novobiocin and Urinary-Tract-Infections

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Kanamycin; Novobiocin; Oleandomycin; Polymyxins; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

A modified Kloos/Schleifer-scheme proved to be useful in identifying coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from urine. S. epidermidis (44.2%) and S. saprophyticus (21.5%) were the most frequent species. Analysis of patients confirmed both species as urinary pathogens. Using an abbreviated scheme of 6 characteristics, S. saprophyticus was mis-classified in 19.5% of cases. A Phosphatase-Novobiocin-Mannose-Inhibition Test (PNMI-Test) together with a high NaCl concentration (10%) in combination with a coagulase test seems to be an acceptable compromise for routine identification of the three most important staphylococcal urinary tract pathogens, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. saprophyticus. The technical and financial expenditure can be reduced considerably, because an extended identification has to be applied only to strains which cannot be identified by the PNMI-Test.

Topics: Bacteriuria; Humans; Mannose; Novobiocin; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Urinary Tract Infections

Staphylococcus saprophyticus, a coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CNS), causes acute urinary tract infection predominantly in young women (15-30 years). In the clinical microbiology laboratory identification and differentiation of S. saprophyticus from other CNS usually depends solely upon the demonstration of resistance to the antimicrobial agent novobiocin. Phenotypic characteristics of 36 novobiocin-resistant CNS isolated from the urine of patients with acute urinary tract infections were further analysed and the homogeneity of the isolates assessed. The organisms were speciated by the API STAPH identification system. Twenty-one isolates were S. saprophyticus (p greater than or equal to 97%), and there was one strain each of S. epidermidis, S. hominis and S. simulans (p greater than or equal to 97%). Of the remainder, three isolates were unidentifiable and a further nine had the characteristics associated with more than one species of CNS. Additional tests, including carbohydrate fermentation, antibiotic sensitivity and fluorogenic substrate utilisation, were performed on all isolates. Computer analysis of the results confirmed that testing for resistance to novobiocin selects a heterogeneous group of CNS composed of several different species.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Coagulase; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Fermentation; Humans; Novobiocin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Urinary Tract Infections

A modified automated method that uses the MS-2 system (Abbott Laboratories, Diagnostics Div., Irving, Tex.) to verify the reaction of coagulase-negative staphylococci to novobiocin is described. This technique permits the testing of a great number of specimens in an average time of 99 min and results in a 100% match with the traditional method of culturing.

Topics: Bacteriological Techniques; Coagulase; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Novobiocin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Urinary Tract Infections

A previous study indicated that the API 230E system can identify coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species. A study was devised to evaluate the use of the API 20E system for this purpose. Because of the current interest in Staphylococcus saprophyticus the relationship of the API 20E results to novobiocin susceptibility was also examined. One hundred forty-nine isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci from urine cultures were tested with the API 20E system. The identification of 49 isolates was confirmed by Kloos and Schleifer method. We found that the routine API 20E system did not provide more information than novobiocin susceptibility studies alone, and that there was good but not absolute correlation between novobiocin resistance and identification of S. saprophyticus.

Topics: Bacteriological Techniques; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Novobiocin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Urinary Tract Infections

The use of a novobiocin-containing medium provided little benefit over observable quantitative growth on blood agar in detecting Staphylococcus saprophyticus in urine cultures.

Topics: Bacteria; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Humans; Novobiocin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Urinary Tract Infections; Urine

Our objectives in this study were to elucidate various aspects of the epidemiology of Staphylococcus saprophyticus. This organism was isolated from the midstream urine specimens of 7.5% of 145 college women with frequency and urgency of urination and dysuria, but from only 0.07% of 14,835 urine specimens from adult inpatients at the Victoria General Hospital. It was found to be part of the urethral flora of only 2% of healthy women. Other staphylococci which formed part of the urethral flora of 100 healthy women included S. epidermidis (59 women), S. hominis (15 women), S. haemolyticus (13 women), S. warneri (9 women), and S. aureus (6 women). Finally, we determined that resistance to the 5-micrograms novobiocin disk has a 93% positive predictive accuracy as a presumptive test for S. saprophyticus.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Novobiocin; Staphylococcus; Urethra; Urinary Tract Infections

One hundred and fifty-six urine specimens with a pure culture of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were studied. One hundred and eighteen charts were reviewed for clinical evidence of urinary tract infections. Twenty-four cases of urinary tract infection were found. The younger females in the study tended to have infection due to novobiocin resistant Staphylococcus in contrast to males and older females.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Coagulase; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Novobiocin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Urinary Tract Infections

Staphylococcus saprophyticus biotype 3 (Micrococcus subgroup 3 or M3) has usually been shown to be the second commonset cause of urinary tract infections in European women who are not in hospital. It generally causes pyuria and symptoms as severe as those caused by Escherichia coli. Unlike S. epidermidis it is seldom found as a contaminant in midstream urine specimens, and almost exclusively infects women in their reproductive years. However, S. saprophyticus is seldom differentiated from S. epidermidis in Canadian clinical laboratories. Urinary isolates of S. saprophyticus were presumptively differentiated from other coagulase-negative Micrococcaceae by their resistance to novobiocin as demonstrated by a simple disc susceptibility test that misidentified the infecting organism in only 3.4% of specimens. These novobiocin-resistant, coagulase-negative organisms caused similar proportions of the urinary tract infections in young women in York, England and Vancouver -- 6.6% and 6.9% respectively. In York these organisms were associated with significantly greater pyuria than novobiocin-sensitive organisms or bile-tolerant streptococci but not S. aureus or Enterobacteriaceae. In both communities novobiocin-sensitive, coagulase-negative Micrococcaceae were appreciably more resistant to penicillin than novobiocin-resistant organisms. Thus, differentiating S. saprophyticus from novobiocin-sensitive, coagulase-negative organisms provides information that is clinically useful, particularly for primary care practitioners working in the community or in outpatient clinics.

Topics: Adult; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Humans; Micrococcus; Novobiocin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Animals; Coagulase; Female; Humans; Male; Mice; Novobiocin; Phagocytosis; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Urinary Tract Infections

In a comparative study 351 strains of Micrococcus subgroups 1-3 (Baird-Parker, 1963, 1965, 1974) were classified according to the Kloos and Schleifer scheme (1975b). The results showed that Micrococcus subgroups 1, 2 and 3 are heterogeneous groups in the Kloos and Schleifer scheme. Strains belonging to Micrococcus subgroups 1 and 2 were mostly classified by the Kloos and Schleifer criteria as Staphylococcus hominis, Micrococcus subgroup 3 strains from the skin as S. cohnii, while Micrococcus subgroup 3 strains from urinary infections were classified mainly as S. saprophyticus. The correlation of novobiocin resistant S. saprophyticus biotype III (Baird-Parker, 1974) with S. saprophyticus (Kloos and Schleifer, 1975a, 1975b) when isolated from urine, was 80%. Although the Kloos and Schleifer scheme provides more information about biochemical characters, doubts are expressed about the validity of some of the species so delineated.

Topics: Bacteriological Techniques; Classification; Coagulase; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Micrococcus; Novobiocin; Skin; Staphylococcus; Urinary Tract Infections

A method was developed to study virulence of coagulase-negative staphylococci. Our results showed that coagulase-negative staphylococci injected into adult mice by the intracerebral route did not give rise to lethal infections, whereas mice aged 2 days were much more susceptible. Novobiocin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus saprophyticus were more virulent than strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Strains of S. saprophyticus biotype 3 of Baird-Parker's classification varied in virulence according to novobiocin sensitivity. In the classification of Kloos and Schleifer, S. saprophyticus biotype 3 can be subdivided into four distinct staphylococcal species, namely S. saprophyticus , S.cohnii, S.haemolyticus and S.warneri. S. chonii and S. saprophyticus were equally virulent for mice aged 2 days, but novobiocinsensitive S. haemolyticus was less virulent. On epidemiological grounds, however, it would seem that S. saprophyticus has some undefined advantage in invading the urinary tract.

Topics: Animals; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Mice; Novobiocin; Skin; Staphylococcus; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Humans; Novobiocin; Rectum; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Urinary Tract Infections

Of 16,347 urine cultures submitted to the hospital laboratory, 68 (0.4%) specimens from 50 patients yielded greater than 10(4) coagulase-negative staphylococci/ml in pure culture. A total of 62 of 63 organisms available for study were staphylococci: 45 Staphylococcus epidermidis (predominantly subgroup 1), 15 Staphylococcus saprophyticus (subgroup 3), and 2 Staphylococcus aureus. Twenty-one patients had "probable" urine infections. Eight patients had two or more positive urine cultures, and all isolates from the same patients were identical (by morphology, antibiotic susceptibility, and hemolytic pattern). Nine (75%) of the 12 isolates of S. saprophyticus, which were novobiocin resistant and nonhemolytic on the synergistic hemolysis test, were from patients with probable urinary infection. Eight were young women with acute symptoms and pyuria. Differences in the glucose and mannitol fermentation tests with different media may lead to difficulties in identification. Novobiocin resistance cannot be relied upon to differentiate isolates of S. saprophyticus from S. epidermidis.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Coagulase; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Middle Aged; Novobiocin; Species Specificity; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus; Urinary Tract Infections; Urine

In a prospective study in young women, novobiocin-resistant subgroup-3 micrococci were the second commonest cause, after Escherichia coli; of acute urinary infections. Proteus mirabilis was the only other causative organism. Symptoms, pyuria, or possible aetiological factors were the same in micrococcal and coliform infections. The infecting micrococcus "biotype" was only rarely found among the normal flora of the genitourinary tract of young women, though other micrococci and staphylococci were commonly present. Evidently, the infecting micrococci are selectively pathogenic in the urinary tract. Micrococcal infections, like coliform infections; commonly followed sexual intercourse, but there was no evidence that the micrococci were sexually transmitted. The infecting biotype was rarely found in the male urethra or prepuce.

Topics: Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Female; Humans; Male; Micrococcaceae; Novobiocin; Proteus Infections; Proteus mirabilis; Staphylococcal Infections; Sulfamethazine; Urease; Urinary Tract Infections; Urogenital System

One hundred catalase-positive, coagulase-negative, Gram-positive cocci isolated in significant numbers from the urine of patients with urinary tract infections, provisionally subdivided by their sensitivity to nonoviocin, were classified according to a slightly model version of Baird-Parker's schemes (1965 and 1972). It appeared that strains of Micrococcus were nearly all of sub-group 3, and that these were important pathogens of young women presenting with urinary infections in general practice. All such strains were resistant to novobiocin. Strains of staphylococcus were heterogeneous, and were found principally in infections arising in hospital, among older prople. Most staphylococci were sensitive to novobiocin. It is suggested that it is easy and sufficiently accurate to separate staphylococci and micrococci isolated from cases of urinary tract infection on the basis of their sensitivity or resistance to novo-biocin. The distinction is useful because of its therapeutic and epidemiological significance.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Catalase; Child; Child, Preschool; Coagulase; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Micrococcus; Middle Aged; Novobiocin; Staphylococcus; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Bacteriuria; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Humans; Micrococcus; Novobiocin; Staphylococcus; Urinary Tract Infections; Urine

Topics: Cephalothin; Colistin; Enterococcus faecalis; Escherichia coli Infections; Gentamicins; Humans; Kanamycin; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Kidney Function Tests; Male; Novobiocin; Postoperative Complications; Prostatectomy; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pseudomonas Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Urinary Tract Infections; Urologic Diseases

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephaloridine; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli; Female; Gentamicins; Humans; Kanamycin; Lincomycin; Male; Meningitis; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Novobiocin; Penicillins; Radiography; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sepsis; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Ampicillin; Bacteria; Enterobacter; Enterococcus faecalis; Escherichia coli; Humans; Klebsiella; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nalidixic Acid; Nitrofurantoin; Novobiocin; Penicillin Resistance; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Staphylococcus; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Adult; Aged; Ampicillin; Bacteriuria; Cephaloridine; Chloramphenicol; Female; Furans; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Leucomycins; Male; Middle Aged; Novobiocin; Proteus Infections; Pseudomonas Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Humans; Jaundice; Male; Middle Aged; Novobiocin; Proteus Infections; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Bacteriological Techniques; Biological Assay; Classification; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Novobiocin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Novobiocin; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Enterobacteriaceae; Humans; Kanamycin; Neomycin; Novobiocin; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

A survey of Staphylococcus albus urinary infections is reported from a general hospital. The infection followed urethral instrumentation in 75% of the patients, and was usually caused by organisms already present in the urethra. Novobiocin-resistant strains caused infections in four out-patients with no predisposing lesions or instrumentation of the urinary tract.

Topics: Bacteriology; Coagulase; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Hydrolases; Male; Novobiocin; Penicillin Resistance; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Urethra; Urinary Catheterization; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Alcaligenes; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Diabetes Mellitus; Enterobacteriaceae; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Kanamycin; Klebsiella; Neomycin; Nitrofurantoin; Novobiocin; Penicillins; Polymyxins; Proteus Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Therapy; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Novobiocin; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacitracin; Candidiasis; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Child; Endocarditis; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Heart, Artificial; Humans; Methicillin; Novobiocin; Penicillins; Pneumonia; Postoperative Complications; Preventive Medicine; Pulmonary Atelectasis; Sepsis; Streptomycin; Surgical Wound Infection; Thoracic Surgery; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacitracin; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy; Erythromycin; Humans; Kanamycin; Neomycin; Nitrofurantoin; Novobiocin; Penicillins; Polymyxins; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections; Vancomycin; Viomycin

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chlortetracycline; Dermatology; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Gastroenterology; In Vitro Techniques; Kitasamycin; Leukemia; Methicillin; Novobiocin; Osteomyelitis; Otolaryngology; Penicillins; Pharmacology; Research; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rifamycins; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus; Urinary Tract Infections

A group of strains of Staphylococcus albus is described which produced neither coagulase nor haemolysin, was slightly sensitive or resistant to novobiocin, and sensitive to all other antibiotics, to sulphonamides, and to nitrofurantoin. The agglutinating antigen 51 was isolated from all strains from patients with urinary infections and abundant pyuria. In more than 40 cases studied it was not possible to isolate any other bacterial agent, and the cure of clinical symptoms always coincided with the disappearance of the coagulase-negative staphylococcus strain.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Coagulase; Female; Humans; Novobiocin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Sulfonamides; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Humans; Infections; Lung Diseases; Novobiocin; Respiratory Tract Infections; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Humans; Infections; Lung Diseases; Novobiocin; Respiratory Tract Infections; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Disease; Novobiocin; Sulfamethizole; Sulfathiazole; Sulfathiazoles; Urinary Tract Infections; Urogenital System; Urologic Diseases

Topics: Communicable Diseases; Infections; Novobiocin; Urinary Tract Infections; Urogenital System

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Disease; Humans; Novobiocin; Urinary Tract Infections; Urogenital System; Urologic Diseases

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Dermatologic Agents; Novobiocin; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Dermatologic Agents; Micrococcus; Novobiocin; Urinary Tract Infections