novobiocin and Staphylococcal-Infections

Topics: Deafness; Drug Eruptions; Drug Hypersensitivity; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous; Fever; Humans; Novobiocin; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Vancomycin

Topics: Acute Disease; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacitracin; Bronchitis; Chloramphenicol; Chronic Disease; Ear Diseases; Humans; Labyrinth Diseases; Laryngitis; Neomycin; Novobiocin; Otitis Externa; Otitis Media; Penicillins; Pneumococcal Infections; Polymyxins; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Tonsillitis; Tracheal Diseases

Topics: Amphotericin B; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacitracin; Cephalothin; Chloramphenicol; Erythromycin; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Infections; Kanamycin; Neomycin; Novobiocin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Polymyxins; Protein Binding; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Amphotericin B; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Cephalothin; Colistin; Cycloserine; Demeclocycline; Erythromycin; Gentamicins; Griseofulvin; Humans; Kanamycin; Methicillin; Novobiocin; Oxacillin; Paromomycin; Penicillin V; Penicillins; Pharmacology; Ristocetin; Staphylococcal Infections; Toxicology; Troleandomycin; Vancomycin

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitoxins; Bacitracin; Carrier State; Erythromycin; Furunculosis; Humans; Immune Sera; Immunotherapy, Active; Methicillin; Novobiocin; Osteomyelitis; Penicillins; Probenecid; Staphylococcal Infections; Toxicology; Toxins, Biological; Vancomycin

To determine whether treating cows with antimicrobials at the end of lactation would lower the incidence of clinical mastitis, improve milk production, and decrease somatic cell count (SCC) in the subsequent lactation.. Randomized blind field trial.. 233 Holstein cows from a single herd. All cows were in lactation 2 or greater.. Cows were randomly assigned to treatment groups. Treated cows were given procaine penicillin G and novobiocin by intramammary infusion. Control cows were not treated. Farm personnel recorded cases of clinical mastitis. Milk yield and SCC were recorded during the subsequent lactation.. Treatment did not significantly reduce the incidence of clinical mastitis when data for all cows were grouped or when data were stratified by lactation groups (lactation 2 vs lactation > or = 3) or by last SCC (< or = 500,000 cells/ml vs > 500,000 cells/ml). Somatic cell counts (first, mean of first 5, maximum of first 5) for treated and control cows were similar, and proportions of treated and control cows with SCC > 500,000 cells/ml at least once were not significantly different. Treated cows produced 179 kg (394 lb) more milk during the first 17 weeks of lactation than did control cows.. Treating cows with antimicrobials at the end of lactation increased 17-week milk production during the subsequent lactation and, at current milk prices, was financially preferable to not treating them.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Cell Count; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Incidence; Lactation; Mastitis, Bovine; Milk; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Novobiocin; Penicillin G Procaine; Penicillins; Prevalence; Single-Blind Method; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus; Time Factors

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cloxacillin; Coagulase; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Lactation; Mastitis, Bovine; Novobiocin; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major pathogen in hospitals. Current antimicrobial regimens for eradicating colonizing strains are not well defined and are often complicated by the emergence of resistance. The combination of novobiocin plus rifampin in vitro and in vivo was found to prevent the emergence of resistant populations of initially susceptible strains of MRSA, particularly resistance to rifampin. We therefore studied, in a randomized, double-blind, multicenter comparative trial, the combination of novobiocin plus rifampin versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (T/S) plus rifampin in order to determine the efficacy of each regimen in eradicating MRSA colonization and to further characterize the host factors involved in the response to this antimicrobial therapy. Among the 126 individuals enrolled in the study, 94 (80 patients; 14 hospital personnel) were evaluable. Among the 94 evaluable subjects, no significant demographic or medical differences existed between the two treatment groups. Successful clearance of the colonizing MRSA strains was achieved in 30 of 45 (67%) subjects receiving novobiocin plus rifampin, whereas successful clearance was achieved in 26 of 49 (53%) subjects treated with T/S plus rifampin (P = 0.18). The emergence of resistance to rifampin developed more frequently in 14% (7 of 49) of subjects treated with T/S plus rifampin than in 2% (1 of 45) of subjects treated with novobiocin plus rifampin (P = 0.04). Restriction endonuclease studies of large plasmid DNA demonstrated that the same strain was present at pretherapy and posttherapy in most refractory cases (24 of 29 [83%] subjects). Among the 56 successfully treated subjects, clearance of MRSA was age dependent: 29 of 36 (80%) subjects in the 18- to 49-year-old age group, 19 of 35 (54%) subjects in the 50- to 69-year-old age group, and 8 of 23 (35%) in the 70- to 94-year-old age group (P < 0.01). Clearance was also site dependent; culture-positive samples from wounds were related to a successful outcome in only 22 (48%) of 46 subjects, whereas culture-positive samples from sites other than wounds (e.g., nares, rectum, and sputum) were associated with a success rate of 34 of 48 (71%) subjects (P = 0.02). Foreign bodies in wounds did not prevent the eradication of MRSA by either regimen. T/S plus rifampin was less effective in clearing both pressure and other wounds, whereas novobiocin plus rifampin was equally effective in clearing both pressure and ot

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; DNA, Neoplasm; Double-Blind Method; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Male; Methicillin Resistance; Middle Aged; Nasal Cavity; Novobiocin; Outcome Assessment, Health Care; Rifampin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; Wound Infection

Bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV control the topological state of DNA during replication and are validated targets for antibacterial drug discovery. Starting from our recently reported 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[1,2-d]thiazole-based DNA gyrase B inhibitors, we replaced their central core with benzothiazole-2,6-diamine scaffold and interchanged substituents in positions 2 and 6. This resulted in equipotent nanomolar inhibitors of DNA gyrase from Escherichia coli displaying improved inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV from both bacteria. Compound 27 was the most balanced inhibitor of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV from both E. coli and S. aureus. The crystal structure of the 2-((2-(4,5-dibromo-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxamido)benzothiazol-6-yl)amino)-2-oxoacetic acid (24) in complex with E. coli DNA gyrase B revealed the binding mode of the inhibitor in the ATP-binding pocket. Only some compounds possessed weak antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria. These results provide a basis for structure-based optimization toward dual DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV inhibitors with antibacterial activity.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Benzothiazoles; Crystallography, X-Ray; DNA Gyrase; DNA Topoisomerase IV; Drug Design; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Models, Molecular; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Structure-Activity Relationship; Topoisomerase II Inhibitors

DNA topoisomerases are well-validated targets in micro-organisms. DNA gyraseB is one of the most important enzymes among them as per their clinical importance. In earlier study, a novel lead 4-((4-(furan-2-carboxamido)phenyl)amino)-4-oxobutanoic acid was identified as inhibitor against DNA gyraseB with an IC50 of 12.88 ± 1.39 μm. Subsequently, analogues of this lead were developed and evaluated through in vitro assays and in vivo studies. Among the 24 analogues, compound 22 was found to be the top hit with an improved DNA gyraseB activity of 5.35 ± 0.61 μm, and the binding affinity of this compound was further ascertained biophysically through differential scanning fluorimetry. The most potent ligand did not show any signs of cardiotoxicity in zebra fish ether-ago-go-related gene, ascertaining the safety profile of this series a breakthrough among the previously reported cardiotoxic gyraseB inhibitors.

Topics: Animals; DNA Gyrase; Furans; Humans; Models, Molecular; Pyrroles; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Thiophenes; Topoisomerase II Inhibitors; Zebrafish

The compounds described herein with a spirocyclic architecture fused to a benzisoxazole ring represent a new class of antibacterial agents that operate by inhibition of DNA gyrase as corroborated in an enzyme assay and by the inhibition of precursor thymidine into DNA during cell growth. Activity resided in the configurationally lowest energy (2S,4R,4aR) diastereomer. Highly active compounds against Staphylococcus aureus had sufficiently high solubility, high plasma protein free fraction, and favorable pharmacokinetics to suggest that in vivo efficacy could be demonstrated, which was realized with compound (-)-1 in S. aureus mouse infection models. A high drug exposure NOEL on oral dosing in the rat suggested that a high therapeutic margin could be achieved. Importantly, (-)-1 was not cross-resistant with other DNA gyrase inhibitors such as fluoroquinolone and aminocoumarin antibacterials. Hence, this class shows considerable promise for the treatment of infections caused by multidrug resistant bacteria, including S. aureus.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Barbiturates; Female; Fluoroquinolones; Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings; Humans; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Isoxazoles; Male; Mice; Pyridones; Rats, Wistar; Spiro Compounds; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Stereoisomerism; Structure-Activity Relationship; Topoisomerase II Inhibitors

The gyraseB subunit of Staphylococcus aureus DNA gyrase is a well-established and validated target though less explored for the development of novel antimicrobial agents. Starting from the available structural information in PDB (3TTZ), we identified a novel series of benzimidazole used as inhibitors of DNA gyraseB with low micromolar inhibitory activity by employing structure-based drug design strategy. Subsequently, this chemical class of DNA gyrase inhibitors was extensively investigated biologically through in vitro assays, biofilm inhibition assays, cytotoxicity, and in vivo studies. The binding affinity of the most potent inhibitor 10 was further ascertained biophysically through differential scanning fluorimetry. Further, the most potent analogues did not show any signs of cardiotoxicity in Zebra fish ether-a-go-go-related gene (zERG), a major breakthrough among the previously reported cardiotoxic gyraseB inhibitors.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Benzimidazoles; DNA Gyrase; Female; HEK293 Cells; Humans; Mice; Models, Molecular; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Topoisomerase II Inhibitors; Zebrafish

The discovery and optimization of a new class of bacterial topoisomerase (DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV) inhibitors binding in the ATP domain are described. A fragment molecule, 1-ethyl-3-(2-pyridyl)urea, provided sufficiently potent enzyme inhibition (32 μM) to prompt further analogue work. Acids and acid isosteres were incorporated at the 5-pyridyl position of this fragment, bridging to a key asparagine residue, improving enzyme inhibition, and leading to measurable antibacterial activity. A CF3-thiazole substituent at the 4-pyridyl position improved inhibitory potency due to a favorable lipophilic interaction. Promising antibacterial activity was seen versus the Gram-positive pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae and the Gram-negative pathogens Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis . Precursor metabolite incorporation and mutant analysis studies support the mode-of-action, blockage of DNA synthesis by dual target topoisomerase inhibition. Compound 35 was efficacious in a mouse S. aureus disease model, where a 4.5-log reduction in colony forming units versus control was demonstrated.

Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Disease Models, Animal; DNA Topoisomerases, Type II; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Discovery; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Models, Molecular; Molecular Structure; Staphylococcal Infections; Structure-Activity Relationship; Topoisomerase II Inhibitors; Urea

Thirteen coagulase-negative, oxidase-negative, and novobiocin-susceptible staphylococci were isolated from human clinical specimens. The isolates were differentiated from known staphylococcal species on the basis of 16S rRNA, hsp60, rpoB, dnaJ, tuf, and gap gene sequencing, automated ribotyping, (GTG)5-PCR fingerprinting, and MALDI-TOF MS analysis. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated phylogenetic relatedness of the analyzed strains to Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus devriesei, and Staphylococcus lugdunensis. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments between representative strains CCM 8418(T), CCM 8421(T), and the closest phylogenetic neighbors confirmed that the isolates represent novel Staphylococcus species, for which the name Staphylococcus petrasii sp. nov. is proposed. Genotypic and phenotypic analyses unambiguously split the strains into two closely related subclusters. Based on the results, two novel subspecies S. petrasii subsp. petrasii subsp. nov. and S. petrasii subsp. croceilyticus subsp. nov. are proposed, with type strains CCM 8418(T) (=CCUG 62727(T)) and CCM 8421(T) (=CCUG 62728(T)), respectively.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Cluster Analysis; Coagulase; DNA, Bacterial; DNA, Ribosomal; Ear; Humans; Molecular Sequence Data; Novobiocin; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Oxidoreductases; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus

Current treatment for serious infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus relies heavily upon the glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin. Unfortunately, this practice has led to an intermediate resistance phenotype that is particularly difficult to treat in invasive staphylococcal diseases, such as septicemia and its metastatic complications, including endocarditis. Although the vancomycin-intermediate resistance phenotype has been linked to abnormal cell wall structures and autolytic rates, the corresponding genetic changes have not been fully elucidated. Previously, whole-genome array studies listed numerous genes that are overexpressed in vancomycin-intermediate sensitive strains, including graRS (SACOL0716 to -0717), encoding a two-component regulatory system (TCRS), as well as the adjacent vraFG (SACOL0718 to -0720), encoding an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter; but the exact contribution of these genes to increased vancomycin resistance has not been defined. In this study, we showed that isogenic strains with mutations in genes encoding the GraRS TCRS and the VraFG ABC transporter are hypersensitive to vancomycin as well as polymyxin B. Moreover, GraRS regulates the expression of the adjacent VraFG pump, reminiscent of gram-positive bacteriocin-immunity regulons. Mutations of graRS and vraFG also led to increased autolytic rates and a more negative net surface charge, which may explain, in part, to their increased sensitivity to cationic antimicrobial peptides. Taken together, these data reveal an important genetic mediator to the vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus phenotype and may hold clues to the selective pressures on staphylococci upon exposure to selective cationic peptide antibiotics used in clinical practice.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Bacterial Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Polymyxin B; Signal Transduction; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Vancomycin; Vancomycin Resistance

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Novobiocin; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Species Specificity; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus hominis

The G2576T mutation in domain V of 23S rRNA has been most often associated with the rare cases of linezolid resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. In a linezolid-susceptible S. aureus (A8761B) possessing a single mutated (G2576T) copy, originally derived from a resistant clinical isolate, we assessed the persistence of the mutation on further passage on antibiotic-free medium and the selection of resistance upon re-exposure of the susceptible strain to linezolid.. The stability of the mutant rRNA copy was tested through 40 serial passages on antibiotic-free medium. The re-emergence of linezolid-resistant mutants was examined after serial passage on successively increasing linezolid concentrations. The efficacy of novobiocin, at subinhibitory concentrations, to prevent or delay the emergence of resistant mutants was examined. Strain relatedness was confirmed by PFGE and domain V of individual rRNA copies was sequenced.. After 40 passages in antibiotic-free medium, the linezolid MIC of derived strain A9584 remained stable at 2 mg/L and the G2576T mutation persisted in one 23S rRNA gene copy (copy number 2). Upon re-exposure of the strain to increasing concentrations of linezolid, linezolid resistance (MIC of 64 mg/L) emerged rapidly. In a representative derivative (A9753), the G2576T mutation was found in four of the five rRNA copies. All laboratory derivates were closely related by PFGE. When A9584 was applied to plates containing linezolid at 4 x MIC, resistant colonies emerged at a frequency of 8 x 10(-6). Novobiocin at 1/4 x MIC prevented the emergence of resistant colonies.. The persistence of the G2576T mutation in one rRNA operon copy in the absence of selective pressure suggests that the mutation has a minimal impact on the organism's fitness in vitro. Resistance to linezolid, associated with acquisition of multiple mutant copies, emerges rapidly upon re-exposure to linezolid. Novobiocin, predicted to interfere with gene conversion, may reduce the likelihood of rapid development of linezolid resistance.

Topics: Acetamides; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Linezolid; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mutation; Novobiocin; Operon; Oxazolidinones; RNA, Bacterial; RNA, Ribosomal, 23S; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus

Five coagulase-negative, novobiocin-susceptible staphylococcal strains were isolated from human blood cultures in different German and Belgian medical facilities. A novel species, 'Staphylococcus pettenkoferi' was proposed recently to accommodate two of these strains (B3117(T) and A6664), although the name was not validly published. All five strains belonged to the genus Staphylococcus because they were non-motile, Gram-positive, catalase-positive cocci with peptidoglycan type (A3 alpha type L-lys-gly(2-4)-L-Ser-Gly), menaquinone pattern (MK-7, MK-6 and MK-8) and major cellular fatty acids (ai-C(15 : 0), ai-C(17 : 0) and i-C(15 : 0)) that corresponded to those of staphylococci. Phenotypically, the isolates most closely resembled Staphylococcus capitis subsp. capitis and Staphylococcus auricularis, but they could be distinguished from these species by physiological tests and chemotaxonomic investigations. The results of DNA-DNA hybridization, chemotaxonomic investigations and 16S rRNA gene and RNA polymerase B gene (rpoB) sequence analysis enabled strains B3117(T), K6999, 229 and 230 to be differentiated genotypically and phenotypically from known Staphylococcus species, indicating that these isolates are representatives of a novel species. The name Staphylococcus pettenkoferi sp. nov. is proposed for this novel species, with strain B3117(T) (=CIP 107711(T)=CCUG 51270(T)) as the type strain. Due to differences in the results of physiological and chemotaxonomic investigations and DNA-DNA hybridization data, strain A6664 was not included in the description of the novel species.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteremia; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Belgium; Cluster Analysis; Coagulase; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases; DNA, Bacterial; DNA, Ribosomal; Fatty Acids; Genes, rRNA; Genotype; Germany; Humans; Locomotion; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Sequence Data; Novobiocin; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Peptidoglycan; Phylogeny; Ribotyping; RNA, Bacterial; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Vitamin K 2

A polyphasic identification approach was applied to a group of 11 novobiocin-resistant staphylococci isolated from human clinical materials. Phenotypic characteristics obtained by both commercial and conventional tests assigned eight strains as Staphylococcus xylosus and three strains as ambiguous S. xylosus/Staphylococcus equorum. In contrast to biotyping, ribotyping with EcoRI and HindIII restriction endonucleases and whole-cell protein fingerprinting assigned six analysed strains as S. equorum, and five strains as Staphylococcus succinus. Confirmation of the identification was done by partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing and S. equorum isolates were verified by a PCR assay targeting the sodA gene. From the data it has been implied that ribotyping and whole-cell protein analysis can be used to differentiate between the biochemically almost indistinguishable species S. xylosus, S. equorum and S. succinus. The present study confirms what is believed to be the first occurrence of S. equorum in a relevant human clinical material in the Czech Republic and describes what is believed to be the first-ever isolation of S. succinus from human clinical material.

Topics: Adolescent; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Child; Cluster Analysis; DNA, Bacterial; DNA, Ribosomal; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Molecular Sequence Data; Novobiocin; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Proteome; Ribotyping; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Superoxide Dismutase

Five isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci were obtained from human urine, the gastrointestinal tract of squirrel monkeys, pig skin and from the environment. All key biochemical characteristics of the tested strains corresponded with the description of Staphylococcus xylosus species. However, partial 16S rRNA gene sequences obtained from analysed strains corresponded with those of Staphylococcus nepalensis reference strains, except for two strains which differed in one residue. Ribotyping with EcoRI and HindIII restriction enzymes, whole cell protein profile analysis performed by SDS-PAGE and SmaI macrorestriction analysis were used for more precise characterization and identification of the analysed strains. Obtained results showed that EcoRI and HindIII ribotyping and whole cell protein fingerprinting are suitable and reliable methods for the differentiation of S. nepalensis strains from the other novobiocin resistant staphylococci, whereas macrorestriction analysis was found to be a good tool for strain typing. The isolation of S. nepalensis is sporadic, and according to our best knowledge this study is the first report of the occurrence of this species in human clinical material as well as in other sources.

Topics: Bacterial Typing Techniques; DNA Fingerprinting; DNA, Bacterial; Humans; Novobiocin; Phylogeny; Ribotyping; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus

Cyclothialidine (1, Ro 09-1437) is a potent DNA gyrase inhibitor that was isolated from Streptomyces filipinensis NR0484 and is a member of a new family of natural products. It acts by competitively inhibiting the ATPase activity exerted by the B subunit of DNA gyrase but barely exhibits any growth inhibitory activity against intact bacterial cells, presumably due to insufficient permeation of the cytoplasmic membrane. To explore the antibacterial potential of 1, we developed a flexible synthetic route allowing for the systematic modification of its structure. From a first set of analogues, structure-activity relationships (SAR) were established for different substitution patterns, and the 14-hydroxylated, bicyclic core (X) of 1 seemed to be the structural prerequisite for DNA gyrase inhibitory activity. The variation of the lactone ring size, however, revealed that activity can be found among 11- to 16-membered lactones, and even seco-analogues were shown to maintain some enzyme inhibitory properties, thereby reducing the minimal structural requirements to a rather simple, hydroxylated benzyl sulfide (XI). On the basis of these "minimal structures" a modification program afforded a number of inhibitors that showed in vitro activity against Gram-positive bacteria. The best activities were displayed by 14-membered lactones, and representatives of this subclass exhibit excellent and broad in vitro antibacterial activity against Gram-positive pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Enterococcus faecalis, and overcome resistance against clinically used drugs. By improving the pharmacokinetic properties of the most active compounds (94, 97), in particular by lowering their lipophilic properties, we were able to identify congeners of cyclothialidine (1) that showed efficacy in vivo.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; DNA Gyrase; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Gram-Positive Bacteria; HeLa Cells; Humans; Lactams; Lactones; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Models, Molecular; Oxadiazoles; Peptides, Cyclic; Protein Subunits; Staphylococcal Infections; Stereoisomerism; Structure-Activity Relationship; Topoisomerase II Inhibitors; Toxicity Tests

A total of 9592 samples of half udder milk were collected monthly throughout lactation for bacteriological and somatic cell count (SCC) study from 1322 Churra ewe lactations from seven separate flocks enrolled in the recording scheme of the National Association of Spanish Churra Breeders in the Castile-Le6n region of Spain. Statistical analyses were carried out from a mixed model with random factor half udder or ewe for repeated measures. Test of significance of fixed effects of this mixed model showed significant effects of organisms, flock, parity, lactation stage, and birth type on SCC. Special reference must be made to novobiocin-sensitive coagulase-negative staphylococci, which represented more than 50% of the isolates and which elicited SCC geometric means of around 106/ml. In addition, the analysis of 4352 monthly test-day records for milk yield, SCC, and bacteriology showed that the ewes that were uninfected and infected by minor pathogens had the lowest SCC and the highest milk yields, whereas those infected by major pathogens had high SCC and milk yield losses between 8.8 and 10.1% according to the uni- or bilateral character of the infection. Finally, ewes infected by novobiocin-sensitive coagulase-negative staphylococci elicited SCC values similar to those of infections by major pathogens and milk yield losses ranging between those caused by minor and major pathogens. As a result, emphasis should be put on prevention of subclinical mastitis, particularly mastitis caused by novobiocin-sensitive coagulase-negative staphylococci in dairy sheep herds to improve microbiological and hygienic milk quality and to minimize losses in milk yield.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cell Count; Coagulase; Female; Lactation; Mastitis; Milk; Novobiocin; Random Allocation; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus

The results of three standard methods (broth dilution, agar dilution, disk diffusion) and an experimental modification of the microdilution method for determination of resistance to ampicillin, cephalotin, cloxacillin, neomycin, novobiocin, penicillin and streptomycin were compared using 151 Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained from cases of mastitis. The accuracy of the dilution methods was compared by determination of minimum inhibition concentrations (MIC, MIC50, MIC90 and modal MIC) and by assessment of the agreement within the tolerance of +/-1 dilution step in 2-fold dilution series. The results of the dilution methods were further compared with those of the reference disk diffusion method and the strains were classified as sensitive or resistant using the interpretation criteria for human strains. The comparisons indicated that MIC characteristics and the final classification as sensitive or resistant were method-dependent. Resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics was observed more often when using broth dilution methods, especially when the broth was supplemented with lactose.

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Cephalothin; Cloxacillin; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Mastitis, Bovine; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Neomycin; Novobiocin; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptomycin

Dairy heifers were treated 0 to 90 d, 90 to 180 d, or 180 to 270 d prepartum with one of five different antibiotic products to determine the best time and with which product they should be treated prior to calving. Two hundred thirty-three heifers were included in the study. At the initial sampling, 56.5% of quarters were infected with some type of organism and 15.4% of quarters were infected with Staphylococcus aureus. Treatments included a cephapirin dry cow product, a penicillin-novobiocin dry cow product, a penicillin-streptomycin dry cow product, an experimental dry cow product containing tilmicosin, and a cephalonium dry cow product not available in the United States. Cure rates for the five antibiotic products indicated that all were equally effective against Staph. aureus and all were significantly more effective than the spontaneous cure rate observed in untreated control quarters. No differences in efficacy were observed due to the different treatment times prepartum. However, fewer new Staph. aureus infections occurred after treatment in the group treated at 180 to 270 d prepartum, indicating that treatment in the third trimester will reduce the chances of new intramammary infections occurring after treatment and persisting to calving.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Cephapirin; Drug Combinations; Female; Mastitis, Bovine; Novobiocin; Penicillins; Pregnancy; Prevalence; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome

Several methods were used to type 64 clinical isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) derived from hospitals in Morocco. The clinical isolates originated principally from blood cultures and wound sources. These isolates provided the opportunity to substantially compare the proficiency of developing molecular techniques with conventional phenotypic tests for use in the identification of clinical staphylococci. The following molecular methods were examined: Utility ribotyping analysis (Ribotyping); PCR analysis performed with 16S-23S ribosomal-DNA intergenic spacer (ITS-PCR); PCR-based random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). The results obtained by the molecular techniques were contrasted to those of conventional phenotypic tests. Conventional phenotypic tests allowed the outright recognition of the majority of isolates (50/64). These 50 isolates were subdivided into 33 novobiocin-susceptible and 17 novobiocin-resistant strains of CNS. However, 2 other novobiocin-susceptible and 12 other novobiocin-resistant isolates remained unclassified by these tests. There was a good agreement between the conventional phenotypic tests and RAPD for the 33 novobiocin-susceptible isolates. But, the RAPD technique permitted the assignment of the two unidentified novobiocin-susceptible isolates to the Staphylococcus hominis species. A complete correlation was obtained between the three molecular tools for recognition of the 12 novobiocin-resistant isolates that were not identified by phenotypic typing; these were in fact identified as 5 Staphylococcus cohnii and 4 Staphylococcus equorum. Three isolates remained unidentified by all three systems of molecular techniques.

Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Coagulase; Cross Infection; DNA, Bacterial; DNA, Ribosomal; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Morocco; Novobiocin; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique; Species Specificity; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus

The activity of selected antimicrobial agents was determined against strains of Staphylococcus aureus that were isolated from bovine intramammary infections and that were positive or negative for beta-lactamase. A total of 107 S. aureus strains (70 that were positive for beta-lactamase and 37 that were negative for beta-lactamase) were used in the study. Production of beta-lactamase was determined using a chromogenic cephalosporin disk method. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for each test strain were determined using a commercially available microdilution panel. The following compounds were tested: penicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin, cephapirin, ceftiofur, penicillin plus novobiocin, erythromycin, and pirlimycin. Of the five beta-lactam compounds tested, penicillin and ampicillin were most affected by beta-lactamase activity, but oxacillin, cephapirin, and ceftiofur were not affected. Penicillin plus novobiocin also demonstrated excellent activity against strains of S. aureus that were both positive and negative for beta-lactamase. Erythromycin and pirlimycin demonstrated good activity against the S. aureus strains that were negative for beta-lactamase; 90% of the isolates had an MIC of < or = 0.5 microgram/ml (MIC90). The MIC90 for erythromycin and pirlimycin for strains that were positive for beta-lactamase was > 64.0 micrograms/ml. However, 8 strains, in addition to producing beta-lactamase, were also resistant to macrolides and lincosaminides. Recalculation of the MIC90 without these 8 strains yielded equivalent values for both erythromycin and pirlimycin with strains that were positive or negative for beta-lactamase (MIC90 < or = 0.5 microgram/ml).

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactamases; beta-Lactams; Cattle; Cephalosporins; Cephapirin; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Female; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mastitis, Bovine; Novobiocin; Oxacillin; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus

The susceptibility of clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible and -resistant staphylococci from cancer patients with central venous catheter bacteremia to quinupristin/dalfopristin, a semisynthetic streptogramin, was determined in vitro. Susceptibility of these isolates to nine other antistaphylococcal antibiotics was also determined for comparison. A total of 197 staphylococcal strains were tested from 1983 to 1992. Quinupristin/dalfopristin was bactericidal against all isolates, independent of their resistance to methicillin. Its activity was similar to that of vancomycin but superior to that of teicoplanin. Quinupristin/dalfopristin may prove to be an important addition to our armamentarium against catheter-related staphylococcal infections.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Bacteremia; Catheterization, Central Venous; Cefamandole; Cephalosporins; Ciprofloxacin; Clindamycin; Daptomycin; Humans; Methicillin; Methicillin Resistance; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Neoplasms; Novobiocin; Oxacillin; Penicillins; Rifampin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Teicoplanin; Vancomycin; Virginiamycin

Exudative epidermitis or greasy pig syndrome is caused by the coagulase-variable staphylococcal species Staphylococcus hyicus. Treatment of this disease is problematic because of the limited number of antimicrobial agents available for this purpose. Thirteen antimicrobial agents were evaluated for their activities against 100 S. hyicus strains isolated from pigs with exudative epidermitis. Novobiocin was the most active compound tested, with an MIC for 90% of the strains tested (MIC90) of < or = 0.06 microgram/ml. Enrofloxacin, ampicillin, and ceftiofur were the next most active compounds, with MIC90s of 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 microgram/ml, respectively. However, 41.4% of the 99 strains tested were positive for beta-lactamase production. The MIC90s of erythromycin, tetracycline, and streptomycin were > 32.0 micrograms/ml. Initial testing with sulfadiazine-trimethoprim yielded an MIC90 of > 64.0 micrograms/ml, but subsequent testing with thymidine phosphorylase-supplemented medium yielded an MIC90 of 0.06 microgram/ml. Both lincomycin and spectinomycin were relatively inactive against the S. hyicus strains tested, with MIC90s of > 64.0 and > 128.0 micrograms/ml, respectively. However, the combination of the two compounds at ratios of 1:2 (lincomycin to spectinomycin) and 1:8 were more active, with MIC90s of 16.0 and 4.0 micrograms/ml, respectively. These results indicate that novobiocin and sulfadiazine-trimethoprim were the most active compounds tested against the S. hyicus strains isolated from pigs with exudative epidermitis. Furthermore, the combination of lincomycin and spectinomycin was more active than the individual compounds against the strains tested.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactamases; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Epidermitis, Exudative, of Swine; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Novobiocin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Swine; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

The prevalence of colonization by Staphylococcus saprophyticus of the urogenital tracts of 276 women from an outpatient gynecology practice was determined by using selective and enrichment culture techniques. Nineteen subjects (6.9%) were found to be colonized by S. saprophyticus. The rectum was the most frequent site of colonization and was responsible for 40% of the isolates; this was followed in decreasing order by the urethra, urine, and cervix. Women colonized by S. saprophyticus were more likely to have experienced a urinary tract infection in the previous 12 months (P = 0.058; odds ratio, 2.844; 95% confidence interval, 1.054 to 7.671). Patients colonized by S. saprophyticus tended to have had their menstrual periods more recently (P = 0.066), experienced sexual intercourse more recently (P = 0.168), and had a recent or concurrent diagnosis of vaginal candidiasis (P = 0.111; odds ratio, 2.393; 95% confidence interval, 0.877 to 6.528). A seasonal variation in colonization was observed, with colonization most likely occurring during the summer and fall. Follow-up for an average of 6.75 months failed to document any colonized woman progressing to symptomatic urinary tract infection. In addition, 21 women colonized by non-S. saprophyticus, novobiocin-resistant, coagulase-negative staphylococci were identified and characterized.

Topics: Adult; Coagulase; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Female Urogenital Diseases; Humans; Novobiocin; Prospective Studies; Seasons; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Urogenital System; Virginia

Following implementation of special measures to control a nosocomial outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), we used immunoblot typing in conjunction with antimicrobial susceptibility testing to investigate the epidemiology of this event and to determine whether this outbreak represented the failure of infection control measures to limit the spread of previously endemic MRSA strains or the introduction of a new strain of MRSA.. Isolates of MRSA recovered from hospitalized patients were initially categorized on the basis of antimicrobial susceptibility results. Organisms susceptible to ciprofloxacin and/or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole were recovered from patients at a relatively constant rate prior to December 1988 and were categorized as endemic isolates. Subsequently, there was an outbreak due to organisms resistant to both of these antibiotics; these were therefore categorized as outbreak isolates. Isolates were later characterized by immunoblot typing. Prior to this analysis, isolates were given code numbers so that clinical and epidemiologic data as well as resistance patterns were not known until this testing was complete.. Between January 1986 and November 1988, an average of 3.9 patients per month acquired nosocomial MRSA in the Sepulveda Veterans Administration Medical Center. In contrast, from December 1988 to October 1989, 369 MRSA isolates were collected from 125 patients (an average of 11.4 patients per month). Prior to December 1988, all tested nosocomial isolates of MRSA were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and/or to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. In contrast, the outbreak was due to spread of MRSA isolates resistant to these antibiotics. Immunoblot typing of 204 isolates from 98 individuals identified five distinct immunoblot types of which types B and C were by far the most common. Type B was highly associated with outbreak isolates, whereas type C was associated with endemic isolates (p less than 0.001). All sequential isolates from single patients that belonged to different susceptibility categories demonstrated discordant immunoblot types. In contrast, concordant immunoblot types were observed for 25 of 27 sequential isolates that displayed minor variations in antimicrobial resistance. The institution of more stringent infection control measures was followed by the return of nosocomial MRSA acquisition rates to pre-outbreak levels. Although novobiocin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole were extensively used to treat patients harboring outbreak and endemic isolates, respectively, in no instance was the initial MRSA isolate from any patient resistant to novobiocin and only 6% of initial endemic isolates displayed trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance. A modest, significant increase in the resistance of endemic isolates to various other antimicrobial agents was noted however.. Immunoblot analyses provided strong, corroborative evidence that at least two separate strains of MRSA were present during the outbreak and that a newly introduced strain with a distinctive antimicrobial resistance pattern was primarily responsible for the rapid spread of MRSA during the outbreak. The observation that previously effective infection control measures failed to prevent the nosocomial spread of a newly introduced community-acquired MRSA strain suggests that a single set of control measures may not be equally efficacious against all strains of MRSA. In this regard, previously reported variations in resistance to topical antimicrobials and/or antiseptics, and differences in virulence factors such as colonization potential, invasiveness, and survival on fomites, may warrant further study. Control of the outbreak strain of MRSA in our institution did occur after the implementation of more strenuous isolation procedures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)

Topics: California; Carrier State; Cross Infection; Disease Outbreaks; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Hospitals, Veterans; Humans; Immunoblotting; Incidence; Infection Control; Methicillin Resistance; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Novobiocin; Occupational Diseases; Organizational Policy; Personnel, Hospital; Prevalence; Seasons; Serotyping; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Trimethoprim Resistance; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

A modified Kloos/Schleifer-scheme proved to be useful in identifying coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from urine. S. epidermidis (44.2%) and S. saprophyticus (21.5%) were the most frequent species. Analysis of patients confirmed both species as urinary pathogens. Using an abbreviated scheme of 6 characteristics, S. saprophyticus was mis-classified in 19.5% of cases. A Phosphatase-Novobiocin-Mannose-Inhibition Test (PNMI-Test) together with a high NaCl concentration (10%) in combination with a coagulase test seems to be an acceptable compromise for routine identification of the three most important staphylococcal urinary tract pathogens, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. saprophyticus. The technical and financial expenditure can be reduced considerably, because an extended identification has to be applied only to strains which cannot be identified by the PNMI-Test.

Topics: Bacteriuria; Humans; Mannose; Novobiocin; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Urinary Tract Infections

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important nosocomial infection problem. Colonization appears to be more common than invasive disease is. Eradication of colonization or the carrier state could limit the spread of MRSA, thus reducing the potential for mortality and morbidity in other patients. The detection of patients with MRSA infection in a rehabilitation ward led to a study of the combination of novobiocin-rifampin in vivo and in vitro. We found that 300 mg of rifampin plus 500 mg of novobiocin orally twice daily for 5 days, in 18 courses of treatment given to 12 patients, resulted in the clearing of MRSA in 79% of the evaluable courses and 81% of the evaluable sites. A second course cleared MRSA from one of the patients with a treatment failure. Side effects were not noted. All 18 pretherapy isolates were susceptible to either drug in vitro, but 1 of 2 posttherapy isolates was rifampin resistant. Timed-kill studies demonstrated that the rate of killing was the same with either drug alone or both drugs together. Pretherapy isolates from treatment successes or failure were killed at the same rate by the drug combination. However, with the rifampin-resistant isolate killing ceased after 48 h. Results of this study suggest that previously untreated patients are likely to have isolates that are susceptible to the combination of drugs and that the combination is commonly effective in eradicating MRSA carriage. Since the regimen is orally administered, and thus convenient, in conjunction with other measures it has the promise of reducing the spread of MRSA in hospitals.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Cell Survival; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Methicillin Resistance; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Novobiocin; Rifampin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Time Factors

Cows with Staphylococcus aureus mastitis received either one or two intramammary infusions containing 100,000 U penicillin G and 150 mg novobiocin. Milk and tissue samples were obtained from each quarter. Peak mean penicillin and novobiocin concentrations from antibiotic-positive tissue samples were .013 U/mg and .06 microgram/mg, respectively, for quarters treated once. Quarters treated twice had peak mean penicillin and novobiocin concentrations of .057 U/mg and .06 microgram/mg, respectively. Viable Staphylococcus aureus were isolated intermittently from milk and tissue samples of quarters positive for penicillin and novobiocin for both treatment groups. Histological analysis of mammary parenchyma demonstrated marked decreases in luminal area and increases in connective tissue area and leukocyte infiltration in S. aureus-infected quarters compared with uninfected controls, suggesting that reduction in milk collecting space and presence of inflammatory changes may be responsible for poor drug distribution.

Topics: Animals; Biopsy; Cattle; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Lactation; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mastitis, Bovine; Milk; Novobiocin; Penicillin G; Pregnancy; Staphylococcal Infections; Tissue Distribution

Staphylococcus saprophyticus, a coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CNS), causes acute urinary tract infection predominantly in young women (15-30 years). In the clinical microbiology laboratory identification and differentiation of S. saprophyticus from other CNS usually depends solely upon the demonstration of resistance to the antimicrobial agent novobiocin. Phenotypic characteristics of 36 novobiocin-resistant CNS isolated from the urine of patients with acute urinary tract infections were further analysed and the homogeneity of the isolates assessed. The organisms were speciated by the API STAPH identification system. Twenty-one isolates were S. saprophyticus (p greater than or equal to 97%), and there was one strain each of S. epidermidis, S. hominis and S. simulans (p greater than or equal to 97%). Of the remainder, three isolates were unidentifiable and a further nine had the characteristics associated with more than one species of CNS. Additional tests, including carbohydrate fermentation, antibiotic sensitivity and fluorogenic substrate utilisation, were performed on all isolates. Computer analysis of the results confirmed that testing for resistance to novobiocin selects a heterogeneous group of CNS composed of several different species.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Coagulase; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Fermentation; Humans; Novobiocin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Urinary Tract Infections

A procedure for deriving drug combinations for animal health is used to derive an optimal combination of 200 mg of novobiocin and 650,000 IU of penicillin for nonlactating cow mastitis treatment. The procedure starts with an estimated second order polynomial response surface equation. That surface is translated into a probability surface with contours called isoprobs. The isoprobs show drug amounts that have equal probability to produce maximal efficacy. Safety factors are incorporated into the probability surface via a noncentrality parameter that causes the isoprobs to expand as safety decreases, resulting in lower amounts of drug being used.

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Mastitis, Bovine; Mathematics; Novobiocin; Penicillins; Probability; Random Allocation; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections

A modified automated method that uses the MS-2 system (Abbott Laboratories, Diagnostics Div., Irving, Tex.) to verify the reaction of coagulase-negative staphylococci to novobiocin is described. This technique permits the testing of a great number of specimens in an average time of 99 min and results in a 100% match with the traditional method of culturing.

Topics: Bacteriological Techniques; Coagulase; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Novobiocin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Urinary Tract Infections

Staphylococcus aureus is a frequent cause of bovine mastitis worldwide. A model that may predict the efficacy of antimicrobial agents in the treatment of bovine mastitis induced by Staph. aureus was developed in lactating mice. Infection was established by the inoculation of lactating CF1 mice with Staph. aureus into the mammary gland via the teat duct. At the dose of bacteria used, 85-90% of the inoculated, untreated animals developed a nonlethal, acute mastitis within 48 h. Antibiotic treatment was administered subcutaneously or by the intramammary route. Lincosaminide antibiotics including lincomycin, clindamycin, and pirlimycin were evaluated in this system. Other compounds which have been used in therapy of bovine mastitis including novobiocin, penicillin G, ampicillin, cloxacillin and rifamycin-SV were used as reference antibiotics. Pirlimycin was the most effective of the antibiotics tested in this standardized system. Depending upon the route of administration, this novel lincosaminide was 15 to 95-fold more effective than clindamycin, three- to six-fold better than lincomycin, two- to ten-fold more effective than novobiocin, 13- to 17-times more effective than cloxacillin and 8- to 22-times better than rifamycin-SV on a weight-dose comparison. Penicillin G and ampicillin were the least effective drugs tested against mastitis induced by the beta-lactamase producing strain of Staph. aureus used in these assays. Pharmacokinetic experiments suggested that the greater effectiveness of pirlimycin compared to clindamycin and lincomycin was due to increased affinity for and prolonged retention in the mammary gland.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Clindamycin; Cloxacillin; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Injections; Injections, Subcutaneous; Kinetics; Lactation; Lincomycin; Lincosamides; Macrolides; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mastitis; Mastitis, Bovine; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Novobiocin; Pregnancy; Rifamycins; Staphylococcal Infections

When the Schleifer and Kloos classification was used for the identification of 300 clinical isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), S. epidermidis together with S. saprophyticus was found to amount to 21.1%. A total of 48% of the cultures under test were identified. On the basis of these results and with respect to literary data the present authors propose to subdivide, in diagnostic studies, the mentioned microorganisms into groups of related species, i.e., the epidermidis group and the saprophyticus group, instead of classifying the CNS according to species. By means of the tests proposed (determination of phosphatase, fermentation of glucose, oxidation of mannitol, behaviour towards novobiocin), typical S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus as well as cultures similar to them can be isolated within the groups. The method is easy to perform in diagnostic laboratories and, in contrast to methods practised up to now, enables us to characterize virtually all CNS variants isolated from patients, including the coagulase-negative S. aureus.

Topics: Coagulase; Humans; Novobiocin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus

Topics: Catalase; Coagulase; Humans; Novobiocin; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus

A previous study indicated that the API 230E system can identify coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species. A study was devised to evaluate the use of the API 20E system for this purpose. Because of the current interest in Staphylococcus saprophyticus the relationship of the API 20E results to novobiocin susceptibility was also examined. One hundred forty-nine isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci from urine cultures were tested with the API 20E system. The identification of 49 isolates was confirmed by Kloos and Schleifer method. We found that the routine API 20E system did not provide more information than novobiocin susceptibility studies alone, and that there was good but not absolute correlation between novobiocin resistance and identification of S. saprophyticus.

Topics: Bacteriological Techniques; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Novobiocin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Urinary Tract Infections

The use of a novobiocin-containing medium provided little benefit over observable quantitative growth on blood agar in detecting Staphylococcus saprophyticus in urine cultures.

Topics: Bacteria; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Humans; Novobiocin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Urinary Tract Infections; Urine

Staphylococcus saprophyticus has been shown to be an important uropathogen in urinary tract infections in young women. Thirty-five isolates from 27 patients with staphylococci in the prostatic fluid of men with bacterial prostatitis were evaluated for the presence of S. saprophyticus. Three patients (11 per cent) with this organism were identified by novobiocin resistance (disk diffusion test), absence of hemolysis, and coagulase. These patients tended to be younger, more symptomatic, and more responsive to appropriate antibiotic therapy than those with staphylococcus epidermidis. S. saprophyticus appears to be an important pathogen in prostatic infections.

Topics: Adult; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Novobiocin; Prostatitis; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus

One hundred and fifty-six urine specimens with a pure culture of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were studied. One hundred and eighteen charts were reviewed for clinical evidence of urinary tract infections. Twenty-four cases of urinary tract infection were found. The younger females in the study tended to have infection due to novobiocin resistant Staphylococcus in contrast to males and older females.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Coagulase; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Novobiocin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Biological Availability; Drug Evaluation; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Novobiocin; Skin Diseases, Infectious; Solutions; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Suppositories; Tablets; Time Factors

Staphylococcus saprophyticus biotype 3 (Micrococcus subgroup 3 or M3) has usually been shown to be the second commonset cause of urinary tract infections in European women who are not in hospital. It generally causes pyuria and symptoms as severe as those caused by Escherichia coli. Unlike S. epidermidis it is seldom found as a contaminant in midstream urine specimens, and almost exclusively infects women in their reproductive years. However, S. saprophyticus is seldom differentiated from S. epidermidis in Canadian clinical laboratories. Urinary isolates of S. saprophyticus were presumptively differentiated from other coagulase-negative Micrococcaceae by their resistance to novobiocin as demonstrated by a simple disc susceptibility test that misidentified the infecting organism in only 3.4% of specimens. These novobiocin-resistant, coagulase-negative organisms caused similar proportions of the urinary tract infections in young women in York, England and Vancouver -- 6.6% and 6.9% respectively. In York these organisms were associated with significantly greater pyuria than novobiocin-sensitive organisms or bile-tolerant streptococci but not S. aureus or Enterobacteriaceae. In both communities novobiocin-sensitive, coagulase-negative Micrococcaceae were appreciably more resistant to penicillin than novobiocin-resistant organisms. Thus, differentiating S. saprophyticus from novobiocin-sensitive, coagulase-negative organisms provides information that is clinically useful, particularly for primary care practitioners working in the community or in outpatient clinics.

Topics: Adult; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Humans; Micrococcus; Novobiocin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Urinary Tract Infections

Infections were induced at the end of lactation in all udder quarters of 19 cows by the infusion of 0.2 mL of a 10(-4) dilution in milk of a six hour milk culture of Staphylococcus aureus, strain 305 (A.T.C.C No. 29740). Two right or two left udder quarters were infected at 15 days and the opposite two five days before the last milking of lactation. Following the last milking all four udder quarters of eight cows were treated with 400 mg novobiocin in 10 mL of 2% aluminum monosterate in peanut oil, gelled. All udder quarters of eight other cows were treated with 50 mg novobiocin in the same vehicle and the udder quarters of three cows were treated with the vehicle only. At calving, eight of 32 quarters treated with 400 mg novobiocin were still infected, as were 18 of 32 treated with 50 mg of novobiocin and all those quarters treated with vehicle only. Results were identical from udder quarters infected 15 and five days before drying off. No significant differences were found between quarters in milk yield on the last day of lactation, nor the length of the dry period. An increasing number of udder quarters were infected at calving with increase in lactation age of the cow, although the small number of cows would not allow a firm conclusion. A significant difference in results was found between front and hind udder quarters, only five of 32 front quarters were infected at calving as compared to 21 to 32 hind quarters. The method proposed was found to give essentially the same results as those from a large field trial using the same antibiotic. It should therefore be useful in evaluation trials of new antibiotic products for dry cow treatment.

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Female; Injections; Lactation; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mastitis, Bovine; Novobiocin; Pregnancy; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus

Four dose levels of novobiocin (50, 200, 400, 600 mg) were compared with no drug for the intramammary treatment of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and other streptococcal infections present in the udder of dairy cows at the initiation of the dry period. Treatment success was evaluated by comparing the microbiological status of duplicate pretreatment quarter milk samples collected at drying off with the microbiological status of duplicate quarter milk samples collected four to ten days postcalving. Infection status of 1318 cows in 75 herds in five geographic locations was determined. Treatment effects on infected cows were evaluated by least squares analysis of variance with treatment, herd, lactation number, days dry and milk production at drying off considered as variables. The dose of 400 mg novobiocin per quarter was demonstrated to be significantly more effective (P < 0.05) than no drug and significantly better than (P < 0.05) or equal to the other doses for curing infections caused by S. aureus, S. agalactiae and other streptococci. A significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the overall rate of new udder infections acquired during the dry period was observed in cows treated with >/= 200 mg novobiocin at drying off. The data supported the conclusion that the cow rather than the quarter is the appropriate experimental unit in the evaluation of intramammary mastitis treatments. Herd and lactation number were the most significant variables affecting cures.

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Female; Injections; Lactation; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mastitis, Bovine; Novobiocin; Pregnancy; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections

Topics: Animals; Coagulase; Female; Humans; Male; Mice; Novobiocin; Phagocytosis; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Bacteriuria; Culture Media; Cystitis; Female; Humans; Novobiocin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Urethritis

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Humans; Novobiocin; Rectum; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Urinary Tract Infections

This study concerns the diagnosis of coagulase-negative staphylococci, with special emphasis on novobiocin-resistant species, vis S. saprophyticus, S. cohnii and S. xylosus. Disc diffusion tests for novobiocin were found useful in the differential diagnosis of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from urine specimens, but not from pus and blood cultures. We report on the resistance of S. saprophyticus to nalidixic acid and the use of this characteristic in the diagnosis of coagulase-negative staphylococci known to be novobiocin-sensitive, but which have subsequently acquired resistance to novobiocin. The results of different tests for betalactamase production in S. saprophyticus are presented. "Clover leaf" tests suggested such a production in about half of the strains studied, while no strain produced betalactamase as indicated by tests using chromogenic cephalosporin or benzylpenicillin in capillary tube tests. -The failure of tests for nitrate reduction, glucose consumption and of cultrues of urine on MacConkey's agar in the diagnosis of urinary tract infections caused by S. saprophyticus, is documented. The concept "significant bacteriuria" in the diagnosis of S. saprophyticus infections of the urinary tract above the bladder neck is also considered.

Topics: Bacteriological Techniques; Bacteriuria; Blood; Coagulase; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nalidixic Acid; Novobiocin; Penicillinase; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Suppuration

During the course of one year all (382) strains of staphylococci isolated in significant culture from urine specimens were typed by the Baird-Parker method. Staphylococcus aureus accounted for only 63 (16%) of the infections. Novobiocin-resistant micrococcal infection occurred predominantly in young women but also in children of both sexes; it was not restricted to M3. To try to detect possible sources of micrococcal infection other than faeces the normal flora of the throat, urinary tract, and vagina of young women was studied. Novobiocin-resistant micrococci were rarely found. Previous reports that micrococci are the second commonest urinary pathogens in young women in domiciliary practice were confirmed. The laboratory records of patients with these infections suggested that they respond well to treatment and that recurrences are usually due to a different organism.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Bacteriuria; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Humans; Infant; Middle Aged; Novobiocin; Pharynx; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus; Vagina

An experimental product incorporating 500,000 IU of procaine penicillin G and 600 mg of sodium novobiocin in 2% aluminum monostearate-peanut oil gel (10-ml dose) was used to treat all quarters of 56 cows which were infected in at least 1 quarter at time of final mild-out at end of lactation. Treatment was withheld from 89 cows uninfected in all quarters. Quarter infection was determined by bacteriologic culturing of milk samples collected at the last regular milking, at intervals up to final milk-out (7 or 12 days later), at calving, and 1 week later. Clearance rates against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, streptococci other than Streptococcus agalactiae, and coliform bacteria in treated quarters were 83, 94, 88, and 71%, respectively. Subtraction of the spontaneous clearance rate of about 50% in untreated quarters resulted in values of 35 to 45% for drug efficacy against existing staphylococcal and streptococcal infections. Prophylactic efficacy was examined. In cows entering the true nonlactating period with 1 or more quarters infected, new infection rates across the period aming quarters uninfected at the beginning were 36.0% among untreated cows and 6.3% among treated cows (P less than 0.005). The comparable rates for cows entering the nonlactating period uninfected in all quarters were 5.7 and 0%. Staphylococcus aureus and streptococci, which comprised 38.5% of new period infections among untreated cows, were completely lacking among treated cows (P less than 0.025). Within the treated group of cows, 83.1% of infected quarters were cleared, and new infection rate in the non-lactating period was 50% less than the rate among untreated cows. Because the frequency of intramammary infection in this herd was quite low at "drying-off" (10.5% of quarters), the net effect on herd health of selective therapy of cows infected at end of lactation was a reduction in total quarter infection from 19.8 to 13.6%.

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Drug Combinations; Female; Lactation; Mastitis, Bovine; Novobiocin; Penicillin G Procaine; Pregnancy; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections

In a prospective study in young women, novobiocin-resistant subgroup-3 micrococci were the second commonest cause, after Escherichia coli; of acute urinary infections. Proteus mirabilis was the only other causative organism. Symptoms, pyuria, or possible aetiological factors were the same in micrococcal and coliform infections. The infecting micrococcus "biotype" was only rarely found among the normal flora of the genitourinary tract of young women, though other micrococci and staphylococci were commonly present. Evidently, the infecting micrococci are selectively pathogenic in the urinary tract. Micrococcal infections, like coliform infections; commonly followed sexual intercourse, but there was no evidence that the micrococci were sexually transmitted. The infecting biotype was rarely found in the male urethra or prepuce.

Topics: Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Female; Humans; Male; Micrococcaceae; Novobiocin; Proteus Infections; Proteus mirabilis; Staphylococcal Infections; Sulfamethazine; Urease; Urinary Tract Infections; Urogenital System

Penicillin (P), novobiocin (N), and both (P-N) were evaluated in vitro against 143 clinical isolates of bovine mastitis, including, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, and Streptococcus uberis. Greater antistaphylococcal activities were demonstrated with N alone and P-N than with P alone. Streptococcus spp were more susceptible to P alone than to N alone, and the effectiveness of P-N corresponded with that of P alone. In vitro, P-N had a wider spectrum of antibacterial activity than did either P or N. Similar results were also obtained in vivo, using the mouse protection test. The P-N gave a greater protection rate in mice experimentally infected with S aureus and Str agalactiae than did P or N.

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Female; Mastitis, Bovine; Mice; Novobiocin; Penicillin G; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus; Streptococcus agalactiae

Topics: Cephalothin; Diabetes Complications; Electrodes, Implanted; Humans; Novobiocin; Oxacillin; Pacemaker, Artificial; Penicillins; Replantation; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Surgical Wound Infection; Ventricular Fibrillation

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cloxacillin; Cross Infection; DNA, Bacterial; Extrachromosomal Inheritance; Fusidic Acid; Genes; Genetic Linkage; Humans; Methicillin; Novobiocin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillinase; Skin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Transduction, Genetic; Transformation, Genetic; Trimethoprim

Topics: Acute Disease; Anti-Infective Agents; Cephalosporins; Chronic Disease; Czechoslovakia; Drug Evaluation; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Erythromycin; Fusidic Acid; Gentamicins; Humans; Lincomycin; Novobiocin; Osteomyelitis; Penicillins; Recurrence; Rifamycins; Staphylococcal Infections; Sulfamethoxazole; Trimethoprim; Vancomycin

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate; Drug Stability; Erythromycin; Gastric Juice; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kanamycin; Male; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Novobiocin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Pneumococcal Infections; Rifampin; Solutions; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptococcal Infections

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Cloxacillin; Female; Framycetin; Mastitis, Bovine; Novobiocin; Penicillin G; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin

Topics: Bacitracin; Burns; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Erythromycin; Fusidic Acid; Humans; Methicillin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Neomycin; Nose; Novobiocin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Bronchopneumonia; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Cloxacillin; Cystic Fibrosis; Female; Fusidic Acid; Humans; Infant; Lincomycin; Male; Neomycin; Novobiocin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillin V; Pseudomonas Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriophage Typing; Chloramphenicol; Cloxacillin; Cross Infection; Erythromycin; Hospitals; Humans; Methicillin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Novobiocin; Paratyphoid Fever; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus

Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephaloridine; Cephalothin; Depression, Chemical; Erythromycin; Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate; Fusidic Acid; Lincomycin; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Neomycin; Novobiocin; Oxacillin; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Humans; Lincomycin; Methicillin; Methods; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Novobiocin; Oxacillin; Penicillin Resistance; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacitracin; Bacteriophage Typing; Boston; Cephaloridine; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Humans; Kanamycin; Lincomycin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Novobiocin; Penicillin Resistance; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline; Vancomycin

Topics: Cloxacillin; Culture Media; Empyema; Erythromycin; Female; Humans; L Forms; Middle Aged; Novobiocin; Penicillin Resistance; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Erythromycin; Humans; Kanamycin; Lincomycin; Novobiocin; Oxacillin; Penicillin Resistance; Rifampin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Time Factors

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cloxacillin; Female; Mastitis, Bovine; Novobiocin; Penicillin G; Staphylococcal Infections

Topics: Adult; Female; Fusidic Acid; Humans; Male; Methicillin; Middle Aged; Novobiocin; Osteitis; Osteomyelitis; Staphylococcal Infections

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carrier State; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Colistin; Erythromycin; Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate; Georgia (Republic); Humans; Novobiocin; Oleandomycin; Oxytetracycline; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Ristocetin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Vancomycin

Topics: Drug Resistance, Microbial; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Fusidic Acid; Humans; Novobiocin; Staphylococcal Infections; Vancomycin

1. Multiply resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus often harbor one or more extrachromosomal drug resistant factors as well as temperate prophages capable of mediating generalized transduction. 2. Spontaneous transduction occurs in mixed cultures of such staphylococcal strains, and the extrachromosomal resistance factors are involved more frequently than are chromosomal genes. 3. Spontaneous transduction of extrachromosomal determinants of erythromycin resistance and of linked penicillin-erythromycin resistance occurs in the kidneys of mice in which mixed infection has been induced.

Topics: Animals; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Genetics; Kidney Diseases; Mice; Novobiocin; Penicillinase; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Erythromycin; Female; Fusidic Acid; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Methicillin; Middle Aged; Novobiocin; Penicillin Resistance; Pneumonia, Staphylococcal; Rifampin; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Flavonoids; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Novobiocin; Penicillin Resistance; Ristocetin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tyrothricin; Vancomycin

Topics: Catheterization; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Empyema; Erythromycin; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Kanamycin; Mortality; Novobiocin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Pneumonia; Pneumothorax; Radiography, Thoracic; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Bacteriological Techniques; Cross Infection; England; Fusidic Acid; Hospitals, General; Humans; Methicillin; Methicillin Resistance; Novobiocin; Penicillin Resistance; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus Phages; Statistics as Topic; Streptomycin; Surgical Wound Infection

Topics: Bacteriological Techniques; Biological Assay; Classification; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Novobiocin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bronchitis; Chloramphenicol; Erythromycin; Haemophilus influenzae; Novobiocin; Penicillins; Pneumococcal Infections; Pneumonia; Scotland; Staphylococcal Infections; Statistics as Topic; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Virus Diseases

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacitracin; Child; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Drainage; Empyema; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Kanamycin; Novobiocin; Oleandomycin; Pediatrics; Penicillins; Pneumococcal Infections; Pneumothorax; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Sulfonamides; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Tetracycline; Vancomycin

Topics: Abscess; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacitracin; Bronchial Fistula; Chloramphenicol; Empyema; Erythromycin; Humans; Kanamycin; Novobiocin; Penicillins; Pleural Effusion; Pneumonia; Pneumonia, Staphylococcal; Pneumothorax; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Vancomycin

Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Burns; Child; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli Infections; gamma-Globulins; Humans; Immune Sera; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Kanamycin; Novobiocin; Polymyxins; Proteus Infections; Pseudomonas Infections; Salmonella Infections; Sepsis; Serum Albumin; Shigella; Sodium Chloride; Solutions; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Vancomycin

Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cataract Extraction; Chloramphenicol; Endophthalmitis; Methicillin; Novobiocin; Oxacillin; Postoperative Complications; Proteus Infections; Pseudomonas Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Toxicology; Vancomycin

A survey of Staphylococcus albus urinary infections is reported from a general hospital. The infection followed urethral instrumentation in 75% of the patients, and was usually caused by organisms already present in the urethra. Novobiocin-resistant strains caused infections in four out-patients with no predisposing lesions or instrumentation of the urinary tract.

Topics: Bacteriology; Coagulase; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Hydrolases; Male; Novobiocin; Penicillin Resistance; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Urethra; Urinary Catheterization; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Adolescent; Aerosols; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candidiasis; Child; Chloramphenicol; Drug Therapy; Erythromycin; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Infant; Kanamycin; Leukopenia; Methicillin; Neomycin; Novobiocin; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; Penicillins; Pneumonia; Pneumonia, Staphylococcal; Radiography, Thoracic; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Toxicology

Topics: Alcaligenes; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Diabetes Mellitus; Enterobacteriaceae; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Kanamycin; Klebsiella; Neomycin; Nitrofurantoin; Novobiocin; Penicillins; Polymyxins; Proteus Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Therapy; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Novobiocin; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Bronchopneumonia; Child; Chloramphenicol; Drug Therapy; Empyema; Humans; Infant; Lung Abscess; Novobiocin; Oxytetracycline; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections

Preliminary results suggest that the antibiotic lincomycin (a product of Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis) possesses certain valuable properties which include good in vitro activity against many strains of hospital staphylococci resistant to many other antibiotics. During a study of this agent, a selected series of severe staphylococcal infections due to resistant organisms were treated with lincomycin, with encouraging responses. Favourable results were also noted in seven cases of osteomyelitis. Lincomycin may be administered by the oral or parenteral routes to adults and infants and satisfactory serum blood levels obtained. So far as the authors' limited experience enables them to conclude, and at the dose range tested, this antibiotic promises to be one of low toxicity.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Bacteriology; Biomedical Research; Canada; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy; Erythromycin; Geriatrics; Gram-Positive Cocci; Humans; Infant; Lincomycin; Methicillin; Novobiocin; Osteomyelitis; Penicillins; Research; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Toxicology

Topics: Erythromycin; Femur; Hip; Humans; Joints; Knee; Novobiocin; Osteomyelitis; Staphylococcal Infections; Wrist; Wrist Joint

Brown, Ruby L. (North Carolina State College, Raleigh) and James B. Evans. Comparative physiology of antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. J. Bacteriol. 85:1409-1412. 1963.-A collection of antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical sources was studied with respect to nutritional requirements and common diagnostic tests. Contrary to numerous reports in the literature indicating changes in these characteristics in antibiotic-resistant mutants, the present cultures were typical members of the taxonomic species S. aureus. They were coagulase-positive, fermented both glucose and mannitol under anaerobic conditions, produced acetoin from glucose, grew and produced black colonies on tellurite glycine agar, required both thiamine and nicotinic acid, and did not require other vitamins or purines. It is suggested that in most instances these cultures from clinical sources represent spontaneous mutants having genetic changes limited largely to loci concerned with antibiotic resistance. Most reports of extensive changes in physiology and nutritive requirements by antibiotic-resistant strains of S. aureus are based on studies of resistant strains selected after exposing a large population of the parent sensitive strain to toxic levels of antibiotics, chemical mutagens, or irradiation. Such isolates may have widespread genetic damage at other loci in addition to those concerned with their antibiotic resistance.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Coagulase; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Glucose; Humans; Hydrolases; Mannitol; Metabolism; Micrococcus; Neomycin; Niacin; Nicotinic Acids; Novobiocin; Oleandomycin; Penicillins; Pyruvates; Research; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Thiamine

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Chloramphenicol; Erythromycin; Humans; Infant; Methicillin; Novobiocin; Osteomyelitis; Penicillins; Radiography; Staphylococcal Infections; Surgical Procedures, Operative

Topics: Abscess; Arthritis; Child; Chloramphenicol; Diagnosis, Differential; Drainage; Erythromycin; Humans; Infant; Joint Diseases; Novobiocin; Osteomyelitis; Oxytetracycline; Penicillins; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Suppuration; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate; Erythromycin; Humans; Neomycin; Novobiocin; Oleandomycin; Oxytetracycline; Penicillins; Spiramycin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; France; Novobiocin; Oleandomycin; Penicillins; Saints; Spiramycin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Chloramphenicol; Erythromycin; Humans; Methicillin; Novobiocin; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Vancomycin

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Humans; Novobiocin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus Phages; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitoxins; Bacteriophages; Chloramphenicol; Erythromycin; Immunotherapy, Active; Methicillin; Novobiocin; Oleandomycin; Penicillin G; Penicillins; Spiramycin; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Toxins, Biological; Vancomycin

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arthritis; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Erythromycin; Geriatrics; Hydrocortisone; Middle Aged; Novobiocin; Penicillins; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Suppuration; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacitracin; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Culture Media; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Fusidic Acid; Kanamycin; L Forms; Methicillin; Neomycin; Novobiocin; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Research; Ristocetin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus Phages; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Vancomycin

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Communicable Diseases; Erythromycin; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Nose; Novobiocin; Oleandomycin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus

Topics: Humans; Novobiocin; Osteomyelitis; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Bilirubin; Child; Humans; Hyperbilirubinemia; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; Novobiocin; Rhinitis; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

A group of strains of Staphylococcus albus is described which produced neither coagulase nor haemolysin, was slightly sensitive or resistant to novobiocin, and sensitive to all other antibiotics, to sulphonamides, and to nitrofurantoin. The agglutinating antigen 51 was isolated from all strains from patients with urinary infections and abundant pyuria. In more than 40 cases studied it was not possible to isolate any other bacterial agent, and the cure of clinical symptoms always coincided with the disappearance of the coagulase-negative staphylococcus strain.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Coagulase; Female; Humans; Novobiocin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Sulfonamides; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Novobiocin; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Of 272 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus recovered from 173 samples of 10 market meats from 27 stores, 173 (63.2%) were phage typable, employing 28 phages. Sixty per cent of the phage-typable strains belonged to group III, followed by 14.5% to mixed groups I and III, 10.4% to Group I, 8.7% to all mixed groups, 4.6% to group II, and 1.7% to group IV. The most commonly recovered patterns were 83, 53/83, and other similar combinations of 53. The nonpigmented strains which did not have bound coagulase were less phage sensitive than the pigmented strains having bound coagulase. None of the isolates were resistant to novobiocin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, and erythromycin. Twenty-three per cent were resistant to streptomycin, 17% to ristocetin, 11% to penicillin, and 4.4% to chlortetracycline. The phage types are compared to those of other food and human isolates and found not to differ too greatly. Their possible origins into the meats are discussed.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Bacteriophage Typing; Bacteriophages; Chlortetracycline; Coagulase; Erythromycin; Humans; Meat; Novobiocin; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Dermatologic Agents; Novobiocin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus

Topics: Novobiocin; Otolaryngology; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biomedical Research; Child; Infant; Novobiocin; Staphylococcal Infections

Pattee, P. A. (Ohio State University, Columbus) and J. N. Baldwin. Transduction of resistance to chlortetracycline and novobiocin in Staphylococcus aureus. J. Bacteriol. 82: 875-881. 1961.-Using phage 80 of the International Typing Series propagated on appropriate strains of Staphylococcus aureus, resistance to chlortetracycline and novobiocin and the capacity to produce penicillinase were transduced to a number of antibiotic-sensitive recipient strains of S. aureus. The frequency of transduction varied from 1 to 10 transductants per 10(7) phage particles employed. Lysogenization of the transductants by the transducing phage did not occur. Phages 29, 52A, 79, and 53 of the International Typing Series were also capable of transduction, while phages 42B and 81 were unable to participate under the conditions used. The recipient strains were either resistant or susceptible to lysis by the transducing phages, but this did not influence the transduction frequencies. Lysis of transductants susceptible to the transducing phages was inhibited by preparing the selective medium with brain heart infusion agar. Linked transductions were not detected. With few exceptions, all of the recipient strains were susceptible to lysis by phages of group I or phage 81 or both. Strains susceptible to lysis by phages of groups II and III, but resistant to lysis by phages of group I or phage 81, were not transduced.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriophages; Chlortetracycline; Humans; Novobiocin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Communicable Diseases; Novobiocin; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Child; Heart Defects, Congenital; Heterotaxy Syndrome; Humans; Infant; Novobiocin; Situs Inversus; Spleen; Splenic Diseases; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Viscera

Topics: Heterozygote; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Nose; Novobiocin; Penicillins; Prevalence; Residence Characteristics; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Mice; Micrococcus; Novobiocin; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Child; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Lactation; Micrococcus; Milk; Milk, Human; Mothers; Novobiocin; Staphylococcal Infections

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Chloramphenicol; Dermatologic Agents; Erythromycin; Micrococcus; Novobiocin; Staphylococcal Infections

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Burns; Dermatologic Agents; Erythromycin; Micrococcus; Novobiocin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Endocarditis; Endocarditis, Bacterial; In Vitro Techniques; Micrococcus; Novobiocin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus