novobiocin and Streptococcal-Infections

Topics: Acute Disease; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacitracin; Bronchitis; Chloramphenicol; Chronic Disease; Ear Diseases; Humans; Labyrinth Diseases; Laryngitis; Neomycin; Novobiocin; Otitis Externa; Otitis Media; Penicillins; Pneumococcal Infections; Polymyxins; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Tonsillitis; Tracheal Diseases

To determine whether treating cows with antimicrobials at the end of lactation would lower the incidence of clinical mastitis, improve milk production, and decrease somatic cell count (SCC) in the subsequent lactation.. Randomized blind field trial.. 233 Holstein cows from a single herd. All cows were in lactation 2 or greater.. Cows were randomly assigned to treatment groups. Treated cows were given procaine penicillin G and novobiocin by intramammary infusion. Control cows were not treated. Farm personnel recorded cases of clinical mastitis. Milk yield and SCC were recorded during the subsequent lactation.. Treatment did not significantly reduce the incidence of clinical mastitis when data for all cows were grouped or when data were stratified by lactation groups (lactation 2 vs lactation > or = 3) or by last SCC (< or = 500,000 cells/ml vs > 500,000 cells/ml). Somatic cell counts (first, mean of first 5, maximum of first 5) for treated and control cows were similar, and proportions of treated and control cows with SCC > 500,000 cells/ml at least once were not significantly different. Treated cows produced 179 kg (394 lb) more milk during the first 17 weeks of lactation than did control cows.. Treating cows with antimicrobials at the end of lactation increased 17-week milk production during the subsequent lactation and, at current milk prices, was financially preferable to not treating them.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Cell Count; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Incidence; Lactation; Mastitis, Bovine; Milk; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Novobiocin; Penicillin G Procaine; Penicillins; Prevalence; Single-Blind Method; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus; Time Factors

To determine the efficacy of intramuscular administration of ceftiofur sodium as treatment for intramammary infections attributable to Streptococcus agalactiae, compared with that for a standard treatment of intramammary infusion of penicillin/novobiocin.. Prospective, randomized, controlled trial.. 72 lactating Holstein cows with intramammary infections caused by S agalactiae from 5 commercial dairies in Michigan.. In 36 of 72 infected cows, ceftiofur was administered (2.2 mg/kg of body weight, IM, q 24 h) for 5 days; 150 mg of novobiocin and 100,000 U of procaine penicillin G was infused daily into each mammary gland of the other 36 cows for 2 days. Milk samples were collected aseptically at approximately 4 and 8 weeks after initial treatment. If cows were determined to be infected at 4 weeks after initial treatment, the treatment was repeated.. The cure rate at 4 weeks (91.7%) and at 8 weeks (96.8%) after initial treatment for the penicillin/novobiocin-treated cows was significantly (P < 0.0001) higher, compared with that of the ceftiofur-treated cows (2.8 and 9.1%, respectively). Somatic cell counts were significantly (P < 0.0001) lower in the penicillin/novobiocin-treated group after treatment.. Intramuscular administration of ceftiofur is not efficacious as a treatment to eliminate intramammary infections caused by S agalactiae and should not be used to reduce the prevalence of this organism in dairy herds.

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cell Count; Cephalosporins; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Infusions, Parenteral; Injections, Intramuscular; Logistic Models; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mastitis, Bovine; Milk; Novobiocin; Penicillin G Procaine; Penicillins; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus agalactiae; Treatment Outcome

A novel attenuated Streptococcus iniae vaccine was developed from a virulent strain of Streptococcus iniae (ISET0901) through selection for novobiocin resistance (named ISNO). The safety of ISNO was then evaluated in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) through intraperitoneal (IP) injection. When male tilapia (average weight 10 g) were IP injected with 2×10(7) colony-forming units (CFU) of the attenuated S. iniae vaccine strain, no fish died. However, when the same age and size matched tilapia were IP injected with 2×10(7) and 1×10(5)CFU of the virulent parent strain of S. iniae, 100 and 90% fish died, respectively. Backpassage safety studies revealed that ISNO was unable to revert back to a virulent state. When IP vaccinated fish were challenged by the virulent ISET0901 strain of S. iniae, relative percent survival (RPS) values of vaccinated fish at 14, 28, 60, 90, and 180 days post ISNO vaccination (dpv) were 100, 100, 100, 89, and 75%, respectively, The RPS values of ISNO vaccinated fish (IP vaccination) against infections by five heterologous virulent strains of S. iniae (F3CB, 102 F1K, 405 F1K, IF6, and ARS60) at 60 dpv were 78, 90, 100, 100, and 100%, respectively. When tilapia were IP vaccinated by ISNO at dose of 1×10(2), 1×10(3), 1×10(4), 1×10(5), 1×10(6), and 1×10(7)CFU/fish, RPS values at 28 dpv were 81, 94, 100, 100, 100, and 100%, respectively. At 28 dpv, RPS of vaccinated fish by ISNO through bath immersion (1×10(7)CFU/ml) was 88%. ELISA results revealed that protection elicited by ISNO was due to antibody- as well as cell- mediated immunity. Our results suggest that ISNO could be used as a novel safe and efficacious vaccine to protect Nile tilapia from S. iniae infections.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Vaccines; Colony Count, Microbial; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Fish Diseases; Male; Novobiocin; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus; Survival Analysis; Tilapia; Vaccination; Vaccines, Attenuated; Virulence

Twelve dairy herds that had participated in the Pennsylvania Dairy Herd Improvement Association (DHIA) program for at least 12 months, that had a 12-month mean DHIA somatic cell count greater than 700,000 cells/ml, and that had greater than 25% of lactating cows infected with Streptococcus agalactiae participated in a herd blitz treatment program. Initially, quarter milk samples for bacteriologic culturing were collected from all lactating cows. Subsequently, all cows identified as infected with Str agalactiae were treated, using a commercial penicillin-novobiocin intramammary infusion product. In addition, a herd mastitis management program of postmilking teat dipping and treatment of all cows at the start of the nonlactating period was instituted. Thirty days after the initial herd visit, samples from all lactating cows were again cultured, and cows infected at that time were treated. Twelve months after the initial herd visit, samples from all lactating cows were again cultured. Mean prevalence of infection with Str agalactiae decreased (P less than 0.05) from 23.0% of quarters and 41.6% of cows initially to 3.4% of quarters and 9.3% of cows at 30 days and 1.6% of quarters and 4.2% of cows at 1 year. Mean herd DHIA somatic cell count decreased (P less than 0.05) from 918,000 cells/ml initially to 439,000 cells/ml at 30 days and 268,000 cells/ml at 1 year.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Female; Mastitis, Bovine; Novobiocin; Penicillin G Procaine; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus agalactiae

A commercially available, penicillin-novobiocin, intramammary infusion product and a solution of procaine penicillin G (1.2 X 10(6) IU) in 10 ml of sterile saline solution were evaluated for their comparative efficacies against Streptococcus agalactiae mastitis in 3 California dairy herds. After composite milk samples from each cow in each herd were bacteriologically cultured, cows infected with S agalactiae (n = 228) were assigned randomly to 2 treatment groups. Milk samples were reevaluated bacteriologically 21 to 25 days after treatment. Both preparations were highly effective against S agalactiae in first-lactation cows and in cows scored negative or trace by use of the California Mastitis Test. Efficacy was significantly decreased in cows with California Mastitis Test scores of 1, 2, or 3. Herd and treatment were associated significantly with treatment success or failure. Most treatment failures were in one herd in cows that were given procaine penicillin G in sterile saline solution. Milk production and lactation stage were not associated with success or failure of treatment.

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Drug Combinations; Female; Infusions, Intravenous; Mastitis, Bovine; Milk; Novobiocin; Penicillin G; Penicillin G Procaine; Random Allocation; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus agalactiae

A procedure for deriving drug combinations for animal health is used to derive an optimal combination of 200 mg of novobiocin and 650,000 IU of penicillin for nonlactating cow mastitis treatment. The procedure starts with an estimated second order polynomial response surface equation. That surface is translated into a probability surface with contours called isoprobs. The isoprobs show drug amounts that have equal probability to produce maximal efficacy. Safety factors are incorporated into the probability surface via a noncentrality parameter that causes the isoprobs to expand as safety decreases, resulting in lower amounts of drug being used.

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Mastitis, Bovine; Mathematics; Novobiocin; Penicillins; Probability; Random Allocation; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections

Cell-free, fat-free mammary secretions were tested in vitro for ability to support growth of streptococci associated with mastitis. Secretions were obtained prior to drying off, during the dry period, at calving, and during lactation from four cow treatment groups. Treatment groups were dry cow therapy, dry cow therapy and mammary glands subjected to induced inflammation 7 d post-drying-off, no dry cow therapy and no induced inflammation, no dry cow therapy but mammary glands subjected to induced inflammation. Growth of Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus agalactiae in secretions from nonlactating glands was unaffected by induced inflammation. Growth of Streptococcus bovis was significantly inhibited in secretion obtained 14 d after induced inflammation. Dry cow therapy had no effect on streptococcal growth in secretion obtained 7 d after therapy. Streptococcal growth was greatest in secretions from involuted glands, and there was little or no evidence for growth inhibitory factors in cell-free, fat-free secretions obtained during the dry period. Milk from lactating glands inhibited streptococcal growth, and the inhibitory factor was presumptively identified as lactoperoxidase. Apolactoferrin, immunoglobulin, or both had little effect on streptococcal growth.

Topics: Animals; Apoproteins; Bacteriological Techniques; Body Fluids; Cattle; Citrates; Citric Acid; Culture Media; Disease Susceptibility; Female; Immunoglobulins; Inflammation; Lactation; Lactoferrin; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mastitis, Bovine; Milk; Novobiocin; Pregnancy; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus

Four dose levels of novobiocin (50, 200, 400, 600 mg) were compared with no drug for the intramammary treatment of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and other streptococcal infections present in the udder of dairy cows at the initiation of the dry period. Treatment success was evaluated by comparing the microbiological status of duplicate pretreatment quarter milk samples collected at drying off with the microbiological status of duplicate quarter milk samples collected four to ten days postcalving. Infection status of 1318 cows in 75 herds in five geographic locations was determined. Treatment effects on infected cows were evaluated by least squares analysis of variance with treatment, herd, lactation number, days dry and milk production at drying off considered as variables. The dose of 400 mg novobiocin per quarter was demonstrated to be significantly more effective (P < 0.05) than no drug and significantly better than (P < 0.05) or equal to the other doses for curing infections caused by S. aureus, S. agalactiae and other streptococci. A significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the overall rate of new udder infections acquired during the dry period was observed in cows treated with >/= 200 mg novobiocin at drying off. The data supported the conclusion that the cow rather than the quarter is the appropriate experimental unit in the evaluation of intramammary mastitis treatments. Herd and lactation number were the most significant variables affecting cures.

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Female; Injections; Lactation; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mastitis, Bovine; Novobiocin; Pregnancy; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections

An experimental product incorporating 500,000 IU of procaine penicillin G and 600 mg of sodium novobiocin in 2% aluminum monostearate-peanut oil gel (10-ml dose) was used to treat all quarters of 56 cows which were infected in at least 1 quarter at time of final mild-out at end of lactation. Treatment was withheld from 89 cows uninfected in all quarters. Quarter infection was determined by bacteriologic culturing of milk samples collected at the last regular milking, at intervals up to final milk-out (7 or 12 days later), at calving, and 1 week later. Clearance rates against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, streptococci other than Streptococcus agalactiae, and coliform bacteria in treated quarters were 83, 94, 88, and 71%, respectively. Subtraction of the spontaneous clearance rate of about 50% in untreated quarters resulted in values of 35 to 45% for drug efficacy against existing staphylococcal and streptococcal infections. Prophylactic efficacy was examined. In cows entering the true nonlactating period with 1 or more quarters infected, new infection rates across the period aming quarters uninfected at the beginning were 36.0% among untreated cows and 6.3% among treated cows (P less than 0.005). The comparable rates for cows entering the nonlactating period uninfected in all quarters were 5.7 and 0%. Staphylococcus aureus and streptococci, which comprised 38.5% of new period infections among untreated cows, were completely lacking among treated cows (P less than 0.025). Within the treated group of cows, 83.1% of infected quarters were cleared, and new infection rate in the non-lactating period was 50% less than the rate among untreated cows. Because the frequency of intramammary infection in this herd was quite low at "drying-off" (10.5% of quarters), the net effect on herd health of selective therapy of cows infected at end of lactation was a reduction in total quarter infection from 19.8 to 13.6%.

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Drug Combinations; Female; Lactation; Mastitis, Bovine; Novobiocin; Penicillin G Procaine; Pregnancy; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections

Penicillin (P), novobiocin (N), and both (P-N) were evaluated in vitro against 143 clinical isolates of bovine mastitis, including, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, and Streptococcus uberis. Greater antistaphylococcal activities were demonstrated with N alone and P-N than with P alone. Streptococcus spp were more susceptible to P alone than to N alone, and the effectiveness of P-N corresponded with that of P alone. In vitro, P-N had a wider spectrum of antibacterial activity than did either P or N. Similar results were also obtained in vivo, using the mouse protection test. The P-N gave a greater protection rate in mice experimentally infected with S aureus and Str agalactiae than did P or N.

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Female; Mastitis, Bovine; Mice; Novobiocin; Penicillin G; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus; Streptococcus agalactiae

Topics: Cephalothin; Colistin; Enterococcus faecalis; Escherichia coli Infections; Gentamicins; Humans; Kanamycin; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Kidney Function Tests; Male; Novobiocin; Postoperative Complications; Prostatectomy; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pseudomonas Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Urinary Tract Infections; Urologic Diseases

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate; Drug Stability; Erythromycin; Gastric Juice; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kanamycin; Male; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Novobiocin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Pneumococcal Infections; Rifampin; Solutions; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptococcal Infections

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacitracin; Chemotherapy, Cancer, Regional Perfusion; Chloramphenicol; Clostridium perfringens; Dogs; Drug Therapy; Erythromycin; Gas Gangrene; Hyperbaric Oxygenation; Leg; Novobiocin; Research; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacitracin; Child; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Drainage; Empyema; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Kanamycin; Novobiocin; Oleandomycin; Pediatrics; Penicillins; Pneumococcal Infections; Pneumothorax; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Sulfonamides; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Tetracycline; Vancomycin

Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Burns; Child; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli Infections; gamma-Globulins; Humans; Immune Sera; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Kanamycin; Novobiocin; Polymyxins; Proteus Infections; Pseudomonas Infections; Salmonella Infections; Sepsis; Serum Albumin; Shigella; Sodium Chloride; Solutions; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Vancomycin

Topics: Aeromonas; Alcoholism; Ascites; Bacteremia; Escherichia coli Infections; Geriatrics; Humans; Intestines; Liver Cirrhosis; Liver Function Tests; Neomycin; Novobiocin; Penicillins; Peritonitis; Sepsis; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Abscess; Arthritis; Child; Chloramphenicol; Diagnosis, Differential; Drainage; Erythromycin; Humans; Infant; Joint Diseases; Novobiocin; Osteomyelitis; Oxytetracycline; Penicillins; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Suppuration; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arthritis; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Erythromycin; Geriatrics; Hydrocortisone; Middle Aged; Novobiocin; Penicillins; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Suppuration; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Child; Dermatologic Agents; Humans; Infant; Novobiocin; Streptococcal Infections