nitrophenols and Poisoning

Topics: Antidotes; Arsenic Poisoning; Atropine; Carbamates; Child; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Cholinesterases; Dimercaprol; Emetics; Erythrocytes; Gastric Lavage; Herbicides; Humans; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Insecticides; Nitrophenols; Organophosphorus Compounds; Oxygen; Pesticides; Phenobarbital; Poisoning; Pralidoxime Compounds; Respiration, Artificial; Rodenticides; Water

The clinical manifestations of acute poisoning by organophosphorus compounds in man are in accord with, initially, the stimulation and, later, the blocking of cholinergic transmission due to acetylcholinesterase inhibition. The manifestations involve mainly the para-sympathetic nerves, the neuromuscular junctions, and the central nerve synapses, and to a smaller degree the cholinergic sympathetic nerves. Miosis and muscle fasciculations are useful signs for diagnosis and for the control of therapy. Blood cholinesterase determination is the best diagnostic test. The cause of death is usually respiratory paralysis. Persistent manifestations have not been confirmed. Atropine and pralidoxime are effective for treatment and useful for diagnosis. Other oximes are promising but their clinical value has not been established. Poisoning by malathion is characterized by a prolonged course and by motor signs. Poisoning by organophosphorus compounds in man differs from animal experiments in several ways: in man, exposure may occur by several different routes, the manifestations are detected more easily, and therapy is given throughout the course of illness.

Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Atropine; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Child; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Cholinesterases; Environmental Exposure; Glycosuria; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Neurologic Manifestations; Nitrophenols; Occupational Diseases; Organophosphate Poisoning; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Oximes; Parasympatholytics; Parathion; Poisoning; Pralidoxime Compounds; Synapses

In January 1995 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency declared methyl parathion-contaminated homes in Lorain County, Ohio, as a Superfund cleanup site. During the 2-year cleanup, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in collaboration with county and city health officials conducted a study of exposure and health effects among residents. We administered 254 household and 747 individual questionnaires; urine analysis for p-nitrophenol (PNP, a metabolite of methyl parathion) was available for 626 participants. We also reviewed medical records of 49 people who were hospitalized or died after their homes were sprayed. People living in homes sprayed <180 days previously were most likely to have the highest PNP levels (22.9% > 100 ppb PNP), but even people living in homes sprayed more than a year previously appeared to be highly exposed (8.5% > 100 ppb PNP). The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey reference range is 0-63 ppb. Median detectable PNP levels among children younger than 3 years of age were 93.9 ppb compared with 41.6 ppb among people older than 3 years. Younger children appeared to be at greatest risk of exposure. In none of the medical records that we reviewed did a health care provider consider pesticide poisoning as a potential etiology.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Child, Preschool; Data Collection; Environmental Exposure; Female; Housing; Humans; Infant; Insect Control; Insecticides; Male; Medical Records; Methyl Parathion; Middle Aged; Nitrophenols; Ohio; Poisoning; Public Health; Risk Assessment

A series of 105 patients with organophosphate poisoning admitted to Harari Hospital during the past 4 years is described. Poisoning with organophosphate compounds is being seen more frequently in hospital practice in Rhodesia. Many of the cases are attempted suicides, but frequently there is no positive history of contact with the poison. The majority of patients exhibit the classic clinical features of parasympathetic overactivity, but diagnosis may be obscured by atypical presentation. Rapid diagnosis and utilization of the treatment regimen outlined in this article should reduce the mortality to less than 15%.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Atropine; Black or African American; Black People; Butyrylcholinesterase; Child; Critical Care; Female; Humans; Insecticides; Male; Nervous System Diseases; Nitrophenols; Organophosphorus Compounds; Oximes; Poisoning; Sex Ratio; Zimbabwe

Topics: Acute Disease; Age Factors; Autopsy; Biphenyl Compounds; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Male; Nitrophenols; Oxidative Phosphorylation; Poisoning

Topics: Accidents, Home; Anthelmintics; Biphenyl Compounds; Cheyne-Stokes Respiration; Chlorine; Humans; Infant; Lethal Dose 50; Male; Nitrophenols; Poisoning

Topics: Aerosols; Agricultural Workers' Diseases; Cholinesterases; Chromatography, Gas; Clothing; Gossypium; Humans; Nitrophenols; Parathion; Pesticide Residues; Poisoning; Skin; Solvents; Time Factors

Topics: Antidotes; Blood; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Cholinesterase Reactivators; Chromatography, Gas; Humans; Hydrolysis; Insecticides; Kinetics; Nitrophenols; Obidoxime Chloride; Oximes; Paraoxon; Poisoning; Pyridinium Compounds; Soman; Time Factors

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Cholinesterases; Esterases; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nitrophenols; Organophosphorus Compounds; Paraoxon; Poisoning

Topics: Amitriptyline; Animals; Atropine; Bromides; Carbamates; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Diphosphates; Drug Antagonism; Female; Fluorine; Guinea Pigs; Hydroxamic Acids; Isoflurophate; Lethal Dose 50; Nitrates; Nitrophenols; Nitroso Compounds; Organophosphonates; Organophosphorus Compounds; Orphenadrine; Oximes; Parasympatholytics; Physostigmine; Poisoning; Pyridinium Compounds; Rabbits; Rats; Salicylates; Scopolamine; Species Specificity; Sulfonic Acids; Sulfuric Acids; Thiazoles; Time Factors

Topics: Adult; Aniline Compounds; Female; Humans; Methemoglobin; Methemoglobinemia; Nitrobenzenes; Nitrophenols; Poisoning

Topics: Antidotes; Atropine; Cholinesterases; Chromatography, Gas; Female; Humans; Infant; Injections, Intravenous; Methods; Nitrophenols; Parathion; Poisoning; Spectrophotometry

Topics: Atropine; Child; Child, Preschool; Chlordan; Cholinesterases; Female; Heart Arrest; Humans; Male; Nitrophenols; Parathion; Pesticides; Phosphoric Acids; Poisoning; Pralidoxime Compounds; Pyrimidines; Stomach

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Cholinesterases; Humans; Insecticides; Middle Aged; Nitrophenols; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Parathion; Poisoning; Renal Dialysis

Topics: Alkaloids; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary; Antimalarials; Antitubercular Agents; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Chloramphenicol; Dosage Forms; Formaldehyde; Histamine H1 Antagonists; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Insecticides; Nitrophenols; Parasympatholytics; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Poisoning; Spectrophotometry; Sulfonamides; Sulfuric Acids; Ultraviolet Rays

Topics: Cholinesterases; Erythrocytes; Humans; Nitrophenols; Parathion; Phosphates; Poisoning

Topics: Dinitrophenols; Glucose; Glucose Tolerance Test; Insulin; Nitrophenols; Poisoning

Topics: 2,4-Dinitrophenol; Animals; Dinitrophenols; Mice; Nitrophenols; Pentylenetetrazole; Poisoning