clinical Trials as Topic; Clotrimazole; Dermatomycoses; Erythrasma; Female; Humans; Imidazoles; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Rats; Salicylates; Tinea; Tinea Versicolor

Topics: Benzoates; Candidiasis; Clinical Trials as Topic; Clotrimazole; Dermatomycoses; Humans; Imidazoles; Nystatin; Tinea; Tinea Versicolor

Topics: Candida; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Clinical Trials as Topic; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Nystatin; Ointments; Time Factors

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Animals; Candida; Candidiasis; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Aged; Candida; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Cutaneous; Candidiasis, Oral; Clinical Trials as Topic; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Penicillin G; Rectal Diseases; Tetracycline

Candidiasis infection is caused by different species of Candida, which are characterized by host immunologic weakness. Black cumin seeds (Nigella sativa) have shown an inhibitory effect against Candida albicans. In this work, the inhibitory effect of standardized extract and different fractions of Nigella sativa seeds has been evaluated on both nystatin-susceptible and resistant strain of C. albicans.. Canadida albicans (NSCA) with ATCC 76645 and nystatin-resistant Candida albicans (NRCA) were prepared from oral samples of HIV individuals. Total extract and different fractions of N. sativa were prepared using maceration and sonication methods. Thymoquinone (TQ) content of the plant was determined by spectrophotometric method. Total extract (TTE) and the fractions along with TQ were evaluated on NSCA and NRCA by the microdilution method.. TQ content of the plant was 0.92 ± 0.37g/100g dried extract. The least MIC and MFC (62.5 and 125 μg/ml, respectively) were due to petroleum ether fraction (PEF) against both NSCA and NRCA, followed by chloroform fraction (CHF) with MIC and MFC of 125 and 250 μg/ml, respectively. TQ exhibited MIC of 0.78 and 3.12 μg/ml against NSCA and NRCA, stronger than nystatin (MIC of 2 and 16 μg/ml, respectively). Thymoquinone was detected in the PEF and CHF.. Considering more inhibitory effects of PEF and CHF than TTE, we can conclude that active components of the plant belong to non-polar compounds. PEF showed identical inhibitory effects on NRCA and NSCA, which is a valuable result for finding novel medicaments against NRCA infections.

Topics: Antifungal Agents; Benzoquinones; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nigella sativa; Nystatin; Plant Extracts

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Bacitracin; Blister; Candidiasis; Cephalexin; Diagnosis, Differential; Diaper Rash; Forehead; Humans; Impetigo; Infant, Newborn; Male; Nystatin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Time

Wound infection is an important cause of nonhealing wounds and graft rejection.. A series of 5 patients (4 females, 1 male; median age, 50; age range, 1.5-83 years) with nosocomial Candida infection of burns and chronic wounds that were reconstructed with split-thickness skin grafts is presented.. This case series was carried out between February 2011 and June 2014. Based on tissue cultures, wounds were treated with 100 000 units/mL of nystatin and 25 mg in 500 cc normal saline of mafenide acetate, which resulted in regression of wound infection symptoms and improvement of skin graft take.. The authors propose this simple, nontoxic, and economic topical treatment for wounds and skin grafts with positive Candida cultures.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candidiasis; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Skin Transplantation; Treatment Outcome; Wound Infection; Wounds and Injuries

Fungal pneumonia is considered as one of the most serious forms of pneumonia, the number of which has recently increased despite the use of new antimycotic drugs in pulmonology. Specificity of pathogens and torpid current of pneumomycosis represent great difficulties for accurate diagnosis and delay the timely onset of therapy, exacerbating inflammatory changes. In this article we present a rare case of isolated infection of the lungs parenchyma with Candida albicans in the form of focal pneumonia of the right lung lower lobe complicated by a clotted pleurisy. Patient is eighteen-year-old young man who is currently finding in the army. Our attention was attracted the fact that he was hospitalized twice within the 4 months with the same diagnosis - fungal pneumonia. At the same time, the localization of the process was the same as in the previous hospitalization. In this article, we tried to understand the reasons of unsuccessful treatment of this pathology. And we came to the following conclusions that the reason of repeated hospitalization of this patient was the short stay in the hospital and the duration of the diagnostic tests. Bacteriological examination of sputum takes about 5-7 days on average, which led to untimely started treatment. A short period of hospitalization, regulated by the protocols of diagnosis and treatment, contributed to inadequate treatment of this pathology. Thus, today there is a definite demand for the development of rapid diagnostic tests of fungal pneumonia and new protocols for diagnosis and treatment, taking into account the duration of treatment for Candida infection.

Topics: Adolescent; Antifungal Agents; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Delayed Diagnosis; Fluconazole; Humans; Kazakhstan; Male; Nystatin; Patient Readmission; Pneumonia; Practice Guidelines as Topic

The emerging pathogen Candida auris is isolated mostly from hospitalized patients and often shows multidrug resistance. We report on the isolation of this yeast in Austria from an outpatient's auditory canal. The isolate showed good susceptibility against antifungals except for echinocandins; the patient was treated successfully with topical administration of nystatin.

Topics: Antifungal Agents; Austria; Candida; Candidiasis; DNA, Fungal; Drug Resistance, Fungal; Ear Canal; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nystatin; Otitis Externa; Young Adult

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an alternative treatment in a form of recommended diet modification during and after conventional treatment with antifungals in patients with a chronic form of intestinal Candida overgrowth (ICOG).. The study included patients with ICOG divided in two subgroups: patients treated with nystatin and recommended diet regime (study group-SG) and the patients treated only with nystatin (control group-CG). After treatment, the mycological control examination and follow-up were performed two times: the first one within ten days after the completion of antifungal treatment, and the second one three months after the treatment initialization.. A total of 120 patients finished the study: 80 from the SG and 40 from the CG. At the first mycological control examination of SG patients stools, we noted satisfactory antifungal and symptomatic effect in 56 out of 80 (70.0%) patients and 29 out of 40 (72.5%) in CG, with no statistically significant difference. However, at the second control stool examination, significantly higher percent (85%) of cured patients was recorded after three months of the recommended diet comparing with CG-17 out of 40 (42.5%).. Results of this pilot study showed that patients who adhered to diet modification during and after treatment with nystatin had better outcomes of ICOG and strongly suggest the need for diet modification in these patients which recommendation could reduce excessive prescription of antifungals.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antifungal Agents; Candida; Candidiasis; Feces; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Intestinal Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Pilot Projects; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult

Polyene macrolides such as nystatin A1 and amphotericin B belong to a large family of very valuable antifungal polyketide compounds typically produced by soil actinomycetes. Recently, nystatin-like Pseudonocardia polyene (NPP) A1 has been identified as a unique disaccharide-containing tetraene antifungal macrolide produced by Pseudonocardia autotrophica. Despite its significantly increased water solubility and decreased hemolytic activity, its antifungal activity remains limited compared with that of nystatin A1. In this study, we developed NPP B1, a novel NPP A1 derivative harboring a heptaene core structure, by introducing two amino acid substitutions in the putative NADPH-binding motif of the enoyl reductase domain in module 5 of the NPP A1 polyketide synthase NppC. The low level NPP B1 production yield was successfully improved by eliminating the native plasmid encoding a polyketide biosynthetic gene cluster present in P. autotrophica. In vitro and in vivo antifungal activity and toxicity studies indicated that NPP B1 exhibited comparable antifungal activity against Candida albicans and was less toxic than the most potent heptaene antifungal, amphotericin B. Moreover, NPP B1 showed improved pharmacokinetic parameters compared to those of amphotericin B, suggesting that NPP B1 could be a promising candidate for development into a pharmacokinetically improved and less-toxic polyene antifungal antibiotic.

Topics: Actinobacteria; Amino Acid Sequence; Amino Acid Substitution; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Binding Sites; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Disaccharides; Fungal Proteins; Gene Expression; Macrolides; Male; Metabolic Engineering; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; NADP; Nystatin; Plasmids; Polyenes; Polyketide Synthases; Sequence Alignment; Structure-Activity Relationship; Survival Analysis

Topics: Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Azoles; Candida; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Caspofungin; Drug Resistance, Fungal; Fluconazole; Humans; Nystatin; Oils, Volatile; Voriconazole

Duration >120 minutes of extracorporeal circulation (ECC) during cardiopulmonary bypass procedure was associated to an increased risk of candidemia in the intensive care unit (ICU). To evaluate oral nystatin prophylaxis in cardiac surgery considering its exclusive effect on Candida, in the absence of systemic effects and selection of resistant strains to polyene. We conducted an observational study in the postcardiac surgery ICU of Policlinico "Umberto I" of Rome. From January 2014, all patients with a prolonged ECC >120 minutes were systematically treated with oral nystatin (Prophylaxis group). This group was compared with all patients hospitalised in the same ICU, who have not received oral nystatin after ECC >120 minutes (No prophylaxis group). Overall, 672 consecutive patients were analyzed: 318 (47.3%) patients belonged to the no prophylaxis group, and 354 (52.7%) patients to the prophylaxis group. Diagnosis of candidemia was confirmed in 7 (2.2%) patients, all belonged to the no prophylaxis group. At multivariate analysis, oral nystatin prophylaxis showed a protective effect for development of candidemia after cardiac surgery. Oral nystatin prophylaxis, in patients who underwent a ECC >120 minutes, seems to reduce development of candidemia; however, the real efficacy of such prophylaxis approach requires further investigation.

Topics: Aged; Antifungal Agents; Candida; Candidiasis; Cardiopulmonary Bypass; Extracorporeal Circulation; Female; Heart Diseases; Humans; Intensive Care Units; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin

Congenital cutaneous candidiasis (CCC) is a challenging diagnosis due to various rash presentations. Inadequate early treatment is associated with high rates of dissemination and death. The effects of early diagnosis, dermatologic presentation, and antifungal treatment on outcomes are lacking.. CCC cases were reviewed from 2 academic neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) from 2004 to 2015. We defined CCC as a diffuse rash involving the body, extremities, face or scalp, and/or funisitis, presenting in the first week (≤7 days), with identification of Candida species from skin or mucous membrane cultures, and/or by culture or staining of the placenta or umbilical cord.. CCC occurred in 0.1% of all NICU admissions (21 of 19 303) and 0.6% of infants <1000 grams birth weight. Median gestational age of CCC infants was 26 3/7 (range, 23 0/7-40 4/7) weeks. Skin findings were commonly present on the day of birth [median (range): 0 (0-6) days], appearing most frequently as a desquamating, maculopapular, papulopustular, and/or erythematous diffuse rash. When systemic antifungal therapy was started empirically at the time of rash presentation and continued for a median (interquartile range) of 14 (14-15) days, all patients survived and none developed dissemination. Delaying systemic treatment, exclusive use of nystatin, and treating for <10 days was associated with Candida bloodstream dissemination.. CCC is an invasive infection that presents as a diffuse rash in preterm and term infants. Prompt systemic antifungal treatment at the time of skin presentation for ≥14 days prevents dissemination and Candida-related mortality.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antifungal Agents; Candida; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Cutaneous; Drug Administration Routes; Female; Gestational Age; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; Male; Medical Records; Nystatin; Pregnancy; Skin; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult

Candida adherence is implicated in the pathogenesis of oral candidosis. Adhesion to buccal epithelial cells (BEC), germ tube (GT) formation, and relative cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) are colonization attributes of candidal pathogenicity. Candida dubliniensis (C. dubliniensis) is allied with recurrent oral candidosis, which can be treated with nystatin, amphotericin B, ketoconazole, and fluconazole. Due to the diluent effect of saliva and the cleansing effect of the oral musculature in the oral cavity C. dubliniensis isolates undergo brief and sequential exposure to antifungal agents during therapy. Thus, in the present study, we evaluated the adhesion to BEC, GT formation, and the CSH of oral isolates of C. dubliniensis following brief and sequential exposure to nystatin, amphotericin B, ketoconazole, and fluconazole.. After determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the aforementioned drugs, 20 oral isolates of C. dubliniensis were briefly (1 h), and sequentially (10 days) exposed to subcidal concentrations of these drugs. Following drug removal, adhesion to BEC, GT formation, and CSH of these isolates were determined.. The percentage reduction of adhesion to BEC, GT formation, and CSH of the isolates following exposure to antifungal agents were as follows: nystatin: 53.55%, 33.98%, and 29.83% (P < 0.001); amphotericin B: 53.84%, 36.23%, and 28.97% (P < 0.001); ketoconazole: 37.43%, 20.51%, and 16.49% (P < 0.001); and fluconazole: 8.93% (P < 0.001), 1.6%, and 0.63% (P > 0.05).. Brief and sequential exposure of C. dubliniensis to antifungal agents would continue to wield an antifungal effect by altering its adhesion attributes, and elucidate possible pharmacodynamics by which antifungal agents might operate in modulating candidal adherence.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Candida; Candidiasis; Epithelial Cells; Fluconazole; Humans; Ketoconazole; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mouth Mucosa; Nystatin

Topics: Candidiasis; Female; Humans; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; Limosilactobacillus reuteri; Male; Nystatin; Probiotics

Topics: Candidiasis; Female; Humans; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; Limosilactobacillus reuteri; Male; Nystatin; Probiotics

We tested the antifungal potential of caffeic acid and 8 of its derivative esters against Candidaalbicans ATCC 90028 and 9 clinical isolatesand carried out a synergism assay with fluconazole and nystatin. Propyl caffeate (C3) showed the best antifungal activity against the tested strains. When in combination, C3 markedly reduced the MIC of fluconazole and nystatin with synergistic effect up to 64-fold. Finally, C3 showed a high IC

Topics: Antifungal Agents; Caffeic Acids; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Cells, Cultured; Drug Synergism; Esters; Fluconazole; Humans; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Keratinocytes; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Structure; Nystatin

The fluorinated glucocorticoid betamethasone stimulated both the extracellular phospholipase production and hypha formation of the opportunistic human pathogen Candida albicans and also decreased the efficiency of the polyene antimycotics amphotericin B and nystatin against C. albicans in a dose-dependent manner. Importantly, betamethasone increased synergistically the anti-Candida activity of the oxidative stress generating agent menadione, which may be exploited in future combination therapies to prevent or cure C. albicans infections, in the field of dermatology.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Betamethasone; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Drug Synergism; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Hyphae; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nystatin; Oxidative Stress; Vitamin K 3

This study describes a novel in vitro assay that simultaneously determines antifungal efficiency and host cell toxicity using suspensions of human leukaemic cells (HL-60) infected with Candida albicans.. The effect of Candida infection on host cell viability was evaluated by the microscopy of trypan blue-stained cells and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. The in vitro 'drug potency assay' utilized the Cell Counting Kit-8 and measured post-antifungal treatment viability of Candida-infected HL-60 cells and the ability of the antifungal treatment to prevent infection. LDH activity showed that 42% ± 4·0 and 85·3% ± 7·40 of HL-60 cells were killed following Candida infection at the multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1 : 1 and 1 : 5, respectively. The antifungal nystatin (0·78-25 μmol l(-1) ) was found to inhibit C. albicans infection as seen by the significantly increased viability of HL-60 cells. Cytotoxicity of nystatin towards infected HL-60 cells was evident at higher concentrations and this was also confirmed by propidium iodide staining.. An assay using undisturbed cell suspension conditions was successfully developed for assessing the selectivity of the antifungal therapy in the host-Candida environment.. The assay employing Candida infection of host cell suspensions represents a promising method for testing interactions of antifungal compounds with both fungal and host cells.

Topics: Antifungal Agents; Biological Assay; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Cell Survival; HL-60 Cells; Humans; Nystatin

Catheter-associated Candida bloodstream infections are a common and serious problem in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Several prophylactic regimens have been developed including oral administration of nonabsorbable antifungals and intravenous infusions. No reports to date have employed a topical regimen.. To evaluate the effectiveness of topical nystatin cream in preventing catheter-associated Candida sepsis.. A retrospective descriptive design was used to determine the incidence of Candida sepsis in extremely low-birth weight (ELBW, <1000 g at birth) infants who were treated with topical nystatin cream for Candida bloodstream infection prophylaxis between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2010. The electronic medical records of study infants were reviewed to establish the incidence of Candida sepsis.. A total of 464 ELBW infants were admitted to the NICU during the study period. Three infants (0.65%) developed Candida sepsis.. These data demonstrate that a topical nystatin cream protocol is associated with a very low rate of Candida sepsis in ELBW infants with central catheters. The use of this protocol may contribute to a decrease in the morbidity and mortality rate associated with catheter-associated Candida infections in ELBW infants.. Before generalizations can be made as to the safety and efficacy of this protocol as compared to enteral and parenteral prophylactic treatments and in other institutions, large multicenter randomized controlled trials are required.

Topics: Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Catheter-Related Infections; Catheterization, Central Venous; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; Infection Control; Male; Nystatin; Ointments; Retrospective Studies; Sepsis

Aescin (escin) derived from the seeds of horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) is a natural mixture of triterpene saponins exhibiting a wide variety of pharmacological properties, including antiinflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities. However, data concerning antifungal activities of these compounds are limited. This study aims to evaluate the in vitro antifungal susceptibility of Candida glabrata clinical isolates to α-aescin sodium, β-aescin crystalline and β-aescin sodium using the disk diffusion (DD) and broth microdilution (BMD) methods. Moreover, the influence of subinhibitory concentration (0.5×MIC) of β-aescins on the nystatin MIC was also studied. In general, the results obtained by the DD assay correlated well with those obtained by the BMD method. Both β-aescins effectively inhibited the growth of all 24 strains tested. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 8 to 32 μg/ml for β-aescin crystalline, whereas those of β-aescin sodium were slightly lower and ranged from 4 to 16 μg/ml. In contrast, α-aescin sodium was found to be completely ineffective against the strains studied. MIC values of nystatin were reduced 2-16-fold and 2-4-fold in the presence of subinhibitory concentration of β-aescin crystalline and β-aescin sodium, respectively. Results of the present study may suggest the additive interaction between β-aescin and nystatin.

Topics: Antifungal Agents; Candida glabrata; Candidiasis; Drug Synergism; Escin; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nystatin

The purposes of this study were to investigate the enzymatic activity of different Candida species and their antifungal susceptibility patterns. The study involved a total of 83 isolates of Candida from the genital tract of the female Camelus dromedarius. After species identification, the isolates were analysed for the production/activity of phospholipase, proteinase and haemolysin. In addition, the agar disc diffusion method was performed on the basis of CLSI guidelines M44-A2 protocol for antifungal susceptibility testing. All the isolates were able to produce phospholipase, proteinase and haemolysin. A total of 35.48%, 87.09% and 64.51% of C. albicans isolates exhibited very high phospholipase, proteinase and haemolytic activities, respectively, whereas very high phospholipase, proteinase and haemolytic activities were determined in 5.76%, 23.07% and 45.16% of non-C. albicans isolates respectively. Overall, 61 (73.5%) of Candida isolates were susceptible to fluconazole, 70 (84.3%) susceptible to clotrimazole, 82 (98.8%) susceptible to voriconazole, 76 (91.6%) susceptible to itraconazole, 75 (90.4%) susceptible to ketoconazole, 83 (100%) susceptible to amphotericin B, 81 (97.6%) susceptible to nystatin and 36 (43.4%) susceptible to flucytosine. Candida isolates showed higher haemolytic activity than that of other secreted hydrolases among vaginal Candida species. In addition, amphotericin B was the most in vitro effective antifungal drug and flucytosine had the poorest activity under such conditions.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Camelus; Candida; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Female; Flucytosine; Fungal Proteins; Hemolysin Proteins; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nystatin; Peptide Hydrolases; Phospholipases; Reproductive Tract Infections; Virulence Factors

To compare the efficacy of 2 strategies that use nystatin to prevent thrush and Candida esophagitis in kidney transplant recipients.. A retrospective chart review was conducted of adult kidney transplant recipients at our center, where the protocol for prophylaxis against fungal infection was changed in March 2013. Before the protocol change, kidney transplant recipients received nystatin for 1 month (before group) and after the change they received nystatin for the duration of admission (after group). The primary outcome measure was the incidence of thrush and Candida esophagitis within 3 months after transplant. Analyses were conducted on all kidney transplant recipients (intention to treat) and on only those kidney transplant recipients who received at least 1 dose of nystatin (modified intention to treat). Additional data collected included the duration of nystatin and immunosuppression regimens. The Student t test and Fisher exact test were used to calculate P values for continuous and categorical data.. A total of 84 kidney transplant recipients, 42 in each cohort, were included in the analysis. The groups did not differ significantly at baseline. Nystatin was administered for a mean of 29 days in the before group and 5.74 days in the after group. Overall, 3 kidney transplant recipients (4%), all from the after group, experienced an episode of thrush and no patients experienced Candida esophagitis. Two recipients who experienced thrush did not receive any nystatin.. Limiting the administration of nystatin to the duration of admission after transplant may be sufficient for prophylaxis of fungal infections in kidney transplant recipients.

Topics: Adult; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Oral; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Kidney Transplantation; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Retrospective Studies; Time Factors; Transplant Recipients

We report in this work an environmentally benign zinc mediated synthesis of aryl and benzyl phosphorochalcogenoates in ethanol within a short reaction time. In vitro antimicrobial study along with statistical analysis and seed germination assay were performed. These chalcogenophosphates possess strong antimicrobial activity against the reference strains. The antibacterial activity was determined against four standard strains (Bacilus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The antifungal activity was evaluated against one fungal strain Candida albicans.

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Chalcogens; Green Chemistry Technology; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phosphates

Topics: Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Critical Care; Female; Humans; Intensive Care Units; Male; Nystatin

To develop more effective antifungal microparticulate therapeutic systems for the treatment of Candida vaginitis, microparticles containing nystatin were elaborated by emulsification/internal gelation method. Three types of microparticles were successfully prepared, alginate microparticles, chitosan and poloxamer 407 coated alginate microparticles. DSC and FT-IR studies were performed to test the efficacy of the method. After physicochemical characterization, mean particle sizes ranged from 36.088 μm to 56.146 μm. The encapsulation efficiency was found to be similar for alginate and chitosan coated microparticles and lower for poloxamer 407 coated. Optimal mucoadhesive properties in all kind of microparticles where exhibited. Release studies showed the best kinetic parameters for poloxamer 407 coated microparticles. After ex vivo permeation studies through porcine vaginal mucosa, and determination of the amount of nystatin retained as well as microbiologic studies performed, it could be inferred that the developed microparticulate systems offered an antifungal effect against Candida albicans without toxic systemic absorption.

Topics: Absorption; Administration, Intravaginal; Alginates; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Capsules; Chitosan; Coated Materials, Biocompatible; Drug Carriers; Female; Glucuronic Acid; Hexuronic Acids; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mucous Membrane; Nystatin; Particle Size; Poloxamer; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Surface Properties; Sus scrofa; Vaginitis

A comprehensive comparative analysis of the structure-antifungal activity relationships for the series of biosynthetically engineered nystatin analogues and their novel semisynthetic derivatives, as well as amphotericin B (AMB) and its semisynthetic derivatives, was performed. The data obtained revealed the significant influence of the structure of the C-7 to C-10 polyol region on the antifungal activity of these polyene antibiotics. Comparison of positions of hydroxyl groups in the antibiotics and in vitro antifungal activity data showed that the most active are the compounds in which hydroxyl groups are in positions C-8 and C-9 or positions C-7 and C-10. Antibiotics with OH groups at both C-7 and C-9 had the lowest activity. The replacement of the C-16 carboxyl with methyl group did not significantly affect the in vitro antifungal activity of antibiotics without modifications at the amino group of mycosamine. In contrast, the activity of the N-modified derivatives was modulated both by the presence of CH3 or COOH group in the position C-16 and by the structure of the modifying substituent. The most active compounds were tested in vivo to determine the maximum tolerated doses and antifungal activity on the model of candidosis sepsis in leukopenic mice (cyclophosphamide-induced). Study of our library of semisynthetic polyene antibiotics led to the discovery of compounds, namely, N-(L-lysyl)-BSG005 (compound 3n) and, especially, L-glutamate of 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl amide of S44HP (compound 2j), with high antifungal activity that were comparable in in vitro and in vivo tests to AMB and that have better toxicological properties.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Cyclophosphamide; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Leukopenia; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Inbred DBA; Nystatin; Polyenes; Sepsis; Small Molecule Libraries; Structure-Activity Relationship

Nystatin (NYS) is a polyene macrolide with broad antifungal spectrum restricted to topical use owing to its toxicity upon systemic administration. The aims of this work were the design, development, and optimization of NYS-loaded lipid emulsion for intravenous administration. A closed circuit system was designed to apply ultrasound during the elaboration of the lipid intravenous emulsions (LIEs). Additionally, a comparison with the commercially available Intralipid(®) 20% was also performed. Manufacturing conditions were optimized by factorial design. Formulations were evaluated in terms of physicochemical parameters, stability, release profile, and antimicrobial activity. The average droplet size, polydispersity index, zeta-potential, pH, and volume distribution values ranged between 192.5 and 143.0 nm, 0.170 and 0.135, -46 and -44 mV, 7.11 and 7.53, 580 and 670 nm, respectively. The selected NYS-loaded LIE (NYS-LIE54) consisted of soybean oil (30%), soybean lecithin (2%), solutol HS(®) 15 (4%), and glycerol (2.25%) was stable for at least 60 days. In vitro drug release studies of this formulation suggested a sustained-release profile. Equally, NYS-LIE54 showed the best antimicrobial activity being higher than the free drug. Thus, it could be a promising drug delivery system to treat systemic fungal infections.

Topics: Antifungal Agents; Aspergillosis; Aspergillus; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Delayed-Action Preparations; Emulsions; Glycerol; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Nystatin; Phospholipids; Polyethylene Glycols; Soybean Oil; Stearic Acids

A male infant of 2,900 g was born at term to a 19-year-old primigravida woman who had adequate prenatal care and no major complications detected during the pregnancy. The only reported medical event was an episode of urinary tract infection by E. coli one month before delivering, which resolved without complications using nitrofurantoin. There was no history of maternal herpes simplex infection and her serologic screening was negative for syphilis.

Topics: Adult; Antifungal Agents; Asymptomatic Infections; Candidiasis; Dermatomycoses; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Male; Nystatin; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Young Adult

Topics: Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Critical Care; Female; Humans; Intensive Care Units; Male; Nystatin

Topics: Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Critical Care; Female; Humans; Intensive Care Units; Male; Nystatin

In this experimental animal study, the effects of three different topical antimicrobial dressings on Candida albicans contaminated full-thickness burn in rats were analyzed.. In total 32 adult Wistar rats (body weight 200-220 g) were used. Silver-coated dressing (Acticoat™®), chlorhexidine acetate 0.5% (Bactigrass®) and Mycostatine (Nystatin®) were compared to assess the antifungal effect of a once-daily application on experimental rat 15% full-skin thickness burn wound seeded 24h earlier with a 10(8) CFU/mL standard strain of C. albicans ATCC 90028. All the animals were sacrificed at post burn day 7. The quantitative counts of seeded organism in burn eschar and subjacent muscle were determined, in addition to the cultures of left ventricle blood and lung biopsies.. While there were significant differences between Acticoat™® group (4 ± 10 × 10(4)) and control group (5 ± 6 × 10(6)), and between Nystatin group (4 ± 4 × 10(4)) and control group (P=0.01, P=0.01), there were no significant differences between chlorhexidine acetate 0.5% group (2 ± 3 × 10(4)) and control group (P=0.7) respectively. Acticoat™® and Nystatin were sufficient to prevent to C. albicans from invading to the muscle and from causing systemic infection.. The animal data suggest that nystatin is the most effective agents in the treatment of C. albicans-contaminated burn wounds, and Acticoat™® is a choice of treatment on fungal burn wound infection with antibacterial effect and the particular advantage of limiting the frequency of replacement of the dressing.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Antifungal Agents; Bandages; Burns; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Chlorhexidine; Disease Models, Animal; Male; Nystatin; Polyesters; Polyethylenes; Rats; Rats, Wistar

Nonionic surfactant (NIS) vesicles (niosomes) formed from self-assembly of hydrated synthetic NIS monomers are capable of entrapping a variety of drugs and have been evaluated as an alternative to liposomes. Nystatin (NYS) is a polyene antifungal drug that has been used in the treatment of cutaneous, vaginal and oral fungal infections since the 1950s. The aim of this work is to encapsulate NYS in niosomes to obtain a safe and effective formula administered parenterally for neutropenic patients. NYS niosomes were prepared by the thin-film hydration method using Span 60 or Span 40 and cholesterol (CHOL). Stearylamine and dicetyl phosphate were added as the positive and negative charge-inducing agents (CIA), respectively. Two molar ratios were used, namely NIS/CHOL/CIA (1:1:0.1 and 2:1:0.25). Neutral and positively charged niosomes gave the highest encapsulation efficiencies. NYS niosomes were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic light scattering. The release of neutral and negatively charged NYS niosomes was estimated, and it showed a slow sustained release profile. A 25-kGy γ-irradiation dose was sufficient to sterilize the investigated vesicles. NYS niosomes exerted less nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in vivo, showed higher level of drug in vital organs and revealed pronounced efficacy in elimination of the fungal burden in experimental animals infected with Candida albicans compared with those treated with free NYS. Niosomal encapsulation thus provided means for parenteral administration of NYS, reducing its toxicity and making it a more active antifungal agent.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Delivery Systems; Female; Liposomes; Male; Mice; Nystatin; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Wistar

An 85-year-old man with myasthenia gravis was successfully treated with methotrexate (10 mg/week), pyridostigmine and prednisolone (0-30 mg/day) for over 10 years. Then, he developed dysphagia and lost weight. Gastroscopy revealed Candida esophagitis. The patient received nystatin for 2 weeks. Methotrexate was stopped, and immunosuppressive therapy was continued with prednisolone alone. The patient has now remained in good condition for over 1 year. Although dysphagia is a typical symptom of myasthenia gravis, swallowing disturbances should not be attributed hastily to this disease, since they may also be a complication of therapy.

Topics: Aged; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Deglutition Disorders; Diagnosis, Differential; Drug Therapy, Combination; Esophagitis; Gastroscopy; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Male; Methotrexate; Myasthenia Gravis; Nystatin; Prednisolone; Pyridostigmine Bromide

Since nystatin (NYT) is used only topically owing to its toxicity upon systemic administration, a study was initiated aiming to develop a formulation of NYT that could be used systemically against invasive mycoses. The present research is a continuation of previous in vitro investigation of the antifungal effect of nystatin-Intralipid (NYT-IL) against Candida, exploring its in vivo activity. NYT-IL was tested in murine systemic candidiasis induced in naïve as well as cyclophosphamide-immunosuppressed female ICR mice. The infection was assessed by survival rate (SR), mean survival time (MST) and qualitative and quantitative fungal organ colonisation. Mice were treated by intravenous administration of various doses of NYT-IL for 5 consecutive days starting either 24h or 48 h after the initiation of infection. The experiments showed that NYT-IL is therapeutically effective in the murine candidiasis model. NYT-IL was found to be less toxic in vivo than NYT and therefore higher doses of NYT-IL could be used. The efficacy of NYT-IL was expressed in treated naïve and immunosuppressed mice by increased SR, prolonged MST and reduced fungal organ colonisation. Early initiation of treatment increased efficacy. In summary, the Intralipid formulation of NYT can be administered parenterally and is effective against systemic experimental Candida infection.

Topics: Animals; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Colony Count, Microbial; Cyclophosphamide; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Compounding; Drug Delivery Systems; Emulsions; Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; Female; Immunocompromised Host; Immunosuppressive Agents; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Nystatin; Phospholipids; Soybean Oil; Survival Rate; Treatment Outcome

A series of fluorine containing 4-(substituted-2-hydroxybenzoyl) pyrazoles and pyrazolyl benzo[d]oxazoles were synthesized and evaluated for their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis and antifungal activity against Candida albicans. The antibacterial activities were expressed as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC50) in microg/ml. The compounds 1-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-4-(5-fluoro-2-hydroxybenzoyl)-1H-pyrazole (4b), oxime derivatives such as 1-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)(2-hydroxy-4-methylphenyl)methanone oxime (5b) and (5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)(1-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methanone oxime (5e) exhibited promising activities against tested bacterial strains. Except compound 1-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-4-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)-1H-pyrazole (4d), none of the other compounds showed promising antifungal activity.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Antifungal Agents; Bacillus subtilis; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Escherichia coli; Fluorine; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxazoles; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pyrazoles; Staphylococcus aureus; Structure-Activity Relationship

Mono- and disubstituted novel derivatives of the heptaene nystatin analog 28,29-didehydronystatin A(1) (S44HP, 1) were obtained by chemical modification of the exocyclic C-16 carboxyl and/or an amino group of mycosamine moiety. The strategy of preparation of mono- and double-modified polyene macrolides was based on the use of intermediate hydrophobic N-Fmoc (9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl) derivatives that facilitated the procedures of isolation and purification of new compounds. The antifungal activity of the new derivatives was first tested in vitro against yeasts and filamentous fungi, allowing the selection of the most active compounds that were subsequently tested for acute toxicity in mice. 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylamide of 1 (2) and 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylamide of N-fructopyranosyl-28,29-didehydronystatin A(1) (2a) were then selected for further evaluation in a mouse model of disseminated candidosis, and showed high efficacy while being considerably less toxic than amphotericin B (AmB). The compound with improved water solubility (2G, L-glutamic acid salt of 2) showed better chemotherapeutic activity than AmB in the mouse model of candidosis sepsis on a leucopenic background. Very low antifungal effect was seen after treatment with AmB, even if it was used in maximum tolerated dose (2 mg kg(-1)). Unlike AmB, compound 2G exhibited high activity in doses from 0.4 up to 4.0 mg kg(-1), despite leucopenic conditions.

Topics: Animals; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Genetic Engineering; Lethal Dose 50; Male; Mice; Molecular Structure; Nystatin; Sepsis; Structure-Activity Relationship

The post-antifungal effect (PAFE) has been shown to affect Candida pathogenicity, but there is little information on either PAFE or its association with the colonization traits of Candida glabrata. The objective of this study was to determine, in vitro, the PAFE on 14 C. glabrata isolates following exposure to amphotericin B (AMB), nystatin (NYS), ketoconazole (KETO) and 5-fluorocytosine (5FC). In addition, we evaluated the impact of PAFE on yeast adherence to buccal epithelial cells (BEC), cell-surface-hydrophobicity (CSH) and biofilm growth (BG) on denture acrylic surfaces. PAFE was induced following a 1-h exposure of yeasts to (x1-x4MIC) of AMB, NYS, KETO and 5FC in RPMI medium and, measured using automated turbidometry. The BEC adhesion, CSH and BG assays were performed by the methods of Kimura & Pearsall, Sweet et al., and Jin et al., respectively. Significant differences in PAFE (P < 0.001) were observed after exposure to AMB and NYS, but not KETO and 5FC. Following exposure to AMB, NYS, KETO and 5FC, significant inter-strain differences (P < 0.001) were observed in percentage terms in adhesion (39.0%, 43.48%, 38.28%, 35.07%) and biofilm growth (42.86%, 39.86%, 42.81%, 36.38%), respectively. Short exposure of C. glabrata to sub-cidal concentrations of antifungals modulates yeast growth and also affects some of their colonization traits.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Biofilms; Biomass; Candida glabrata; Candidiasis; Cell Adhesion; Cell Wall; Epithelial Cells; Flucytosine; Humans; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Ketoconazole; Nephelometry and Turbidimetry; Nystatin

Most Candida krusei strains are innately resistant to fluconazole (FLC) and can cause breakthrough candidemia in immunocompromised individuals receiving long-term prophylactic FLC treatment. Although the azole drug target, Erg11p, of C. krusei has a relatively low affinity for FLC, drug efflux pumps are also believed to be involved in its innate FLC resistance. We describe here the isolation and characterization of Abc1p, a constitutively expressed multidrug efflux pump, and investigate ERG11 and ABC1 expression in C. krusei. Examination of the ERG11 promoter revealed a conserved azole responsive element that has been shown to be necessary for the transcription factor Upc2p mediated upregulation by azoles in related yeast. Extensive cloning and sequencing identified three distinct ERG11 alleles in one of two C. krusei strains. Functional overexpression of ERG11 and ABC1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae conferred high levels of resistance to azoles and a range of unrelated Abc1p pump substrates, while small molecule inhibitors of Abc1p chemosensitized C. krusei to azole antifungals. Our data show that despite the presence of multiple alleles of ERG11 in some, likely aneuploid, C. krusei strains, it is mainly the low affinity of Erg11p for FLC, together with the constitutive but low level of expression of the multidrug efflux pump Abc1p, that are responsible for the innate FLC resistance of C. krusei.

Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Antifungal Agents; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Azoles; Blotting, Northern; Blotting, Southern; Candida; Candidiasis; Cell Membrane; Chromosomes, Fungal; Drug Resistance, Fungal; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Humans; Phenotype; Plasmids; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Invasive fungal infection is an important cause of mortality and morbidity in extremely preterm babies. Colonisation with Candida is a risk factor for systemic infection. A policy of oral nystatin prophylaxis was introduced in November 2000 with the aim of reducing the incidence of invasive fungaemia.. To determine whether this policy had reduced the rates of fungal colonisation and invasive fungal infection.. All neonates of <33 weeks' gestation born between 1998 and 2003 were studied. Neonates born between January 1998 and October 2000 who did not receive nystatin prophylaxis (group A) were compared with those born between November 2000 and December 2003 who received nystatin prophylaxis (group B). Infant details, blood culture results and the results of weekly surface swabs were recorded.. 1459 neonates (group A = 724 , group B = 735) of <33 weeks' gestation were admitted in the study period. There were no differences in birth weight, gestation, gender or proportion of babies transferred in from other units between the groups. There was a reduction in colonisation from 257 (35.5%) in group A to 132 (18%) in group B. The incidence of invasive fungaemia decreased from 30 (4.1%) to 13 (1.8%) between the two groups. There was also a reduction in mortality between the two groups from 17.8% to 11.8%.. The introduction of a prophylactic nystatin administration policy for babies born before 33 weeks was associated with a significant reduction in fungal colonisation and invasive fungal infection.

Topics: Antifungal Agents; Candida; Candidiasis; Drug Evaluation; Female; Fungemia; Humans; Infant Care; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; Male; Nystatin; Retrospective Studies

The value of antifungal prophylaxis depends partly on the incidence of neonatal fungal infection. We compared the incidence of fungal infection in babies in neonatal units which do and do not give antifungal prophylaxis using oral nystatin.. Prospective, multi-centre surveillance study from 1993 to 2006 of invasive fungal infection, defined as positive blood or cerebrospinal fluid culture, in babies <1500 g birth weight in neonatal units in Australia and New Zealand.. There were 118 episodes of invasive fungal infection in 14 778 babies <1500 g, an incidence of 0.80% (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.66 to 0.94%). All infections were due to Candida species, mostly C. albicans (74, 62.7%) and C. parapsilosis (39, 33.1%). The mortality was 16.5%. The incidence was 0.54% (0.38 to 0.70%) for babies <1500 g in units using selective or universal oral nystatin prophylaxis and 1.23% (0.84 to 1.62%) in units using no prophylaxis (p<0.001). The incidence of infection in babies <1000 g was 1.78% (106/5948) (95% CI 1.44 to 2.12%). The incidence was 1.23% (0.92 to 1.54%) for babies <1000 g in units using nystatin prophylaxis and 2.67% (1.97 to 3.37%) in units using no prophylaxis (p<0.001).. The incidence of neonatal fungal infection was low in Australia and New Zealand, even without antifungal prophylaxis. Antifungal prophylaxis with oral nystatin was associated with a significantly lower incidence of fungal infection compared with no prophylaxis.

Topics: Antifungal Agents; Australia; Candidiasis; Humans; Incidence; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; Intensive Care, Neonatal; New Zealand; Nystatin; Prospective Studies

Candida spp. are frequently detected in the mouths of children with extensive caries lesions compared with caries-free subjects. In this study we evaluated the presence of Candida spp. in association with mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in the saliva of children with dental decay, before and after anti-caries treatment. Samples of saliva from 14 children with caries lesions and from 13 caries-free subjects were evaluated for the presence of mutans streptococci, lactobacilli and Candida spp. by culture. Eleven of 14 carious subjects hosted Candida spp. in their saliva as against only 2 out of 13 subjects without caries lesions. Carious subjects were treated by adopting a conventional protocol for caries disease (rinses with a mouthwash containing 0.2% chlorhexidine and fluorine). After treatment, the salivary bacterial counts decreased for mutans streptococci and in some cases for lactobacilli, but large numbers of Candida spp. remained in the saliva of several children. The latter were treated with the antifungal drug nystatin (oral rinses) and evaluation of the level of yeasts in the saliva showed disappearance of the microorganism in several cases. The results indicate that antiseptic treatment alone for dental decay is not sufficient for the eradication of microorganisms potentially responsible for caries lesions, in particular when yeasts are present. We hypothesize that the oral cavity of children could act as a reservoir of fungi, and eradication could be needed to prevent both exacerbation of caries lesions, and colonization by Candida spp. of other host sites.

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Antifungal Agents; Candida; Candidiasis; Child; Child, Preschool; Chlorhexidine; Colony Count, Microbial; Culture Media; Dental Caries; Female; Fluorides, Topical; Humans; Lactobacillus; Male; Mouthwashes; Nystatin; Saliva; Streptococcus mutans

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Aged; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Disease Susceptibility; Female; Fluconazole; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Laryngitis; Nystatin; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Recurrence; Retreatment

Omiganan, a bactericidal and fungicidal cationic peptide being developed as a topical gel for prevention of catheter-associated infections, inhibited commonly occurring fungal pathogens including Candida spp. (106 isolates) at

Topics: Antifungal Agents; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; Aspergillosis; Aspergillus; Candida; Candidiasis; Catheterization, Central Venous; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Resistance, Fungal; Fungemia; Fungi; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests

Unlike the molecular mechanisms that lead to azole drug resistance, the molecular mechanisms that lead to polyene resistance are poorly documented, especially in pathogenic yeasts. We investigated the molecular mechanisms responsible for the reduced susceptibility to polyenes of a clinical isolate of Candida glabrata. Sterol content was analyzed by gas-phase chromatography, and we determined the sequences and levels of expression of several genes involved in ergosterol biosynthesis. We also investigated the effects of the mutation harbored by this isolate on the morphology and ultrastructure of the cell, cell viability, and vitality and susceptibility to cell wall-perturbing agents. The isolate had a lower ergosterol content in its membranes than the wild type, and the lower ergosterol content was found to be associated with a nonsense mutation in the ERG6 gene and induction of the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway. Modifications of the cell wall were also seen, accompanied by increased susceptibility to cell wall-perturbing agents. Finally, this mutation, which resulted in a marked fitness cost, was associated with a higher rate of cell mortality. Wild-type properties were restored by complementation of the isolate with a centromeric plasmid containing a wild-type copy of the ERG6 gene. In conclusion, we have identified the molecular event responsible for decreased susceptibility to polyenes in a clinical isolate of C. glabrata. The nonsense mutation detected in the ERG6 gene of this isolate led to a decrease in ergosterol content. This isolate may constitute a useful tool for analysis of the relevance of protein trafficking in the phenomena of azole resistance and pseudohyphal growth.

Topics: Antifungal Agents; Azoles; Base Sequence; Candida glabrata; Candidiasis; Codon, Nonsense; DNA, Fungal; Drug Resistance, Fungal; Ergosterol; Genes, Fungal; Guanine; Humans; Molecular Sequence Data; Polyenes

Topics: Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Fluconazole; Fungemia; Gestational Age; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; Meningitis, Fungal; Nystatin; Premature Birth; Prevalence; United States

Randomized controlled trials suggest that prophylactic administration of antifungal agents reduce the rate of colonization and invasive Candida infection in a subgroup of high-risk very low birth weight (VLBW) neonates. The extent of antifungal prophylaxis use in the United Kingdom and Ireland is unknown.. A postal questionnaire was administered to neonatologists practicing in the United Kingdom and Ireland caring for VLBW infants. Information was requested on the prophylactic agents used, dosing schedules and duration of therapy. The rationale for reported practices was also ascertained.. The response rate was 55% (125/228). Antifungal prophylaxis use was reported by 66 (53%) respondents. First-line agents utilized included oral nystatin (53%) and intravenous fluconazole (41%). The most frequent indications for antifungal prophylaxis included antibiotic administration in 45 (68%) and decreased birth weight in 33 (50%) respondents. The majority of respondents who did not use antifungal prophylaxis felt that the perceived rate of invasive fungal disease within their unit was not high enough to justify its use.. A small majority of clinicians caring for VLBW neonates routinely use antifungal prophylaxis. This reflects the wide variation in the incidence of invasive disease, lack of guidelines supporting a role for prophylaxis and concerns related to emergence of resistant strains.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Fluconazole; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; Nystatin; Practice Patterns, Physicians'

Little information is available about the molecular mechanisms responsible for polyene resistance in pathogenic yeasts. A clinical isolate of Candida glabrata with a poor susceptibility to polyenes, as determined by disk diffusion method and confirmed by determination of MIC, was recovered from a patient treated with amphotericin B. Quantitative analysis of sterols revealed a lack of ergosterol and an accumulation of late sterol intermediates, suggesting a defect in the final steps of the ergosterol pathway. Sequencing of CgERG11, CgERG6, CgERG5, and CgERG4 genes revealed exclusively a unique missense mutation in CgERG6 leading to the substitution of a cysteine by a phenylalanine in the corresponding protein. In addition, real-time reverse transcription-PCR demonstrated an overexpression of genes encoding enzymes involved in late steps of the ergosterol pathway. Moreover, this isolate exhibited a pseudohyphal growth whatever the culture medium used, and ultrastructural changes of the cell wall of blastoconidia were seen consisting in a thinner inner layer. Cell wall alterations were also suggested by the higher susceptibility of growing cells to Calcofluor white. Additionally, complementation of this isolate with a wild-type copy of the CgERG6 gene restored susceptibility to polyenes and a classical morphology. Together, these results demonstrated that mutation in the CgERG6 gene may lead to a reduced susceptibility to polyenes and to a pseudohyphal growth due to the subsequent changes in sterol content of the plasma membrane.

Topics: Antifungal Agents; Candida glabrata; Candidiasis; DNA Primers; Genes, Fungal; Genetic Complementation Test; Methyltransferases; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Sequence Data; Mutation, Missense; Phenotype; Polyenes; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Fungal; RNA, Messenger; Sterols

Polyene antibiotics (i.e., amphotericin B and nystatin) have been incorporated into lipid-based delivery systems to decrease their toxicity and enhance their therapeutic index, the most common being liposomes. This chapter describes the protocols for preparing liposomal amphotericin B and determining the efficacy and toxicity of the formulations in animals. Furthermore, methods for determining the pharmacokinetics and drug distribution after administration of amphotericin B in lipid-based delivery systems are discussed. Procedures for comparing the toxicity of different amphotericin B formulations in cell culture studies are also elucidated.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candidiasis; Cell Line; Drug Carriers; Liposomes; Mice; Nystatin; Rabbits

Topics: Administration, Oral; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Critical Care; Critical Illness; Humans; Nystatin; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

Topics: Antifungal Agents; Candida; Candidiasis; Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Immunoglobulin E; Nystatin; Reproducibility of Results; Research Design; Syndrome

In order to develop a prospective chemotherapeutic agent against opportunistic infections, it is important to know that host factors such as degree of immunological debility as well as recovery of immune functions to normality may contribute significantly to a successful elimination of the pathogens. We demonstrated previously that concomitant delivery of antimicrobial agents and immunomodulators to the pathogen harbouring-host contributes to the complete elimination of the deep-seated fungal infections (aspergillosis and candidiasis) in animals with normal immune status. Considering that neutropenic hosts are the main targets of such infections, it can be argued about the potential of the immunomodulator-based therapy in subjects with non-functional immune system. To resolve the hypothesis, we studied the role of immunomodulator tuftsin against experimental murine candidiasis in temporarily neutropenic Balb/c mice. The neutropenic mice were challenged with an isolate of Candida albicans that was showing less susceptibility to both free and liposomised-amphotericin B. The co-administration of tuftsin increased the efficiency of liposomised-polyene antibiotics (nystatin and amphotericin B) against experimental murine candidiasis in immunocompromised Balb/c mice. Pretreatment with liposomised tuftsin prior to C. albicans infection clearly enhanced protection against candidiasis, suggesting a prophylactic role of tuftsin in normal and temporarily neutropenic animals.

Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Drug Synergism; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Liposomes; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Neutropenia; Nystatin; Treatment Outcome; Tuftsin

In the present study, we have evaluated prophylactic role of various immunomodulators viz. lipopolysachharide, protein A and tuftsin to impart protection against experimental candidiasis in leukopenic mice. Both free as well as liposomised form of nystatin was not effective enough in offering complete cure against less susceptible isolate of Candida albicans (JNMCR) infection in immunodebilitant mice. Interestingly, the pretreatment of leukopenic mice with immunomodulators before challenging them with C. albicans increased therapeutic efficacy of the nystatin against systemic candidiasis. Efficacy of the treatment was evaluated on the basis of survival of the animals as well as fungal load in systemic circulation and various organs viz. liver, kidney, spleen and lungs of the treated animals.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Drug Compounding; Drug Resistance, Fungal; Female; Immunologic Factors; Intercalating Agents; Kidney; Leukopenia; Lipopolysaccharides; Liposomes; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nystatin; Staphylococcal Protein A; Tuftsin

Mastitis puerperalis may result either from a blocked mastitis or through bacteria. In rare cases it can originate from a candida infection. Physical measures are initially taken to treat blocked mastitis. Treatment for bacterial mastitis depends upon the expected range of pathogenes, and is therefore primarily treated with cephalosporides. For candida infections, nystantin is the first choice of treatment. Where conservative treatment for suspected mastitis does not lead to an improvement within 24 hours, antibiotics must necessarily be introduced. If, despite these measure, an abscess begins to form, this can be punctured if the patient is protected by antibiotics. Surgical intervention is only necessary in exceptional cases, where the abscess needs to be split open and a loop fitted. Bromocriptin is not suitable for treating mastitis if the mother wishes to continue breastfeeding.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Bacterial Infections; Breast Feeding; Candidiasis; Female; Humans; Infant; Mastitis; Nystatin; Puerperal Disorders

In the present study, we evaluated tuftsin bearing nystatin liposomes for their potential against an isolate of Candida albicans (C. albicans) showing less in vivo susceptibility to amphotericin B (Amp B). The liposomised-Amp B in higher doses was found to be effective in elimination of less susceptible strain of C. albicans (C. albicans JMCR) in Balb/c mice, but may not be recommended due to toxicity constraints. On the other hand, liposomal nystatin was shown to possess higher efficacy as compared to that of Amp B, and was pertinent in treatment of C. albicans JMCR strain. The data of present work reveals that the incorporation of nystatin in tuftsin-bearing-liposomes results in a significant increase in its efficacy against experimental murine candidiasis. Interestingly, the pre-treatment of animals with liposomised-tuftsin prior to challenge with C. albicans infection was more effective in elimination of the pathogen from host and shows an advantage in prophylactic perspectives.

Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Amphotericin B; Animals; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Antifungal Agents; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Cholesterol; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Female; Liposomes; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Nystatin; Phosphatidylcholines; Tuftsin

This study represents a 1-year surveillance period using our epidemiology-based principles published and successfully followed since 1979: weekly culture for yeasts of oral and anal swabs, treatment with oral nystatin of all colonized newborns, and good hygiene/handwashing. Colonization was demonstrated in 23 out of 791 newborns admitted from October 1998 to September 1999. Twenty-two strains of Candida were identified: 16 C. albicans, 2 C. parapsilosis, 3 C. glabrata, and 1 C. tropicalis. Symptoms were erythema of the buttocks in 6 colonized newborns. No other culture positive for Candida could be found. Previous contamination was the main source (previous stay in an intensive care unit, rarely maternal origin). Contamination in the unit was unlikely. Eradication of Candida could be observed within 1 week. These good results, controversial in the literature, were obtained following epidemiological conclusions and support our guidelines.

Topics: Buttocks; Candida; Candida albicans; Candida glabrata; Candida tropicalis; Candidiasis; Cross Infection; Erythema; Female; Gestational Age; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Intensive Care, Neonatal; Male; Miconazole; Nystatin

The purposes of the study were to assess the colonization of tracheoesophageal voice prostheses by albicans and non-albicans Candida species and to determine their susceptibility for three antimycotics that are frequently used for prophylaxis or treatment of oral candidiasis (i.e., miconazole, fluconazole, and nystatin).. In total, 101 patients, corresponding to 170 voice prostheses, were monitored over a period of 28 months.. An enzymatic two-step method was used for differentiation and presumptive identification of Candida species colonizing the voice prostheses. The identity of the isolates was confirmed by the germ-tube test, morphological appearance on cornmeal agar with 0.5% Tween 80, sugar assimilation tests, and appearance on CHROMagar Candida (CHROMagar Co., Paris), Albicans ID (BioMérieux Vitek, Hazelwood, MO), and Fluoroplate Candida (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Susceptibility testing for miconazole, fluconazole, and nystatin was performed according to the microdilution method of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards.. The predominant species isolated were Candida albicans (41.4%), Candida glabrata (33.1%), Candida krusei (15.9%), and Candida tropicalis (5.3%). A broad range of minimal inhibitory concentrations of the isolates was observed for miconazole and fluconazole. In contrast, minimal inhibitory concentration values for nystatin were narrowly distributed around 4 microg/mL for all isolates, suggesting uniform sensitivity.. Our data on the prevalence and susceptibility of yeast isolates will contribute to a rational choice of an antimycotic for prophylaxis of the early deterioration and leakage of tracheoesophageal voice prostheses.

Topics: Aged; Antifungal Agents; Candida; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Female; Fluconazole; Humans; Larynx, Artificial; Male; Miconazole; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Prevalence; Prosthesis-Related Infections

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Nystatin; Renal Dialysis

Topics: Antifungal Agents; Breast Diseases; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Oral; Female; Fluconazole; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Lactation; Male; Nipples; Nystatin; Pain; Weaning

An eight-years-old girl, who presented with recurrent upper respiratory tract infections, was treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics. Afterward she presented with intestinal candidiasis. The isolated species was identified as Candida albicans by differential tests. Treatment given was with 500,000 IU of oral nystatin every 8 hours for 10 days and intestinal normal microbiota restoratives. Evolution has been satisfactory, although concomitantly type A hepatitis developed. Rest and a soft diet were recommended. The child is now perfectly healthy with normal liver function tests.. Prolonged treatments with broad-spectrum antibiotics destroyed the indigenous intestinal microbiota, which provoked intestinal C. Albicans proliferation and adversely affected the immunological system of the patient, thus facilitating the establishment of a viral infection.

Topics: Antifungal Agents; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Child; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Nystatin; Opportunistic Infections; Probiotics

A 64-year-old woman had severe vulvovaginitis develop while she was receiving intravaginal nystatin therapy for Candida glabrata infection. Mucocutaneous adverse effects have rarely been reported with nystatin despite long years of use. This complication should be included in the differential diagnosis of clinical failure of intravaginal nystatin therapy.

Topics: Administration, Intravaginal; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antifungal Agents; Betamethasone; Candidiasis; Edema; Erythema; Female; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Vulvovaginitis

In a prospective study, 132 patients were investigated for yeast infection of burn wounds. Ten patients (7.6%) were infected with Candida species. All patients with yeast infections were also infected with bacteria with the exception of one patient who was infected with Candida tropicalis alone. The predominant yeast recovered was Candida krusei. Yeast infection was found to be more common in the younger age group. The isolation of a Candida species alone from one patient and Candida isolation from patients with sepsis in burn wounds indicate a significant role for yeasts in the production of infection in burn wounds. Therefore, special cultures for yeasts are recommended for all cases of burn wound infection.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antifungal Agents; Burns; Candidiasis; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Mycoses; Nystatin; Prevalence; Prospective Studies

Infection with Candida albicans in the breastfeeding dyad has been associated with extreme pain in the breastfeeding mother and may lead to premature weaning. There is presently a dearth of information on diagnosis, natural history, and treatment of this condition in the literature. Therefore, before such a trial was conducted, a survey was sent to experts in the field of lactation, the members of The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine, on the diagnosis and treatment of thrush in the breastfeeding mother and baby. Results showed that the majority of respondents relied primarily on history and physical examination of the baby, but not the mother, to make the diagnosis. Laboratory tests were ordered only rarely. The most common initial treatment was oral nystatin for the infant and cream for the mother's breasts. This was followed by oral nystatin for the infant and oral fluconazole for the mother. Treatment of recurrence or persistence was again most commonly nystatin for both mother and infant, followed by oral nystatin for the infant and oral fluconazole for the mother or oral fluconazole for both. In the absence of controlled trials of this condition, these results may serve as suggestions for the clinician, until definitive data are available.

Topics: Adult; Antifungal Agents; Breast Diseases; Breast Feeding; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Oral; Female; Fluconazole; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Mouth Diseases; Nipples; Nystatin; Recurrence; Weaning

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Aspergillosis; Candidiasis; Fluconazole; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Itraconazole; Mycoses; Nystatin; Pyrimidines; Triazoles; Voriconazole

Four Candida albicans isolates and six non-albicans Candida isolates were evaluated by time-kill methods to characterize the relationship between nystatin concentrations, the rate and extent of fungicidal activity, and the postantifungal effect (PAFE). Against Candida species, nystatin exhibits concentration-dependent fungicidal activity and a pronounced PAFE.

Topics: Antifungal Agents; Candida; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Colony Count, Microbial; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nystatin

A candidal abscess is a known complication of disseminated candidiasis, particularly in immunocompromised patients. We report a second primary growth in the neopharynx brought to light by a candidal abscess in a non-immunocompromised patient.

Topics: Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Fluconazole; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms, Second Primary; Nystatin; Pharyngeal Neoplasms; Retropharyngeal Abscess; Treatment Outcome

Topics: Aged; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Oral; Dentures; Hand Dermatoses; Humans; Male; Nystatin

The activity of liposomal nystatin (L-Nys) against subacute disseminated candidiasis was investigated in persistently neutropenic rabbits. Antifungal therapy was administered for 10 days starting 24 h after intravenous inoculation of 10(3) blastoconidia of Candida albicans. Responses to treatment were assessed by the quantitative clearance of the organism from blood and tissues. Treatments consisted of L-Nys at dosages of 2 and 4 mg/kg of body weight/day (L-Nys2 and L-Nys4, respectively) amphotericin B deoxycholate at 1 mg/kg/day (D-AmB), and fluconazole at 10 mg/kg/day (Flu). All treatments were given intravenously once daily. Compared to the results for untreated but infected control animals, treatment with L-Nys2, L-Nys4, D-AmB, and Flu resulted in a significant clearance of the residual burden of C. albicans from the kidney, liver, spleen, lung, and brain (P < 0.0001 by analysis of variance). When the proportion of animals infected at at least one of the five tissue sites studied was evaluated, a dose-dependent response to treatment with L-Nys was found (P < 0.05). Compared to D-AmB-treated rabbits, mean serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels at the end of therapy were significantly lower in animals treated with L-Nys2 (P < 0.001) and L-Nys4 (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively). L-Nys was less nephrotoxic than conventional amphotericin B and had dose-dependent activity comparable to that of amphotericin B for the early treatment of subacute disseminated candidiasis in persistently neutropenic rabbits.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Carriers; Fluconazole; Liposomes; Nystatin; Rabbits; Treatment Outcome

Topics: Animals; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Drugs, Investigational; HIV Infections; Humans; Mice; Mycoses; Nystatin

Topics: Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Diagnosis, Differential; Drug Eruptions; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth Diseases; Nystatin; Patch Tests

Upper airway obstruction is always a serious condition. In patients who have previously been irradiated for a laryngeal malignancy, it normally implies either residual or recurrent disease. We report a case of stridor due to invasive laryngeal candidiasis in a patient who had undergone radiotherapy for a T1a N0 squamous cell carcinoma of the glottis eight months earlier. Extensive investigation failed to identify recurrence of disease and the patient responded to prolonged topical antifungal therapy. Infection with Candida species is most frequently found in debilitated or immunocompromised patients. Although cases of upper airway obstruction in children secondary to idiopathic laryngeal candidiasis have been reported, to our knowledge no such presentation has been described in adults. This report highlights the difficulty of diagnosis and treatment. Familiarity with candidal infection is important for early diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Aged; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Humans; Laryngeal Diseases; Laryngeal Neoplasms; Laryngoscopy; Male; Nystatin; Radiotherapy; Respiratory Sounds

Topics: Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Erythema; Female; Humans; Intestinal Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin

Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Antifungal Agents; Burns; Candidiasis; Cross Infection; Fungemia; Humans; Nystatin

The aim of the study was the estimation of in vitro susceptibility to antifungal agents of yeast isolated from sputum of 70 respiratory diseases patients using the disc-diffusion method-antimycogram. The following agents were tested: amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine, nystatin, ketoconazole, fluconazole. Only Candida strains were isolated from sputum, 82% of them were Candida albicans. We noted differences in susceptibility to antimycotics of Candida strains. The best antimycotic in vitro was 5-fluorocytosine. 54% of isolated Candida strains were resistant to 1 or more antimycotics.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Amphotericin B; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Candida; Candidiasis; Fluconazole; Flucytosine; Humans; Ketoconazole; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Respiratory Tract Infections; Species Specificity; Sputum

Candidiasis of the larynx is rare and often related to immunocompromised hosts. We here report a case of laryngeal candidiasis in an immunocompetent infant. The diagnosis was obtained by direct fibre-optic laryngoscopy with specimens submitted for culture. He received anti-fungal medication and was quite well at 1-year follow up. The pertinent literature is also reviewed.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Drug Therapy, Combination; Fluconazole; Humans; Infant; Laryngeal Diseases; Laryngoscopy; Larynx; Male; Nystatin

High-intensity impulse laser radiation proved effective in 23 patients with esophageal candidiasis. The highest effect was achieved in its use with nistatin. In low laser efficacy radiation should be combined with transendoscopic administration of granulocytes concentrate. This produced clinico-endoscopic remission in 98.3% of the cases.

Topics: Adult; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Combined Modality Therapy; Deglutition Disorders; Esophageal Diseases; Esophagoscopy; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Humans; Laser Therapy; Male; Nystatin

Topics: Administration, Oral; Candidiasis; Enteritis; Humans; Nystatin; Opportunistic Infections

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Candidiasis; Child; Gastrostomy; Humans; Jejunostomy; Ketoconazole; Nystatin; Peritoneal Dialysis; Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory; Peritonitis; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Uremia

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Child; Female; Humans; Nystatin

Yeast isolates from burned patients were analyzed retrospectively for a 7-year period (1984-1991). Topical nystatin was used routinely in the burn wound dressing as antifungal therapy beginning in July 1986. Nystatin used was associated with a significant decrease in overall yeast acquisitions in burn wounds; yeasts were isolated from 15.5% of admitted patients before the use of nystatin vs. 10.5% with use of nystatin (odds ratio [OR] = 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.48-0.86). New acquisitions of Candida rugosa in burn wounds increased from 0.36% of admissions during the period July 1984 to June 1986 (before nystatin use) to 5.25% in the period July 1986 to June 1991 (during use of nystatin) (OR = 15.3; 95% CI, 4.1-128). The incidence of fungemia decreased from 3.25% of admissions in the pre-nystatin period to 1.43% in the postnystatin period (OR = 0.43; 95% CI, 0.22-0.87). C. rugosa caused none of 18 fungemias in the former period and 15 of 21 in the latter period (P = .002). Susceptibility testing of recent C. rugosa isolates demonstrated resistance to nystatin and moderate susceptibility to amphotericin B and fluconazole. Topical nystatin use was associated with a decrease in fungemias and acquisition of yeasts in burn wounds but with an increase in colonization and fungemias caused by nystatin-resistant, amphotericin B-susceptible C. rugosa.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Burn Units; Burns; Candida; Candidiasis; Case-Control Studies; Cross Infection; Fluconazole; Flucytosine; Humans; Ketoconazole; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nystatin; Retrospective Studies

Congenital candida infection is a rare disease, although the incidence of candida vaginitis during pregnancy is high. We report on five cases each showing patterns considered typical for candida infection. The infective agent can cause chorioamnionitis even in the presence of intact fetal membranes. An intrauterine device (IUD) has been proved to be a risk factor for a congenital candida infection. The pathogenetic significance of contamination with candida for the fetus appears to depend largely on gestational age. A premature infant with a birth-weight less than 1500 g presented with bilateral candida endophthalmitis which was cured by intravenous Fluconazole therapy. Another premature infant weighing 800 g at birth developed a systemic candida infection. The other three more mature infants had milder symptoms, two of them presented with cutaneous candidiasis.

Topics: Adult; Amniocentesis; Amphotericin B; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Cutaneous; Candidiasis, Oral; Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal; Chorioamnionitis; Drug Therapy, Combination; Endophthalmitis; Female; Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture; Flucytosine; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Male; Nystatin; Pregnancy

The results are presented of in vitro investigations of the sensitivity of 225 strains of yeast-like fungi to nystatin. The strains were isolated from cutaneous and mucosal lesions. In the study nystatin concentration 10 micrograms/ml of the substrate was used and a two-grade scale of evaluation was applied: sensitive or resistant to the drug. It was found that 56.7% of the tested strains were resistant to this nystatin concentration. The obtained data were compared with those obtained in 1972 when all the tested strains were sensitive to nystatin in this concentration. The study showed that the resistance to nystatin has been rising in these organisms with years.

Topics: Candida; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Cutaneous; Candidiasis, Oral; Culture Media; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nystatin

Restriction fragment polymorphism analysis was used to investigate the identity and genotypic relatedness of Candida albicans strains isolated from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with or without oral candidiasis and from some of their sexual partners. Use of the species-specific DNA probe Ca3 revealed that most subjects carried a single distinct C. albicans strain throughout the course of the study, during both symptomatic and asymptomatic periods. Sexual partners were more likely to carry the same or similar C. albicans isolates than unrelated subjects, raising the possibility of transmission via intimate contact. One patient appeared to acquire his partner's isolate, which then became predominant in both partners in subsequent isolations. These findings indicate that recurrent oral candidiasis is usually caused by a single persistent strain unique to each patient, but that in some cases transmission via intimate contact may occur between sexual partners.

Topics: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Blotting, Southern; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; DNA, Fungal; Female; Genome, Fungal; HIV Seropositivity; Homosexuality; Humans; Ketoconazole; Male; Mouth; Nystatin; Polymorphism, Genetic

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candidiasis; Humans; Infant; Male; Nystatin; Otitis Media; Recurrence

The incidence of opportunistic infections after thermal injury is high. Since 1985, we have been practicing Candida prophylaxis using nystatin "swish-and-swallow" and topical therapy. Patients treated between 1980 and 1984 served as controls and received no Candida prophylaxis. Although mean burn size, full-thickness injury, and age were comparable, the incidence of Candida colonization (26.7% vs 15.6%), infection (21.3% vs 10.0%), and sepsis (12.2% vs none) was significantly different between control and nystatin-treated groups, respectively. With prophylaxis, the incidence of Candida wound infection has been significantly reduced, and systemic candidiasis has been eradicated, eliminating the need for toxic systemic antifungal agents.

Topics: Administration, Buccal; Administration, Topical; Burns; Candidiasis; Child; Child, Preschool; Fungemia; Humans; Nystatin; Retrospective Studies; Wound Infection

Fungal peritonitis as a serious complication of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is often associated with severe morbidity, CAPD "drop-out" and, occasionally, death. Most episodes of fungal peritonitis occur during or after a period of antibiotic treatment of various bacterial infections, usually bacterial peritonitis. From April 1979 to December 1982 (period I), 10 episodes of fungal peritonitis occurred during 415 patient-months, ie, 10.5% of all peritonitis episodes recorded in our CAPD program. After the introduction of oral prophylaxis with 3 x 500,000 IU [corrected] nystatin during every course of antibiotic treatment, only four episodes of fungal peritonitis occurred during 2,102 patient-months, ie, 3.1% of all peritonitis episodes from January 1983 to March 1989 (period II). This difference between the first and second periods is significant (P less than 0.05). Moreover, none of the four patients who contracted fungal peritonitis in the second period received nystatin prophylaxis. Thus, the simple measure of oral prophylaxis using this nonabsorbable antifungal agent in every case of an antibiotic treatment largely eliminates the risk of fungal peritonitis in patients on CAPD.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Candidiasis; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory; Peritonitis

Altogether 80 newborns at risk were prophylactically treated with 3 x 150,000 IU nystatin/d per os for 14-21 d respectively on every second day for 14-21 d. The content of yeasts in the faeces was determined. In preterm infants with birth-weight below 1500 g the intestinal yeasts--especially Candida albicans--persisted much longer during nystatin application than in infants with higher birthweight and longer gestation-time. In newborns at risk, daily nystatin doses of 3 x 150,000 IU/d are recommended for the duration of disposition for systemic candidosis.

Topics: Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Administration Schedule; Feces; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Metabolic Clearance Rate; Nystatin

Topics: Candidiasis; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Nystatin; Syndrome

Ten hospitalized patients with severe diarrhea associated with intestinal Candida overgrowth are reported. Candida-associated diarrhea is predominantly of the secretory type, characterized by frequent watery stools, usually without blood, mucus, tenesmus, or abdominal pain. The patients were elderly, malnourished, and critically ill, or suffered from chronic debilitating illness. Their hospital stays were prolonged, and the majority were being treated with multiple antibiotics or chemotherapeutic agents. Diarrhea often led to dehydration, prerenal azotemia, hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, and electrolyte imbalance. Stool culture most frequently isolated Cand. albicans in association with decreased normal flora. Colonoscopy showed no evidence of colitis. Diagnosis was made based on the absence of diarrhea-producing medications, the continuation of diarrhea despite fasting, the exclusion of other infections, inflammatory conditions and other causes of secretory diarrhea, and a dramatic response to a short course of nystatin.

Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Candida; Candidiasis; Chronic Disease; Cross Infection; Diarrhea; Drug Therapy, Combination; Feces; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nutrition Disorders; Nystatin

The author presents the case-history of a 19-year-old female patient with subacute bilateral conjunctivitis, where based on repeated cultivation form the conjunctival sac Candida albicans was proved as the aetiological agent. After the application of Nystatin (Fungicidin Spofa ointment, dragée) marked immediate improvement of the clinical finding was recorded and gradual regression of follicles and tarsal squamous hyperplasia. The author discusses possible types of mycotic conjunctivitis with regard to the character of the inflammation, the aetiological agent and treatment.

Topics: Adult; Candidiasis; Conjunctivitis; Female; Humans; Nystatin

Topics: Adolescent; Candidiasis; Diagnosis, Differential; Esophageal Achalasia; Esophageal Diseases; Esophagoscopy; Humans; Male; Nystatin

To determine whether mucocutaneous candidiasis presages the development of invasive candidiasis and to assess factors influencing the development of mucocutaneous candidiasis and invasive candidiasis among infants requiring neonatal intensive care, all infants admitted to our neonatal intensive care unit during a 47-month period were prospectively examined twice weekly for mucocutaneous candidiasis. Because 16 of 18 (89%) infants in whom invasive candidiasis (defined by positive cultures of blood, CSF, deep tissue or greater than or equal to 2 supra-pubic urine aspirates) developed had birth weights less than 1,500 g, further analysis was focused toward the very low birth weight group. Of 358 very low birth weight infants hospitalized for less than three days and serially studied until discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit, mucocutaneous candidiasis developed in 28 (7.8%), invasive candidiasis developed in 16 (4.5%), and in 323 there was no evidence of mucocutaneous candidiasis or invasive candidiasis. Although many risk factors were shown by univariate analysis to be significantly more common among those with invasive candidiasis and mucocutaneous candidiasis, adjustment for the covariant effects of duration of hospitalization and gestational age revealed that only prolonged duration of antibiotic therapy and duration of endotracheal intubation were significantly associated with invasive candidiasis. Invasive candidiasis developed later in nine of 28 (32%) infants with mucocutaneous candidiasis despite nystatin therapy of mucocutaneous candidiasis in all nine (median duration of therapy before invasive candidiasis, nine days). Very low birth weight infants in whom mucocutaneous candidiasis develops are at significantly greater risk of invasive candidiasis developing later than those in whom mucocutaneous candidiasis did not develop (9/28 v 7/330, P less than .001).

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candidiasis; Humans; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Newborn; Intubation, Intratracheal; Nystatin; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Time Factors

Generic Myco-Triacet II Cream would seem to be analogous to Mycolog II Cream. However, Myco-Triacet II Cream still contains the common and potent sensitizer, ethylenediamine hydrochloride, which is no longer present in Mycolog II Cream. This is another instance in which a rose by an other name does not smell as sweet.

Topics: Adult; Candidiasis; Dermatitis, Contact; Drug Combinations; Ethylenediamines; Excipients; Gramicidin; Humans; Male; Neomycin; Nystatin; Patch Tests; Therapeutic Equivalency; Triamcinolone Acetonide

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Candidiasis; Humans; Nystatin

Opportunistic mycotic infections have a significant influence on the morbidity and mortality of children whose immune systems are depressed by the onset of AML. The present paper assesses the incidence of the pathogenic mycotic flora and the in vitro efficacy of the main antimycotic drugs. Candida was che most commonly encountered pathogen and its in vitro response to the polyenic antibiotics was good.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Candida; Candidiasis; Child; Clotrimazole; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Flucytosine; Humans; Ketoconazole; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Male; Miconazole; Nystatin

Topics: Candida; Candidiasis; Culture Media; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Mitosporic Fungi; Mycoses; Nystatin; Polyenes; Recurrence; Rhodotorula

The increased incidence of Candida burn wound infection and septicemia in massively burned patients is well known. One thousand thirty six patients were admitted from January 1982 through December 1986. Nystatin prophylaxis, both oral and topical, was initiated in October 1984 and 472 patients were treated. The control group was comprised of the 564 patients treated January 1982 through September 1984. There was a significant difference (p less than 0.005) between the groups in the number of Candida colonized patients, the numbers of Candida burn wound infections, the incidence of multi-organ system involvement/failure, and the occurrence of Candida sepsis. There has not been a Candida burn wound infection in this institution since June 1985. Nystatin, given orally as a 'swish and swallow' or mixed 1:1 with either silver sulfadiazine or polymyxin B/bacitracin, has eradicated Candida burn wound infections and septicemia from this institution and thus obviated the need for systemic antifungals such as amphotericin B.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Bacitracin; Bacteriological Techniques; Burns; Candidiasis; Child; Child, Preschool; Debridement; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Nystatin; Polymyxin B; Retrospective Studies; Wound Infection

Multilamellar vesicles containing nystatin (NYS) were compared with vesicles containing the free drug for toxicity to erythrocytes and for antifungal activity in vitro. Liposomal nystatin was as active as free NYS was against a wide variety of yeasts and fungi. The antifungal activity against Candida albicans was maintained with different liposome compositions and without sterols. Liposome encapsulation also protected the erythrocytes from the toxicity of free NYS.

Topics: Candida; Candidiasis; Capsules; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Erythrocytes; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Liposomes; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nystatin

The therapeutic activity of nystatin (NYS) incorporated in multilamellar liposomes (L-NYS) was studied in vivo. Hale-Stoner mice injected intravenously with various doses of L-NYS and free NYS showed a significant reduction in toxicity of NYS after the NYS was incorporated into liposomes (maximal tolerated doses, 16 and 4 mg/kg of body weight, respectively). The maximal tolerated dose of free NYS had no effect in the treatment of mice infected with Candida albicans, whereas L-NYS at an equivalent dose improved the survival of mice. A marked increase in survival was observed when L-NYS was administered in higher and multiple doses (total doses up to 80 mg/kg). Liposome encapsulation thus provided a means for intravenous administration of NYS, reducing its toxicity and making it an active systemic antifungal agent.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Candidiasis; Capsules; Liposomes; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Nystatin

Topics: Candida; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Cutaneous; Feces; Humans; Intestinal Diseases; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nystatin

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aerobiosis; Bacterial Infections; Candida; Candidiasis; Child; Colistin; Gentamicins; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Humans; Intestines; Liver Transplantation; Nystatin; Pharynx; Postoperative Complications; Rectum

Topics: Candidiasis; Depression; Female; Humans; Nystatin

We describe two patients in whom fungal endocarditis occurred during antibiotic therapy for prosthetic valve bacterial endocarditis. Successful management of both patients was eventually achieved with antifungal therapy and replacement of the prosthetic valves. These cases and review of the literature suggest that (1) high-dose antibacterial therapy predisposes to fungal endocarditis; (2) during prolonged antibiotic therapy in patients predisposed to endocarditis, clinicians should consider the use of oral nystatin as prophylaxis against fungemia and possible fungal endocarditis; and (3) early replacement of prosthetic valves infected with fungi is indicated because chemotherapy alone is predictably inadequate to effect a cure.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candidiasis; Endocarditis; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Female; Heart Valve Prosthesis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin

In a patient with chronic esophageal candidiasis due to C. tropicalis that was refractory to mycostatin and ketoconazole, a generalized cell-mediated immunodeficiency state was detected. Samples of plasma from this patient inhibited T-lymphocyte function, suppressing both rosette formation and mitogen responsiveness of T-cells derived from the patient and from normal individuals. Following plasma exchange, the patient's immune defect resolved and her candida infection disappeared. On further analysis, the plasma inhibitory factor was found to be of low molecular weight (less than 10,000) and heat labile. Preliminary studies suggested that this inhibitor was candida-derived, since it was removed from plasma by anti-candida antibodies in solid phase. Immunodeficiency in chronic candidiasis may be improved by removal of circulating inhibitory factors through plasma exchange.

Topics: Adult; Candidiasis; Esophageal Diseases; Female; Humans; Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes; Interleukin-2; Ketoconazole; Lymphokines; Molecular Weight; Nystatin; Rosette Formation; T-Lymphocytes

Candidiasis in cats has always been linked with such predisposing factors as parvovirus infections and antibiotic and chemotherapeutic treatments. Moreover these cases were all diagnosed post-mortem. The clinical observations and the diagnostic procedures used in an antemortem case of probable idiopathic intestinal candidiasis in a cat are reported. The therapeutic measures used and the method of evaluating the efficacy of antimycotic treatment are also described.

Topics: Animals; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Cat Diseases; Cats; Enteritis; Feces; Female; Intestines; Nystatin

The adherence of two strains of Candida albicans serotype A to human epithelial cells was measured after exposure to different concentrations of amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine, nystatin, miconazole and ketoconazole. Germ-tube formation after different exposure times to the antifungal drugs as a preliminary test was carried out. Pretreatment of blastospores with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and sub-MIC (1/2 and 1/4 of MIC values) for 3 and 72 h did not affect adherence for all drugs tested except amphotericin B. This antimycotic agent reduces significantly the adherence either after 3 or 72 h exposure time. The other antifungal drugs interfere with adherence only after 72 h and at the highest concentrations tested, above MIC values. The decrease in adherence by antifungal drugs suggests that some of these drugs would be useful in the prophylaxis of patients at high risk for candidosis.

Topics: Adhesiveness; Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Cheek; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Epithelium; Flucytosine; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Ketoconazole; Miconazole; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nystatin; Time Factors

The authors report a case of Candida esophagitis developed like a malignant neoplasm. They explain the severe lesions according to the last physiopathological findings and emphasize the role of roentgenographic and endoscopic (biopsies and brushing) examinations in the differential diagnosis.

Topics: Aged; Candidiasis; Diagnosis, Differential; Esophageal Neoplasms; Esophagitis; Humans; Male; Nystatin

Topics: Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Chronic Mucocutaneous; Child, Preschool; Humans; Ketoconazole; Male; Nystatin

The effect of a multi-agent regimen on oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) prophylaxis in 16 consecutive pediatric bone marrow transplant patients was assessed. The multi-agent regimen consisted of: 1) debriding all mucous membrane surfaces within the oropharyngeal cavity with povidone-iodine 4 times a day, 2) swabbing all mucous membrane surfaces within the oropharyngeal cavity with nystatin 4 times a day, and 3) Ketoconazole given daily by mouth. Multi-agent regimen therapy was initiated on the day marrow ablative therapy began, and was terminated when the patient's absolute neutrophil count recovered to above 500/mm3. Baseline oropharyngeal fungal cultures indicated that 8 out of 16 (50%) of the patients were Candida carriers. Subsequent surveillance cultures indicated that 13 out of 16 (81.3%) of the patients had negative oropharyngeal fungal cultures during the entire period they were on the multi-agent regimen. The remaining three patients had negative oropharyngeal fungal cultures by the end of the experimental period. None of the patients developed Candida esophagitis or sepsis. The above regimen is an effective and non-toxic method to prevent oropharyngeal candidiasis in pediatric BMT patients.

Topics: Adolescent; Anemia, Aplastic; Bone Marrow Transplantation; Burkitt Lymphoma; Candidiasis; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Ketoconazole; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Male; Mouth Diseases; Neuroblastoma; Nystatin; Pharyngeal Diseases; Povidone-Iodine; Transplantation, Autologous; Transplantation, Homologous

Eighty-three patients with 117 episodes of candidemia were reviewed to examine the clinically significant variables and the results of treatment for this problem. Mortality was 52%. Patients who had bacteremia either synchronously or metachronously in association with Candida species had poorer survival rates. Staphylococcal and enterococcal species were the most frequently associated bacteria. Patients with Candida parapsilosis had better survival rates than patients with other species. Portals of entry for fungemia were catheters, wounds, the urinary tract, and the peritoneal cavity, but were undefined in 54% of patients. Antifungal chemotherapy could not be identified as affecting the outcome in these patients. It is suggested that candidemia in most patients represents a failure of host defense, and that septicemia of either bacteria or fungi may arise from the gastrointestinal tract in critically ill, immunocompromised patients.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Amphotericin B; Candidiasis; Child; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Female; Humans; Immunocompetence; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections

In 14 patients with candida infection of the oesophagus, the clinical, radiologic and endoscopic findings are described. It is pointed out that candida mycosis of the oesophagus may occur primarily and without underlying disease. The authors report on the therapy of candidiasis.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Candidiasis; Esophageal Diseases; Esophagoscopy; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin

Persistent Candiduria may represent significant urinary infection which has the potential for inducing obstructive uropathy and/or renal abscesses. Urine candidal colony counts, serological and radiographic studies will differentiate colonization from infection. Initial treatment may involve correction of iatrogenic factors such as removal of catheters, stopping antibacterial antibiotics and improvement of the patient's nutritional status. Persistence of funguria will require irrigations of the urinary system with antifungal agents and/or the use of systemic antifungal therapy.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Flucytosine; Humans; Imidazoles; Nystatin; Transfer Factor; Urinary Tract Infections; Urography

Four cases of familial mucocutaneous candidiasis corresponding to two families were studied. In two of the cases (Family I), there were lesions in the mouth, vaginal mucosa, nails, palms and soles, with no other associated infections. In the other two cases (Family II) there were oral (glossitis with macroglossia), genital and inguinal folds lesions, associated to frequent bacterial infections (recurring forunculosis , pneumonia). The immunological study in the four cases showed overlapping results: anti-candida circulating antibodies at high dilutions, a negative or weakly positive candidine a negative TTL to candida in some of the cases, and not other abnormalities in T. lymphocytes. All of the cases became sensitive to DNCB. In two of them, there were low figures of ferritin (Family II); however, no improvement was obtained with an iron treatment. There were no endocrinological abnormalities in any case. All of the cases were cured with ketoconazole in a few months, and no relapse was found six months after the end of the treatment in one of them. A follow up could not be performed on the other three cases.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Amphotericin B; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Chronic Mucocutaneous; Consanguinity; Female; Humans; Ketoconazole; Male; Nystatin; Pedigree

Topics: Aged; Candidiasis; Humans; Male; Nystatin; Stomach Ulcer

Gastrointestinal Candida infection is more prevalent than previously recognized. It is most often seen in patients with underlying impairment of the immune system but may also occur in apparently normal individuals. Esophageal involvement is most common, presenting with odynophagia, dysphagia, or bleeding. Gastric Candida infection may cause diffuse mucosal involvement or focal invasion of benign gastric ulcers. Intestinal candidiasis is uncommon and poorly characterized. The diagnosis is usually established by visualizing the characteristic yeast or mycelial forms in endoscopic brushings and biopsies. Oral nystatin is effective therapy in many patients, but other antifungal agents may be needed in extensive or persistent disease, especially in immunocompromised patients.

Topics: Candidiasis; Deglutition Disorders; Diagnosis, Differential; Esophageal Diseases; Flucytosine; Humans; Imidazoles; Intestinal Diseases; Leukemia; Lymphoma; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Nystatin; Polyenes; Stomach Diseases

A 14-day old infant with stomatitis due to Candida albicans presented with frequent emesis and was found to have esophagitis by barium esophagram. She responded promptly to oral Mycostatin suspension: her emesis subsided and the stomatitis resolved. Repeat esophagram on the seventh day of therapy showed complete resolution of the esophageal mucosal abnormalities. Although Candida stomatitis is common in infants, the incidence and appropriate therapy of Candida esophagitis as a complication in otherwise normal infants are unknown. This patient responded well to frequent therapy with an oral, nonabsorbable antifungal agent.

Topics: Candidiasis; Esophagitis; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Nystatin; Stomatitis

An important role for candida in gastric and duodenal ulcer disease is being increasingly recognized. Causative factors implicated include the frequent use of cimetidine, and immunosuppressive or antibiotic therapy. Concerning cimetidine, there is no clear-cut evidence that the drug depresses cell mediated immunity; on the contrary, there is evidence that delayed hypersensitivity is enhanced. Acid reduction is the alternate and more likely explanation for any role of cimetidine in gastric and duodenal candidiasis. We report a patient with a duodenal ulcer, which repeatedly bled and failed to heal in hospital on standard antacid and cimetidine therapy. Candida was identified in the ulcer and treated, using mycostatin suspension, resulting in complete healing. We feel that candida involvement of duodenal ulcers may be more common than is generally recognized, and may be the cause for nonhealing in certain patients already on optimum therapy.

Topics: Aged; Antacids; Candidiasis; Cimetidine; Diabetes Complications; Duodenal Ulcer; Endoscopy; Humans; Male; Nystatin

Topics: Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal; Clotrimazole; Female; Genital Diseases, Male; Gonorrhea; Humans; Male; Miconazole; Nystatin

Topics: Candidiasis; Humans; Imidazoles; Immunity; Ketoconazole; Miconazole; Mycoses; Neoplasms; Nystatin; Piperazines

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Oral; Female; Humans; Lip Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Sunlight

Ninety-three hospitalizations of 70 patients, who underwent induction chemotherapy for acute leukemia to determine the effectiveness of oral nystatin in preventing oropharyngeal and systemic candidiasis were reviewed. Sixty-two percent of patients who received prophylactic nystatin and 58% of patients who did not receive nystatin developed oropharyngeal candidiasis; 11% of patients who received prophylaxis and 21% of those who did not receive prophylaxis developed systemic candidiasis. The use of oral nystatin did not significantly diminish the risk of developing either type of Candida infection. Oropharyngeal candidiasis occurred more commonly in patients who had severe and prolonged leukopenia, had received more parenteral antibiotics, and had developed chemotherapy-induced mucositis. Systemic candidiasis developed almost exclusively in patients who had prior oropharyngeal candidiasis. Guidelines for the empiric use of amphotericin B in these patients are provided.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Oral; Female; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Male; Nystatin

Two groups of 70 newborns each, all from diabetic mothers with and without nystatin prophylaxis, were compared, during the first three weeks of age, for incidence of mucocutaneous Candida albicans contamination (17 or 30 per cent) and for moniliasis (17 per cent in the group without prophylaxis and 71 per cent with Candida albicans contamination). Reference is made to modes of birth for comparison between pathogenesis and incidence of moniliasis and the need for prophylaxis of newborns delivered by diabetic mothers or by women with intact metabolism.

Topics: Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Chronic Mucocutaneous; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Nystatin; Pregnancy; Pregnancy in Diabetics

In seven elderly patients with benign gastric ulcer, numerous spores and mycelia of Candida were found in the inflammatory exudate and in the base of the ulcer. All patients were treated with cimetidine and antacids. In five patients the ulcer failed to heal. Cimetidine was replaced with mycostatin and after four weeks of treatment, the ulcers healed completely in four patients. It is assumed that in the elderly, due to the weakening of the host defense mechanisms, Candida may invade the base of the ulcer and disturb the normal process of healing.

Topics: Aged; Candidiasis; Cimetidine; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Stomach Diseases; Stomach Ulcer

Topics: Administration, Topical; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infusions, Parenteral; Nystatin; Sepsis

Topics: Boric Acids; Candidiasis; Capsules; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Nystatin; Vulvovaginitis

Topics: Adult; Aged; Candidiasis; Esophageal Diseases; Esophagoscopy; Esophagus; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin

Topics: Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Clotrimazole; Dermatomycoses; Griseofulvin; Humans; Miconazole; Nystatin; Phenyl Ethers; Tolnaftate

Two infants recovered from endogenous Candida endophthalmitis. Case 1, to the best of my knowledge, is the first reported full term neonate with this entity. Free-floating vitreous opacitis ("ballon vitréen") were found in one infant and the second infant's lesions resolved in a more conventional manner.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Candidiasis; Ductus Arteriosus, Patent; Endophthalmitis; Female; Flucytosine; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Intestinal Obstruction; Intestine, Small; Male; Nystatin; Oxygen

Topics: Adult; Antifungal Agents; Bezoars; Candida; Candidiasis; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethanolamines; Female; Gastrectomy; Gastritis; Humans; Natamycin; Nystatin; Stomach Diseases

Topics: Adult; Bronchopneumonia; Candidiasis; Flucytosine; Humans; Male; Miconazole; Nystatin; Retinal Diseases

It was found that a resistant strain R2 of C. albicans obtained as a result of passages on media containing increasing concentrations of amphotericin B differed from the initial strain by its lower pathogenicity. Treatment of the infection caused by the resistant strain on modeling of candidiasis in mice was not successful. The decrease in the average life span of the mice infected with the resistant strain R2 and treated with amphotericin B was lower than that in the control animals and such indices of the disease as the levels of the kidney dissemination and the cell vegetation even increased under the effect of amphotericin B. The results of the study suggest that the resistant strain R2 of C. albicans depend on amphotericin B in the host. The data obtained emphasize the necessity of determinining the antibiotic sensitivity of C. albicans strains isolated from patients.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Candicidin; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Drug Evaluation; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Mice; Nystatin; Polyenes; Time Factors

Topics: Adult; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Oral; Drug Evaluation; Drug Therapy, Combination; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Liver Transplantation; Male; Nystatin; Postoperative Care

Topics: Candidiasis; Humans; Nystatin

Topics: Candidiasis; Humans; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Intensive Care Units; Nystatin

The authors present a review of the epidemiology, pathology, diagnosis and treatment of candidiasis in the child. Their studies on the favoring factors in cutaneous forms as well as their experiences in pulmonary forms are emphasized.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Cutaneous; Candidiasis, Oral; Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal; Child; Clotrimazole; Complement C5; Female; Flucytosine; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes; Miconazole; Nystatin

Nystatin was administered in ten healthy adult volunteers in increasing doses of 3 X 10(6) I U, 6 X 10(6) I U, 9 X 10(6) I U and 12 X 10(6) I U per day, each dose being given for a five-day period. Faecal samples were collected daily for the determination of their concentration of biologically active nystatin. Nystatin concentrations were determined biologically; the sensitivity of this method was less than or equal to 20 mcg/g of faeces. During the four treatment periods with increasing doses, 38%, 31%, 26% and 20% respectively of the faecal samples contained biologically undetectable amounts of nystatin. This means that nystatin is either inactivated or unevenly distributed through the intestinal contents, or both. The practical consequences of this may be that in a significant portion of the colon there is no inhibitory nystatin concentration against Candida albicans, despite treatment with as much as 12 X 10(6) I U of nystatin per day.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Biological Availability; Candidiasis; Feces; Humans; Nystatin

Topics: Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Flucytosine; Humans; Infant; Meningoencephalitis; Nystatin

The new therapeutic methods based on antibiotics, corticosteroids and immunosuppressors and the new medicosurgical techniques (catheters, monitoring in intensive-care units, open-heart surgery) modify the host, favorise the adaptation and introduction f endogenous and exogenous yeast-like fungi and thus create a new pathology characterized by deep visceral or septicemic infections due to yeasts belonging to the genera Candida, Torulopsis, Cryptococcus, Trichosporon, Rhodotorula, and Saccharomyces. The pathological aspects are analyzed and therapy is suggested in the light of new findings on polyenes (nystatine, amphotericine B), 5-fluorocytosine, imidazole, derivatives (miconazole, econazole) considering their association in function of synergy or antagonism possibilities.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Candida; Candidiasis; Cryptococcosis; Dermatomycoses; Endocarditis; Flucytosine; Humans; Iatrogenic Disease; Imidazoles; Lung Diseases, Fungal; Mycoses; Nystatin; Osteitis; Sepsis; Urinary Tract Infections

The activity of rapamycin, a new anti-Candida antibiotic, was not affected by pH values between 6 and 8; at pH 4, however, activity was abolished. The MIC of rapamycin did not vary drastically with the size of inoculum: a ten-fold dilution of the inoculum reduced the MIC only two-fold. Serum binding was extensive. Serum levels obtained in mice were higher on subcutaneous injection than with oral administration. Dogs absorbed rapamycin after oral administration. Rapamycin cured systemic candidosis in mice: PD50 s.c. was 9.5 mg/kg: PD50 p.o. was 11 mg/kg. In the same experimental infections amphotericin B and nystatin exhibited PD50 values of less than 0.25 mg and greater than 4,000 units/kg respectively. Rapamycin and amphotericin B, administered at 1, 4 and 24 hours after infection, gave approximately the same percent survival after 30 days of observation. When the above treatment was extended by an additional daily treatment for 6 days, rapamycin by the subcutaneous route yielded a higher percentage of survival than either rapamycin or amphotericin B, administered orally, after a 30-day observation period. Vaginal candidosis in female rats was treated efficiently (91% cure) by rapamycin administered orally. No increase of resistance of C. albicans was observed during treatment.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Biological Availability; Candidiasis; Dogs; Female; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Male; Mice; Nystatin; Polyenes; Rats; Time Factors; Vaginal Diseases

Topics: Candidiasis; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Male; Nystatin

The synergism of 5-FC with 4 polyene antibiotics, amphotericin B (amph. B), candicidin, trichomycin and nystatin were investigated in 3 in vitro models measuring the fungistatic and fungicidal activity as well as the development of resistant mutants. In these 3 models candicidin and trichomycin exerted a higher synergistic effect than amph. B or nystatin. In vivo (systemic treatment of septicemic candidiasis of the mouse) the combination of 5-FC with amph. B was, however, the most effective. Only with this combination a complete cure (culturally negative) was observed. For topical treatment of Candida vaginitis in rats, the combination of 5-FC with candicidin proved the most active. As far as the biochemical basis of synergism is concerned in Candida albicans in the presence of polyene antibiotics, the incorporation of fluorinated pyrimidines was increased and the reduction of uptake of histidine by 5-FC alone, significantly enhanced. These effects could not be observed in Cryptococcus neoformans. The release of amino acids, phosphate and potassium caused by polyenes was significantly more pronounced in cells pretreated with 5-FC. Thus, the interaction between 5-FC and the polyenes may, in fact be, mutual.

Topics: Amino Acids; Amphotericin B; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Candicidin; Candida; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Cryptococcus neoformans; Cytosine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Synergism; Female; Flucytosine; Mice; Nystatin; Pyrimidines; Rats; RNA; Yeasts

Topics: Amphotericin B; Aspergillosis, Allergic Bronchopulmonary; Aspergillus fumigatus; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Drug Storage; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Lung Diseases, Fungal; Nystatin; Pharmaceutic Aids; Temperature

X-63, a polyene antibiotic of heptaene series showed activity against experimental infection with Candida albicans in mice, by several routes. The oral, intraperitoneal and intravenous activities ranged between dosages of 3.1--50, 0.06--0.5 and 0.25--0.5 mg/kg, respectively. Seven days treatment by intraperitoneal route caused significant progressive reduction of colony-forming units in kidney homogenates of infected mice, which was comparable to amphotericin B. The regression of infection was further demonstrated histopathologically. In vitro, antibiotic X-63 was similar to nystatin against nine strains of Candida used. It also proved active against amphotericin B-resistant strains of C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. pseudotropicalis, C. krusei, and C. parakrusei. The use of combined drug therapy in candidiasis has been discussed.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Mice; Nystatin

Topics: Candidiasis; Humans; Leukemia; Lymphoma; Nystatin

Topics: Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Oral; Humans; Leukemia; Lymphoma; Nystatin

Topics: Administration, Oral; Candidiasis; Female; Humans; Lung Diseases, Fungal; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Respiratory Therapy

Topics: Candidiasis; Humans; Leukemia; Lymphoma; Nystatin

Budding yeasts were present in the majority of cases of otitis externa examined. A reddish-brown, dry, waxy discharge was the typical exudate. A successful treatment of yeast-infected ears was multiple otic lavages using a combination of an aqueous solution of poloxamer-iodine and application of an antifungal-antibiotic-corticosteroids ointment.

Topics: Animals; Antifungal Agents; Candida; Candidiasis; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Drug Combinations; Iodine; Malassezia; Neomycin; Nystatin; Otitis Externa; Poloxalene; Thiostrepton; Tinea Versicolor; Triamcinolone

5 cases of Nigerian children, all below 2 years of age are presented. Common to all is a history of treated ear infections with subsequent development of otorrhoea. Both smears and cultures of the ear swabs documented candida albicans, and all the patients responded well to oral Nystatin. There is as yet little emphasis in published works on the relationship between candida albicans and draining ears.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Candidiasis; Child; Child, Preschool; Ear Diseases; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Nystatin

The case of a 38-year-old male patient with chronic recurrent oropharyngo-esophageal candidiasis since early childhood, resistant to topical therapy with nystatin, is reported. The disease had resulted in impressive oropharyngeal lesions and stricturing of the midesophagus. Extensive in vivo and in vitro immunological studies done before and after successful treatment with miconazole showed a persistent partial deficiency of the cell-mediated immune system, in particular that directed toward candida antigens. Miconazole, a new potent antifungal drug, proved effective in controlling the candidiasis, which had become resistant to conventional treatment.

Topics: Adult; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Oral; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Esophageal Diseases; Humans; Imidazoles; Immunity, Cellular; Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes; Male; Miconazole; Nystatin; Pharyngeal Diseases

Topics: Candidiasis; Diarrhea; Humans; Nystatin

Three cases of respiratory crytococcosis are described, one diagnosed only after thoracotomy and two after cytology. All were confirmed by cultures, biological and biochemical tests. The patients are alive and well 14 years, 5 years, and 5 years after treatment with crytococcal vaccines and mycostatin. Vaccines proved very effective when given intradermally in small doses and no dangerous reactions were encountered. Cytology of the sputum appears to be a very useful tool in diagnosis of fungal infections of the respiratory tract, especially when supravital staining is used. Difficulties in diagnosis, treatment, and significance of positive sputum findings are discussed.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Bronchitis; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Cryptococcosis; Cryptococcus; Cryptococcus neoformans; Fungal Vaccines; Humans; Lung Diseases, Fungal; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Respiratory Tract Infections

Topics: Amoxicillin; Ampicillin; Candidiasis; Drug Combinations; Female; Humans; Nystatin

Topics: Administration, Oral; Candidiasis; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Nystatin

Topics: Adult; Aged; Candidiasis; Drug Evaluation; Female; Hematologic Diseases; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Tablets

A prospective study of candida esophagitis was undertaken to determine the spectrum of this disease in a general hospital. During 1 year, in 370 consecutive endoscopies, 27 patients with Candida esophagitis were detected. The diagnosis was established by finding white plaques on endoscopy, yeast organisms on microscopic examination of a direct smear from the plaques, and a serum agglutinin titer of at least 1:160. Of these 27 patients, 14 had esophageal symptoms. Twelve patients were reendoscoped after nystatin or nystatin and flucytosine therapy. Nine patients showed absence of lesions, a negative smear, and disappearance of symptoms. Control patients had no plaques on endoscopy, no yeast organisms on microscopical examination of esophageal brushings, and a positive titer in 4 to 17% of cases. A minimal agglutinin titer of 1:160 was found in 4 to 12% of two additional groups on controls. Absence of titer precluded a diagnosis of Candida esophagitis.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Candidiasis; Drug Therapy, Combination; Esophagitis; Esophagoscopy; Female; Flucytosine; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Prospective Studies

Topics: Age Factors; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Cutaneous; Candidiasis, Oral; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Mouth Diseases; Nystatin; Rectum; Skin

Topics: Administration, Oral; Anemia; Candidiasis; Drug Evaluation; Female; Humans; Leukemia; Male; Nystatin

Topics: Candidiasis; Dosage Forms; Hemorrhoids; Humans; Methods; Nystatin

Candida in the urine or surgical wound is a potentially lethal pathogen. Management of 82 patients has provided a rationale for the treatment of these infections. Urine colony counts, serologic findings and clinical observations determine therapy. Amphotericin B irrigants are effective for local infections. Disseminated infections require flucytosine and/or intravenous amphotericin B.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Candida; Candidiasis; Flucytosine; Humans; Nystatin; Radiography; Ureter; Ureteral Obstruction; Urinary Tract Infections; Urine

Topics: Aerosols; Amphotericin B; Bronchial Diseases; Candidiasis; Humans; Lung Diseases, Fungal; Nystatin; Physical Education and Training

Topics: Candidiasis; Cheilitis; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Nystatin

400 sputa and 400 vaginal smears (each from 200 patients and 200 healthy subjects) were examined for candida. To establish "change of pathogen" and alteration of resistance, the isolated strains were differentiated and investigated for their sensitivity to amphotericin, gentian violet, Glyceromerfen, iodine, Castellani's paint, gentian violet-nystatin, nystain and BAY 5097. An attempt was also made to ascertain the germ count "suspected" of producing pathological conditions. Pathogenicity, diagnosis and therapy are discussed.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Candida; Candidiasis; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Gentian Violet; Humans; Iodine; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nystatin; Sputum; Vagina; Vaginal Smears

A premature neonate developed advanced bilateral endophthalmitis before the significance of underlying Candida sepsis was appreciated. Severe endophthalmitis resulted in corneal thinning, descemetocele formation, and perforation. The infection occurred in the clinical setting of broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy and indwelling intravenous catheters. Cultures of blood and catheter tips had been positive for Candida but were not considered significant until advanced ocular infection was noted. The septic process resulted in the infant's death after systemic amphotericin B therapy was discontinued because of renal toxicity.

Topics: Amphotericin B; Candidiasis; Corneal Diseases; Endophthalmitis; Eye; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Klebsiella Infections; Male; Nystatin

Topics: Administration, Topical; Adolescent; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross Infection; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Nystatin; Sepsis

One of the most frequent complications encountered in non-specific respiratory pathology of recent years is overinfection by Candida albicans. An important contributive factor is the recent massive antibiotherapy, above all with tetracyclines, favouring this overinfection. Since at present the treatment of bronchopulmonary processes is difficult owing to the lack of an effective oral or parenteral therapy, a study was carried out of 33 patients treated with nystatin and amphotericin B in aerosol form, with 3-4 sessions of treatment per day, during a minimum of 10 days. At each session either 50,000 U of nystatin or 5 mg of amphotericin B were administered. The results obtained showed that after treatment, C. albicans was no longer present in the sputum of 84% of cases treated. In view of these results it is considered that - at present - the two most suitable substances for the treatment of pulmonary candidiases are nystatin and amphotericin B in aerosol form.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aerosols; Aged; Amphotericin B; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sputum

A well-defined, characteristic disease has been observed in babies at the Department of Dermatology, Innsbruck University, over the past 7 years. On account of the localisation and probable pathogenesis of the condition the term "Windelsoor" (napkin thrush) has been coined by us for it. The clinical picture, the mycological and histological findings, the therapeutic results and the follow up are reported and the aetiology and pathogenesis of this disease discussed.

Topics: Antibodies, Fungal; Antibody Formation; Antifungal Agents; Biopsy; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Diaper Rash; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Gentian Violet; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Nystatin

21 of 41 patients developed clinically manifest or systemic Candida albicans infection 1-36 months after renal transplantation. Asymptomatic candiduria was diagnosed in all patients even before the onset of clinical symptoms. Fungal stomatitis was the most frequent clinical sign, followed by mycotic changes in the respiratory, genito-urinary (vaginitis) and gastro-intestinal tract. In five cases intrahepatic biliary stasis was diagnosed in the course of a Candida albicans septicaemia. In 12 patients with renal transplants it was possible, by treatment with nystatin, clotrimazole, flucytosine, miconazole and amphotericine B to control a generalized or clinically manifest Candida albicans infection. Three died of the septicaemia or meningoencephalitis, six as the result of bacterial superinfections. Inspection of the mouth is an important means of early diagnosing fungal infections. Antimycotic treatment should be started if fungal cultures from urine are repeatedly positive even if the clinical findings are still negative.

Topics: Adult; Amphotericin B; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Oral; Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal; Child; Cholestasis; Clotrimazole; Female; Humans; Kidney Transplantation; Male; Meningoencephalitis; Miconazole; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Postoperative Complications; Sepsis; Transplantation, Homologous

The normal levels of commensal yeasts in patients undergoing open-heart surgery are established and the effect of antifungal prophylaxis is assessed. Mouth swabs and feces were taken for culture from patients on admission to hospital and 1,2, and 3 weeks postoperatively. Eighty-seven patients who received normal treatment and 50 patients who were given oral and topical antifungal prophylaxis commencing 12 days before hospitalization were studied. Yeast pathogens, mainly Candida albicans, were isolated from 42 (48.3 per cent) of the normal group on admission. There was a marked increase in the incidence and quantities of yeasts isolated from patients in the immediate postoperative period. The incidence and levels of yeasts in patients receiving antifungal prophylaxis was considerably reduced both on admission and postoperatively. The risk of Candida sepsis in open-heart surgery patients with high levels of commensal yeasts is discussed and the possibility of routine antifungal prophylaxis raised.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Amphotericin B; Candida; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Endocarditis; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Fascia Lata; Feces; Female; Heart Valve Diseases; Humans; Male; Mouth; Nystatin; Pessaries; Tablets; Transplantation, Homologous

During the two and a half year period from January 1971 through Jyly 1973, 23 patients had cultures positive for candida from intra-abdominal isolates. Most of these patients had intestinal or biliary fistulas or abscesses and were seriously ill. Major contributing factors to the development of candidal infections included the extensive use of multiple antibiotics, multiple operations, advanced age, and debility. Thirty additional patients had cultures positive for candida from skin and subcutaneous isolates. Candida appeared to contribute to the poor healing of wounds in some of these patients, particularly those with peripheral vascular ischemic lesions and decubitus ulcers. Antibiotics and concurrent diseases, such as diabetes, cancer, renal failure, and cardiovascular disease, were common factors relating to the development and growth of candida in these patients. There is often considerable difficulty in determing whether or not candida is only a contaminant or is an infectious agent contributing to the illness of the patient. This must be determined in each individual instance. In spite of the fact that candida appeared to be a significant infectious agent in many of these patients, specific antifungal therapy was used sparsely. It is suggested that appropriate antifungal drugs be used in patients with significant disease and that there should be greater awareness of the factors leading to the development of these extremely serious candidal infections.

Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Antifungal Agents; Candida; Candidiasis; Female; Humans; Infections; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Postoperative Complications; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Surgical Wound Infection

Topics: Animals; Burns; Candidiasis; Child; Dogs; Haplorhini; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Macaca; Nystatin; Sepsis; Surgical Wound Infection; Wound Infection

Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Candidiasis; Esophagitis; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Male; Nystatin; Radiography

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Bacterial Infections; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Mice; Neomycin; Nystatin; Penicillins; Polymyxins; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Thiourea; Undecylenic Acids

Topics: Adult; Antitrichomonal Agents; Arsenicals; Candidiasis; Drug Combinations; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Neomycin; Nystatin; Polymyxins; Silicones; Trichomonas Vaginitis; Vulvovaginitis

Topics: Amphotericin B; Candida; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Cell Membrane; Cell Membrane Permeability; Chromatography, Gas; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ergosterol; Humans; Lanosterol; Mutation; Nystatin; Pyelonephritis; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Sterols

Topics: Administration, Oral; Administration, Topical; Amphotericin B; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Candida; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Cricetinae; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Female; Guinea Pigs; Hexachlorophene; Mice; Natamycin; Nystatin; Rats; Tetracycline; Trichomonas Infections; Trichomonas vaginalis; Trichomonas Vaginitis; Vaginitis

Topics: Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Diarrhea; Female; Humans; Infant; Malabsorption Syndromes; Male; Nystatin

Topics: Anuria; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Gentamicins; Gestational Age; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Nystatin; Pseudomonas Infections; Urinary Catheterization; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Oral; Diaper Rash; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Griseofulvin; Humans; Male; Mouth Diseases; Nystatin; Ointments; Paronychia; Pruritus Ani; Skin Diseases; Tinea; Tinea Pedis; Tinea Versicolor

Topics: Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Chloramphenicol; Diarrhea; Diarrhea, Infantile; Dyspepsia; Enterotoxins; Erythromycin; Feces; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Nystatin; Oxacillin; Oxytetracycline; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus

Topics: Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Griseofulvin; Humans; Nystatin; Recurrence; Tinea; Tinea Pedis; Tolnaftate

Topics: Amphotericin B; Anterior Chamber; Antifungal Agents; Candida; Candidiasis; Cataract Extraction; Diabetes Complications; Drainage; Eye Diseases; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Neomycin; Nystatin; Polymyxins; Punctures; Sulfates; Time Factors; Visual Acuity

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Aspergillosis; Candidiasis; Eye Diseases; Humans; Keratitis; Mycoses; Natamycin; Nystatin; Rabbits

Topics: Aged; Biopsy; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Cystitis; Cystoscopy; Cytosine; Diarrhea; Female; Humans; Nystatin; Urography

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Culture Media; Digestive System; Feces; Female; Humans; Intestines; Mouth; Nystatin; Rectum; Sepsis; Sputum; Sulfonamides; Urine

Topics: Aspergillosis; Candidiasis; Child, Preschool; Female; Hepatitis; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Neomycin; Nystatin

Topics: Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Aspergillosis; Blastomycosis; Candidiasis; Coccidioidomycosis; Cryptococcosis; Flucytosine; Histoplasmosis; Humans; Iodides; Mycoses; Nystatin; Sporotrichosis

Topics: Agranulocytosis; Amphotericin B; Antineoplastic Agents; Aspergillosis; Candidiasis; Cryptococcosis; Cytosine; Diabetes Complications; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Immunosuppression Therapy; Mucormycosis; Mycoses; Nystatin

Topics: Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Nystatin; Pregnancy

Topics: Abscess; Antifungal Agents; Autopsy; Blindness; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Fundus Oculi; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Nystatin; Retina; Retinitis; Staining and Labeling

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antifungal Agents; Benzyl Compounds; Candida; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Child; Ethers; Female; Humans; Imidazoles; Middle Aged; Nitrates; Nystatin; Vulvovaginitis

Topics: Amino Acids; Aminoisobutyric Acids; Candida; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Cell Membrane Permeability; Humans; Magnesium; Nystatin; Oxygen Consumption; Potassium; Sorbose

Topics: Adult; Amphotericin B; Candida; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Dermatitis; Facial Dermatoses; Female; Fluocinolone Acetonide; Humans; Nystatin

Topics: Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candidiasis; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Chronic Disease; Corneal Transplantation; Corneal Ulcer; Eyelid Neoplasms; Female; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Keratitis; Male; Nystatin; Radiation Injuries; Transplantation, Homologous

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Allergens; Angioedema; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Child; Chronic Disease; Desensitization, Immunologic; Female; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Urticaria

Topics: Amphotericin B; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Oral; Central Nervous System Diseases; Culture Media; Digestive System; Female; Gastroenteritis; Gentian Violet; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Mustard Compounds; Nystatin; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Candidiasis; Epidermophyton; Griseofulvin; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Prurigo; Tinea; Trichophyton; Urticaria

Topics: Adult; Aged; Candidiasis; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Humans; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Sodium; Solubility

Topics: Amphotericin B; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candidiasis; Cross Infection; Humans; Nystatin

Topics: Aged; Candida; Candidiasis; Female; Gastroscopy; Humans; Male; Medical History Taking; Nystatin; Radiography; Stomach Diseases

Topics: Acremonium; Adult; Amphotericin B; Aspergillosis; Candidiasis; Conjunctiva; Cornea; Corneal Transplantation; Corneal Ulcer; Curettage; Eye Diseases; Eye Injuries; Female; Fusarium; Humans; Male; Mycoses; Nystatin; Potassium Iodide

Topics: Alkenes; Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Candida; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Feces; Genetic Variation; Genetics, Microbial; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nystatin; Skin; Species Specificity; Spores, Fungal; Sputum

Topics: Animals; Antifungal Agents; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Kidney; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Nystatin; Polyenes; Spleen

Topics: Candidiasis; Humans; Keratitis; Nystatin

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candida; Candidiasis; Hemolysis; Humans; Infant; Male; Nystatin; Uremia; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Abortion, Septic; Adult; Amphotericin B; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candida; Candidiasis; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Female; Genital Diseases, Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Postoperative Complications; Pregnancy; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

Topics: Animals; Antifungal Agents; Candida; Candidiasis; Kidney; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Nystatin; Spleen

Topics: Candidiasis; Child, Preschool; Female; Granuloma; Humans; Nystatin

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biopsy; Candidiasis; Female; Humans; Laparotomy; Nystatin; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Peritoneum; Peritonitis

Topics: Adult; Aged; Amphotericin B; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candida; Candidiasis; Child; Eye Diseases; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Steroids

Topics: Candida; Candidiasis; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Methods; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nystatin

Topics: Adult; Burns; Candidiasis; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Sulfonamides; Toluene

Topics: Adult; Aged; Candida; Candidiasis; Feces; Humans; Lung Diseases, Fungal; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Sputum; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aged; Candidiasis; Diagnosis, Differential; Diagnostic Errors; Geotrichosis; Humans; Lung Diseases, Fungal; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Mycoses; Nystatin

Topics: Amphotericin B; Candidiasis; Diabetes Complications; Diabetic Angiopathies; Foot Diseases; Glucose; Griseofulvin; Humans; Injections, Intramuscular; Nystatin; Pyoderma; Skin Diseases; Skin Manifestations; Skin Ulcer; Tolnaftate; Xanthomatosis

Topics: Adult; Aerosols; Amphotericin B; Candidiasis; Drug Evaluation; Female; Humans; Lung Diseases, Fungal; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin

Topics: Adult; Amphotericin B; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Oral; Esophageal Diseases; Fluoroscopy; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin

Topics: Acetates; Adult; Aluminum; Axilla; Candidiasis; Child; Dermatomyositis; Eyelid Diseases; Female; Humans; Male; Neomycin; Nystatin; Prednisone; Skin Diseases; Skin Ulcer; Triamcinolone Acetonide; Tyrothricin

Topics: Age Factors; Candidiasis; Child; Female; Humans; Nystatin; Vaginitis

Topics: Candidiasis; Esophagitis; Humans; Nystatin

Topics: Adult; Amphotericin B; Antigens; Candida; Candidiasis; Chronic Disease; Female; Food Hypersensitivity; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Immunoglobulin E; Male; Nystatin; Saccharomyces; Skin Tests; Urticaria

Topics: Balanitis; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Cutaneous; Candidiasis, Oral; Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal; Female; Humans; Male; Natamycin; Nystatin; Ointments; Paronychia; Powders; Quinolines; Suspensions

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Aspergillosis; Candidiasis; Cornea; Iritis; Keratitis; Natamycin; Nystatin; Potassium; Potassium Iodide; Rabbits; Sodium

Topics: Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Nystatin

Topics: Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Communicable Diseases; Humans; Nystatin

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Amphotericin B; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Bacteriuria; Boston; Candida; Candidiasis; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross Infection; Female; Hospitalization; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Rifampin; Sputum; Urinary Catheterization; Wound Infection

Topics: Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Esophageal Diseases; Esophagus; Humans; Nystatin; Radiography

Topics: Amphotericin B; Candidiasis; Humans; Nystatin

Topics: Amphotericin B; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candida; Candidiasis; Cornea; Cortisone; Culture Media; Eye Diseases; Germany, West; Griseofulvin; Humans; Male; Mycoses; Nystatin

Topics: Animals; Candida; Candidiasis; Cattle; Germany, East; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mastitis, Bovine; Milk; Nystatin; Penicillins; Tetracycline; Yeasts

Topics: Abdominal Muscles; Abscess; Adult; Candidiasis; Cellulitis; Chloramphenicol; Chronic Disease; Enterobacteriaceae; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Liver Abscess; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Retroperitoneal Space; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus pyogenes; Therapeutic Irrigation

Topics: Actinomycosis; Africa; Amphotericin B; Aspergillosis; Blastomycosis; Candidiasis; Coccidioidomycosis; Farmer's Lung; France; Histoplasmosis; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Lung Diseases, Fungal; Nystatin; Sputum; United States

Topics: Agar; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candida; Candidiasis; Child; Humans; Immunodiffusion; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Precipitin Tests

Topics: Agar; Amphotericin B; Candida; Candidiasis; Endocarditis; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; France; Humans; Immunodiffusion; Immunoelectrophoresis; Nystatin; Precipitins; Sepsis

A 35-year-old man with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism and moniliasis developed progressive dysphagia and weight loss. Diagnostic studies established the presence of esophageal moniliasis. Therapy with a viscous suspension of nystatin resulted in rapid clinical improvement; prolonged administration of the drug was associated with progressive widening of a narrowed segment of esophagus and complete disappearance of dysphagia. The chemotherapy of esophageal moniliasis is discussed in the light of current knowledge of the pharmacological action of nystatin.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Candidiasis; Chronic Disease; Deglutition Disorders; Esophageal Diseases; Esophagus; Humans; Male; Nystatin; Radiography; Suspensions; Viscosity

Topics: Candidiasis; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Pyelonephritis; Ureter; Urinary Catheterization

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Candidiasis; Cobalt Isotopes; Esophageal Diseases; Esophagitis; Esophagoscopy; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Lip Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Pharyngeal Neoplasms; Radiotherapy; Tonsillar Neoplasms

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Candidiasis; Female; Humans; Intestinal Neoplasms; Intestine, Large; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin

Topics: Addison Disease; Adolescent; Candida; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Cutaneous; Candidiasis, Oral; Female; Humans; Nystatin

Topics: Candidiasis; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Nystatin; Tetracycline

Topics: Blepharitis; Candidiasis; Conjunctivitis; Humans; Nystatin

Topics: Adult; Blood; Candida; Candidiasis; Humans; Male; Nystatin; Urine

Topics: Aerosols; Antibodies; Candidiasis; Child, Preschool; Humans; Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes; Lung Diseases, Fungal; Male; Nystatin

Topics: Body Temperature; Candidiasis; Glucose; Infusions, Parenteral; Insulin; Nitroglycerin; Nystatin; Oscillometry; Papaverine; Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate; Potassium; Smoking; Solutions; Thromboangiitis Obliterans; Vasodilator Agents; Water-Electrolyte Balance

Topics: Candidiasis; Humans; Nystatin; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Candida; Candidiasis; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Feces; Female; Germany, East; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Lipase; Mouth; Natamycin; Nystatin; Peptide Hydrolases; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Rectum; Skin; Species Specificity; Vagina

Topics: Adult; Biopsy; Candidiasis; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Keratosis; Laryngeal Diseases; Laryngeal Neoplasms; Laryngoscopy; Larynx; Male; Nystatin

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Amphotericin B; Candidiasis; Catheterization; Child; Female; Humans; Infusions, Parenteral; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Prognosis; Sepsis

Topics: Adult; Aged; Antitubercular Agents; Bronchial Diseases; Candidiasis; Colistin; Humans; Lung Abscess; Lung Diseases, Fungal; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Aged; Agranulocytosis; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candidiasis; Esophageal Diseases; Female; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Radiography

Topics: Adult; Bronchopneumonia; Candidiasis; Female; Humans; Lung Diseases, Fungal; Nystatin

Topics: Adult; Candida; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Cutaneous; Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Nystatin; Placenta; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious

Topics: Candidiasis; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Lung Diseases, Fungal; Nystatin; Sputum

Topics: Amphotericin B; Candida; Candidiasis; Deglutition Disorders; Diagnosis, Differential; Esophageal Diseases; Female; Humans; Infusions, Parenteral; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Radiography

Topics: Brain Abscess; Brain Diseases; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Oral; Female; Granuloma; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Intestinal Obstruction; Lung Diseases, Fungal; Male; Nystatin

Topics: Candida; Candidiasis; Deglutition Disorders; Esophageal Stenosis; Esophagitis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Radiography

Topics: Amphotericin B; Candidiasis; Child; Erythromycin; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Nystatin; Penicillins; Prognosis

Topics: Amphotericin B; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candidiasis; Child, Preschool; Chylothorax; Empyema; Humans; Male; Nystatin; Pleural Effusion; Postoperative Complications; Pulmonary Artery; Radiography, Thoracic; Subclavian Artery; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetralogy of Fallot

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Antifungal Agents; Asthma; Bronchitis; Candida; Candidiasis; Child; Culture Techniques; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Fibroblasts; HeLa Cells; Humans; Lung Diseases, Fungal; Nystatin; Pneumonia; Quinolines; Respiratory Tract Infections

Topics: Adult; Candidiasis; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Sodium

14 women with a history of taking a combined oral contraceptive (norethynodrel plus mestranol) were studied and were found to have vaginal candidosis which commenced after an average period of 9 months from start of contraceptive therapy. 4 sexual contacts (men) of those women taking the pill were also discovered to have vaginal candidosis; they had presented with candidal balanoposthitis. 4 other men had clinical manifestations suggestive of balanoposthitis caused by hypersensitivity to the candidosis of their sexual partners. Nystatin was a satisfactory treatment in most cases; however, 2 women had to stop using the pill because of frequent relapses of yeast infections.

Topics: Balanitis; Candidiasis; Contraceptives, Oral; Female; Humans; Male; Mestranol; Norethynodrel; Nystatin; Suppositories; Vaginal Diseases

Topics: Candida; Candidiasis; Humans; Methods; Nystatin; Sputum

Topics: Antifungal Agents; Candida; Candidiasis; Female; Humans; Infant; Nystatin; Onychomycosis

Topics: Acetazolamide; Adolescent; Amphotericin B; Candidiasis; Humans; Infectious Mononucleosis; Kidney Diseases; Leukemia; Male; Mercaptopurine; Methotrexate; Nystatin; Penicillins; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases; Prednisone; Rolitetracycline; Sepsis; Uric Acid

Topics: Candida; Candidiasis; Chloramphenicol; Female; Humans; Male; Nystatin

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Candidiasis; Nystatin; Poultry Diseases

Topics: Candidiasis; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Nystatin; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candida; Candidiasis; Child; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis; Humans; Nystatin; Prednisone

Topics: Amphotericin B; Candidiasis; Denmark; Diagnosis; Drug Therapy; Humans; Mouth Diseases; Mycoses; Nystatin; Oral Manifestations; Organic Chemicals

Topics: Achlorhydria; Anemia; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Oral; Cheilitis; Deglutition Disorders; Drug Therapy; Geriatrics; Humans; Nystatin; Plummer-Vinson Syndrome; Postgastrectomy Syndromes; Tongue Diseases

Topics: Administration, Intravesical; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Cystitis; Drug Therapy; Humans; Nystatin

Topics: Candidiasis; Drug Therapy; Humans; Male; Nystatin

Topics: Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Drug Therapy; Erythema; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Hypersensitivity, Delayed; Nystatin; Skin Diseases, Genetic

Topics: Biomedical Research; Candida; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Oral; Drug Therapy; Geriatrics; Humans; Leukoplakia; Leukoplakia, Oral; Mouth Diseases; Mycoses; Nystatin; Pathology; Yeasts

Topics: Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Oral; Cheilitis; Denture, Complete; Dentures; Drug Therapy; Glossitis; Humans; Nystatin; Stomatitis

Topics: Aged; Candida; Candidiasis; Female; Humans; Leg Ulcer; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aerosols; Candidiasis; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin

Topics: Candidiasis; Complement Fixation Tests; Hemagglutination Tests; Humans; Intestinal Neoplasms; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Nystatin; Pneumonectomy

Topics: Animals; Candidiasis; Nystatin; Poultry Diseases

Topics: Bacteriological Techniques; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Cutaneous; Candidiasis, Oral; Dermatitis, Exfoliative; Diagnosis, Differential; Drug Eruptions; Female; Fetal Diseases; Fludrocortisone; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Neomycin; Nystatin; Paronychia; Pathology; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Oral; Deglutition Disorders; Diagnosis; Esophagitis; Humans; Nystatin; Pneumonia; Prednisolone; Radiography; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Antifungal Agents; Brain Diseases; Candida; Candidiasis; Kidney Diseases; Lung Diseases; Lung Diseases, Fungal; Mice; Nystatin; Pharmacology; Research; Spleen; Virulence

Topics: Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Cutaneous; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Nystatin; Pregnancy

Topics: Candidiasis; Geriatrics; Humans; Influenza, Human; Lung Diseases, Fungal; Mycoses; Nystatin; Pneumonia

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Candicidin; Candidiasis; Nystatin; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Toxicology

Topics: Amphotericin B; Candidiasis; Geriatrics; Humans; Lung Diseases, Fungal; Nystatin; Organic Chemicals; Pneumonia; Radiography, Thoracic; Tetracycline

Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Antineoplastic Agents; Atrophy; Biomedical Research; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Oral; Drug Therapy; Geriatrics; Halitosis; Nystatin; Pathology; Toxicology

Topics: Candidiasis; Child; Chronic Disease; Diagnosis, Differential; Esophagitis; Fluoroscopy; Geriatrics; Humans; Nystatin; Respiratory Tract Diseases

Topics: Adolescent; Candida; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal; Drug Therapy; Female; Fungicides, Industrial; Humans; Metronidazole; Nystatin; Preventive Medicine; Statistics as Topic; Trichomonas Infections; Trichomonas Vaginitis

Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Oral; Dermatologic Agents; Glycerol; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Nystatin; Peroxides; Urea

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Bronchial Diseases; Candidiasis; Diarrhea; Lung Diseases; Nausea; Nystatin; Tetracycline; Toxicology; Vomiting

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Antifungal Agents; Aspergillosis; Biomedical Research; Candidiasis; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Mastoiditis; Mycoses; Nystatin; Otitis Media; Otolaryngology; Penicillium; Postoperative Complications; Surgical Procedures, Operative

Topics: Acremonium; Amphotericin B; Ascomycota; Candidiasis; Cataract; Cataract Extraction; Drug Therapy; Eye Diseases; gamma-Globulins; Griseofulvin; Humans; Mycoses; Nystatin; Postoperative Complications; Steroids; Toxicology

Topics: Adolescent; Antifungal Agents; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Cutaneous; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy; Eyelids; Humans; Nystatin; Skin Ulcer

Topics: Amphotericin B; Candidiasis; Fungi; Humans; Lung Diseases, Fungal; Nystatin; Water

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Candidiasis; Dermatology; Gastroenterology; Hepatitis; Hepatitis A; Humans; Nystatin; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Aerosols; Animals; Candidiasis; Humans; Influenza, Human; Nystatin; Pneumonia; Rats; Sodium

Topics: Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal; Female; Humans; Nystatin; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications

Topics: Amphotericin B; Candida; Candidiasis; Endophthalmitis; Eye Infections, Fungal; Humans; Nystatin; Ophthalmology; Ophthalmoscopy; Retina; Sepsis; Vitreous Body

Topics: Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Cutaneous; Cheilitis; Humans; Nystatin; Triamcinolone

Topics: Amphotericin B; Candida; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Cutaneous; Desensitization, Immunologic; Gentian Violet; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Nystatin

Topics: Candida; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Culture Media; Gentian Violet; Humans; Nystatin

Topics: Breast Diseases; Breast Feeding; Candidiasis; Female; Humans; Nipples; Nystatin

Topics: Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Oral; Deglutition Disorders; Esophagitis; Esophagoscopy; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Nystatin; Oxytetracycline; Penicillins; Speech Disorders; Vocal Cord Paralysis

Topics: Actinomycosis; Amphotericin B; Aspergillosis; Blastomycosis; Candidiasis; Coccidioidomycosis; Histoplasmosis; Humans; Lung Diseases, Fungal; Nocardia Infections; Nystatin; Sulfadiazine

Topics: Addison Disease; Administration, Cutaneous; Adrenal Insufficiency; Amphotericin B; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Cutaneous; Candidiasis, Oral; Gentian Violet; Humans; Hypoadrenocorticism, Familial; Hypoparathyroidism; Nystatin; Sweden

Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Asthma; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Oral; Humans; Nystatin; Toxicology; Triamcinolone

Topics: Candida; Candidiasis; Cholangitis; Hepatitis; Hepatitis A; Humans; Nystatin

Topics: Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Cutaneous; Diagnosis; Humans; Nystatin

Topics: Amphotericin B; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Chloramphenicol; Communicable Diseases; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Nystatin; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Tetracycline

Topics: Borates; Candida; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Oral; Fungi; Gastroenterology; Gentian Violet; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Lung Diseases; Lung Diseases, Fungal; Methylene Blue; Nystatin; Pharmacology; Respiratory Tract Infections

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Ascariasis; Bacteriophages; Candidiasis; Carrier State; Chloramphenicol; Cholecystitis; Humans; Magnesium Sulfate; Nystatin; Penicillins; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Trichuriasis; Typhoid Fever; Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines

Topics: Candidiasis; Drug Therapy; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Nystatin; Pregnancy; Vitamin B Complex

Topics: Animals; Candidiasis; Chickens; Crop, Avian; Nystatin; Poultry Diseases; Sulfates; Turkeys

Topics: Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal; Female; Humans; Nystatin; Organic Chemicals; Vaginitis; Vulvovaginitis

Topics: Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Aspergillosis; Candidiasis; Erythromycin; Fungi; Gentian Violet; Humans; Iodides; Mycoses; Nystatin; Penicillins; Stilbamidines; Sulfanilamide; Sulfanilamides; Sulfonamides

Topics: Candidiasis; Cornea; Corneal Ulcer; Eye Infections, Fungal; Humans; Nystatin

Topics: Candidiasis; Nystatin

Topics: Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Nystatin; Virulence

Topics: Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Cutaneous; Nystatin; Skin Diseases

Topics: Candidiasis; Child; Diarrhea; Humans; Infant; Infant Nutrition Disorders; Nystatin; Research Design

Topics: Acetazolamide; Adult; Antifungal Agents; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Corneal Ulcer; Drug Therapy, Combination; Eye Infections, Fungal; Humans; Iodine Compounds; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Oxytetracycline; Tinea; Trichophyton

Topics: Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Nystatin

Topics: Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Fungicides, Industrial; Nystatin; Organic Chemicals

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Candidiasis; Disease Management; Nystatin

Topics: Antifungal Agents; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Fungicides, Industrial; Humans; Incidence; Nystatin; Organic Chemicals; Trichomonas; Trichomonas Infections

Topics: Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Nose Diseases; Nystatin

Topics: Biological Transport; Candidiasis; Child; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Nurseries, Hospital; Nystatin; Skin Diseases

Topics: Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Cutaneous; Disease Management; Humans; Nystatin; Skin Diseases

Topics: Candidiasis; Child; Humans; Infant; Mouth Diseases; Nystatin

Topics: Aerosols; Candida; Candidiasis; Lung Diseases; Mycoses; Nystatin; Superinfection

Topics: Aerosols; Candida; Candidiasis; Humans; Nystatin; Respiratory System; Respiratory Tract Infections

Topics: Candida; Candidiasis; Female; Humans; Leukorrhea; Nystatin

Topics: Aerosols; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Candidiasis; Lung Diseases; Nystatin; Pneumonia

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Candidiasis; Child; Dermatologic Agents; Humans; Infant; Nystatin

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal; Female; Humans; Intraabdominal Infections; Nystatin; Vaginitis

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteremia; Candidiasis; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Humans; Nystatin; Sepsis

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal; Female; Humans; Intraabdominal Infections; Nystatin; Vaginitis

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Candidiasis; Dermatologic Agents; Nystatin; Powders

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animal Experimentation; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Mice; Mucor; Mycoses; Nystatin

Topics: Aerosols; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Bronchi; Bronchial Diseases; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Disease; Nystatin; Trees

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Cutaneous; North Carolina; Nystatin; Skin Diseases

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Candidiasis; Dermatologic Agents; Humans; Lung Diseases; Nystatin; Streptomycin

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Oral; Dermatologic Agents; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Nurseries, Hospital; Nystatin

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Candidiasis; Dermatologic Agents; Nystatin

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal; Female; Humans; Intraabdominal Infections; Nystatin; Vaginitis; Vulvovaginitis

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Candidiasis; Dermatologic Agents; Nystatin

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Candidiasis; Dermatologic Agents; Fludrocortisone; Nystatin; Ointments

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal; Female; Humans; Nystatin; Vaginitis; Vulvitis; Vulvovaginitis

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Candidiasis; Disease; Female; Humans; Nystatin; Vagina; Vaginal Diseases; Vaginitis; Vulva; Vulvar Diseases

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Dermatologic Agents; Nystatin

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candidiasis; Child; Infant; Mouth; Mouth Diseases; Nystatin

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Dermatologic Agents; Nystatin

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candidiasis; Dermatologic Agents; Female; Humans; Nystatin; Vaginitis

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candidiasis; Disease; Female; Humans; Nystatin; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Vagina; Vaginal Diseases

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candida; Candidiasis; Keratoconjunctivitis; Nystatin

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candida; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Disease; Female; Humans; Incidence; Nystatin; Vagina; Vaginal Diseases; Vaginitis; Vulva; Vulvar Diseases

Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Cutaneous; Cardiovascular Agents; Dermatologic Agents; Nystatin; Skin Diseases

Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Candidiasis; Dermatologic Agents; Humans; Nystatin

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal; Disease; Female; Humans; Intestines; Nystatin; Vagina; Vaginal Diseases

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Candida; Candidiasis; Child; Dermatologic Agents; Humans; Infant; Nystatin

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Candidiasis; Dermatologic Agents; Nystatin

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis; Dermatologic Agents; Nystatin

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Candidiasis; Dermatologic Agents; Nystatin; Triazoles

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Candidiasis; Child; Dermatologic Agents; Humans; Infant; Nystatin

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; In Vitro Techniques; Nystatin

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candidiasis; Dermatologic Agents; Nystatin

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Candidiasis; Dermatologic Agents; Disease; Nystatin; Urogenital System; Urologic Diseases

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Dermatologic Agents; Fungicides, Industrial; Nystatin