nitrogen-dioxide and Disease-Models--Animal

COVID-19 as a viral disease has brought up the need to exercise more than before due to its physiological effects on health. Therefore, this study investigates the effect of 12-week of aerobic exercise on female students' hormone levels and lipid profile with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) during the COVID-19 pandemic.. Using a 12-week quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest research design among 40 Iranian female students aged 18-14 with PCOS, we randomly allocated the participants to either an experimental (they performed aerobic exercises three 60-minute sessions per week at home using content production) or a control condition. Their anthropometric and blood samples (e.g., testosterone, estrogen, prolactin, and lipid profile) were taken in two stages before and after the training protocol.. Findings demonstrated that performing aerobic exercises is an effective and non-invasive method that could have a positive effect on young girls' PCOS during COVID-19 pandemic.. La pandémie de COVID-19, en tant que maladie virale, a fait ressortir la nécessité de faire de l’exercice plus que jamais en raison de ses effets physiologiques sur la santé. Par conséquent, cette étude examine l’effet de 12 semaines d’exercice aérobique sur les niveaux hormonaux et le profil lipidique d’étudiantes atteintes du syndrome d’ovaires polykystiques (SOPK) pendant la pandémie de COVID-19.. En utilisant un modèle de recherche quasi-expérimental de 12 semaines avec pré-test, post-test auprès de 40 étudiantes iraniennes âgées de 18 à 14 ans atteintes du SOPK, nous avons réparti au hasard les participantes entre une série expérimentale (elles ont effectué des exercices aérobiques à raison de trois séances de 60 minutes par semaine à la maison) et une série contrôle. Les échantillons anthropométriques et sanguins (testostérone, œstrogène, prolactine et profil lipidique) ont été prélevés en deux étapes, avant et après le protocole d’entraînement.. Les résultats ont démontré que la pratique d’exercices d’aérobic est une méthode efficace et non invasive qui pourrait avoir un effet positif sur le SOPK des jeunes filles pendant la pandémie de COVID-19.. Our research showed that even less than 5 GBq irradiation could induce a transient testicular dysfunction in the first 3 months of therapy, but it was mostly reversible after 12 months.. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13204-023-02822-5.. Embelin is predicted to have a high probability of immunotoxicity potential and affect drug metabolism by inhibiting CYP2D6. In addition, it affects food intake, weight gain, and the number of implantations in pregnant rats. Therefore, it is highly recommended not to take embelin and embelin-rich plants during pregnancy. Further. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42965-023-00306-9.. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11696-023-02771-x.. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00477-023-02476-3.. This study ascribes for a new immunomodulatory role for IL11 during tumor development that is amenable to anti-cytokine based therapy of colon cancer.. Inflammation response do not seem to be enough to explain all the Essure-related adverse outcomes, suggesting the involvement of other biological mechanisms.. NCT03281564.. Inflammation and fibrosis are found in the surrounding tubal tissue around the Essure. Adult patients with BED with co-occurring obesity who have good responses to acute treatment with naltrexone/bupropion should be offered maintenance treatment with naltrexone/bupropion.. dp/dtmax in PiCCO parameter can be used as a bedside indicator to evaluate cardiac function in SIC patients due to its simplicity and ease of operation. Esmolol control of heart rate in SIC patients can improve cardiac function and reduce short-term mortality.. Inverted microscopy showed that compared with the NC group, the OGD/R group had poor cell status, swollen cytosol, visible cell lysis fragments and significantly lower cell activity [(49.1±2.7)% vs. (100.0±9.7)%, P < 0.01]; compared with the OGD/R group, the HW group had improved cell status and remarkably higher cell activity [(63.3±1.8)% vs. (49.1±2.7)%, P < 0.01]. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the neuronal nuclear membrane of cells in the OGD/R group was lysed and a higher number of autophagic lysosomes were visible compared with the NC group; compared with the OGD/R group, the neuronal damage of cells in the HW group was reduced and the number of autophagic lysosomes was notably decreased. The results of immunofluorescence assay showed that the expressions of LC3 and Beclin-1 were outstandingly enhanced in the OGD/R group compared with the NC group, and the expressions of LC3 and Beclin-1 were markedly weakened in the HW group compared with the OGD/R group. Western blotting assay showed that the expressions were prominently higher in both LC3II/I and Beclin-1 in the OGD/R group compared with the NC group (LC3II/I: 1.44±0.05 vs. 0.37±0.03, Beclin-1/β-actin: 1.00±0.02 vs. 0.64±0.01, both P < 0.01); compared with the OGD/R group, the protein expression of both LC3II/I and Beclin-1 in the HW group cells were notably lower (LC3II/I: 0.54±0.02 vs. 1.44±0.05, Beclin-1/β-actin: 0.83±0.07 vs. 1.00±0.02, both P < 0.01).. Hydrogen-rich water has a significant protective effect on OGD/R-causing HT22 cell injury, and the mechanism may be related to the inhibition of autophagy.. The prevalence of delirium in ICU patients is over 50%, with hypoactive delirium being the most common. Age, APACHE score at ICU admission, neurological disease, sepsis and duration of mechanical ventilation were all independent risk factors for the development of delirium in ICU patients. More than half of patients with delirium were still delirious when they discharged from the ICU.. For individuals ≥75 years, plasma Aβ42 and P-tau181 might not be associated with cognitive impairment, and MRI parameters, including PVWMH, LVBI and cortical atrophy, are related to CI. The cognitive statuses of people over 75 years old were used as the endpoint event in this study. Therefore, it can be considered that these MRI markers might have more important clinical significance for early assessment and dynamic observation, but more studies are still needed to verify this hypothesis.. We recommend using the Art/Zn complex owing to its moderate inhibitory and antiviral effects against the SARS-CoV-2 with a low cytotoxic effect on host (Vero E6) cells. We suggest conducting further prospective studies to investigate the biological effects of Art/Zn in animal models at different concentrations for testing its clinical efficacy and safety in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 activities.. The R/T sequence resulted in a significantly longer OS and PFS and improved disease control compared with the reverse sequence. R and T given not sequentially have similar impacts on survival. More data are needed to define the best sequence and to explore the efficacy of sequential (T/R or R/T) treatment combined with molecular-targeted drugs.

Topics: Actin Cytoskeleton; Actins; Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; Adenocarcinoma; Adenosine Triphosphate; Adsorption; Adult; Africa, Eastern; Aged; Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Air Pollution, Indoor; Alcohol Drinking; Allergens; Alzheimer Disease; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibodies; Antibodies, Immobilized; Antigen Presentation; Antigens, CD; Antineoplastic Agents; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Aptamers, Nucleotide; Asthma; Asthma, Exercise-Induced; Atrophy; Autophagy; Azoospermia; Bacillus cereus; Bacterial Infections; Beclin-1; Bile Duct Neoplasms; Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic; Biofouling; Biological Monitoring; Biomarkers; Biomarkers, Tumor; Biosensing Techniques; Blastocyst; Bone Neoplasms; Bone Regeneration; Bronchoconstriction; Burkitt Lymphoma; C9orf72 Protein; Campylobacter; Campylobacter Infections; Campylobacter jejuni; Carcinogenesis; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Cardiomyopathies; Caregivers; Carmine; Case-Control Studies; Catalysis; Cattle; Cause of Death; CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-alpha; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Cefepime; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Nucleus; Cell Transdifferentiation; Chelating Agents; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic; Chemoradiotherapy, Adjuvant; Child; Child, Preschool; China; Chlorquinaldol; Cholangiocarcinoma; Cholera; Chromatin; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cognitive Dysfunction; Cohort Studies; Colonic Neoplasms; Colorectal Neoplasms; Colorimetry; Cooking; Coordination Complexes; COVID-19; Creatinine; CRISPR-Cas Systems; Critical Care; Critical Illness; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cryopreservation; Cryoprotective Agents; Cysteine; Cytokines; Device Removal; Diet; Diet, High-Fat; Diet, Mediterranean; Dietary Supplements; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Dipeptides; Disease Models, Animal; Dithiothreitol; DNA; DNA Repeat Expansion; DNA, Bacterial; DNA, Complementary; Dopamine; Electrochemical Techniques; Electrodes; Endocannabinoids; Environmental Exposure; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Pollutants; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Erlotinib Hydrochloride; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli O157; Esophageal Neoplasms; Esophagitis, Peptic; Ethylene Glycol; Europium; Exanthema; Fallopian Tubes; Feces; Female; Fertilization in Vitro; Fluoresceins; Fluorescent Dyes; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Follow-Up Studies; Food Microbiology; Forced Expiratory Volume; Forkhead Transcription Factors; Frontotemporal Dementia; G-Quadruplexes; Galactose; Gastroenteritis; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Gastrointestinal Tract; Gene Frequency; Genetic Association Studies; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Genital Neoplasms, Female; Genome-Wide Association Study; Genome, Viral; Genomics; Genotype; Glucose; Glutathione; Glycerol; Gold; Graphite; GTPase-Activating Proteins; Heat-Shock Proteins; Heme Oxygenase-1; Hepacivirus; Hepatitis C; Hepatocytes; Histamine; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; Hoarseness; Hospice and Palliative Care Nursing; Humans; Hydrogen; Hydrogen Peroxide; Hydrogen Sulfide; Hydroxybenzoates; Hydroxyl Radical; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; Hyperthermia, Induced; Hysteroscopy; Immunoassay; Indigo Carmine; Inflammation; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Insulin Resistance; Intensive Care Units; Interleukin-11; Interleukin-6; Interleukins; Iodine Radioisotopes; Iran; Iridium; Islets of Langerhans; Kinetics; Lactation; Lactobacillus; Lactobacillus plantarum; Lamins; Latin America; Lead; Lectins; Leukopenia; Ligands; Limit of Detection; Lipopolysaccharides; Lipoprotein Lipase; Liver; Liver Cirrhosis; Liver Neoplasms; Lolium; Luminescent Measurements; Luminol; Lung; Luteinizing Hormone; Macrophages; Magnetic Phenomena; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Malnutrition; Maltose; Manganese Compounds; Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Melatonin; Metabolic Engineering; Metal Nanoparticles; Metallocenes; Metaplasia; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Methylation; Mevalonic Acid; Mexico; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Microbiota; MicroRNAs; Milk; Mitomycin; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Molecular Docking Simulation; Monte Carlo Method; Moringa oleifera; Multiple Sclerosis; Muscle Strength; Muscle, Skeletal; Nanocomposites; Nanotubes, Carbon; Neoadjuvant Therapy; Neoplasms; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Neurotransmitter Agents; NF-E2-Related Factor 2; Nickel; Nitrogen Dioxide; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Nucleocapsid Proteins; Nutritional Status; Obesity; Osteogenesis; Osteosarcoma; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxides; Oxygen; Oxyquinoline; Pain; Palliative Care; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Pandemics; Particulate Matter; Peroxidase; Peroxidases; Phagocytosis; Phaseolus; Photothermal Therapy; Point-of-Care Systems; Polyethyleneimine; Polymers; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Polysomnography; Postoperative Complications; Pregnancy; Pregnant Women; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Prevalence; Printing, Three-Dimensional; Probability; Probiotics; Prognosis; Prophages; Prospective Studies; Proteomics; Proto-Oncogene Proteins; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pseudomonas putida; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Pulmonary Embolism; Pyridines; Pyrroles; Quality of Life; Quinolones; Rabbits; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reactive Oxygen Species; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Receptors, Histamine; Receptors, Histamine H2; Recombinases; Rectal Neoplasms; Reperfusion Injury; Respiration; Respiratory Function Tests; Respiratory Rate; Respiratory Sounds; Retrospective Studies; rho GTP-Binding Proteins; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; RNA; RNA, Messenger; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Robotic Surgical Procedures; Running; Rural Population; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Salpingectomy; Sarcopenia; SARS-CoV-2; Seeds; Semen; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sepsis; Shock, Septic; Signal Transduction; Silicon Dioxide; Silver; Sirtuin 1; Skin Neoplasms; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive; Soil; Spain; Spectrum Analysis, Raman; Sperm Retrieval; Spermatozoa; Spirometry; Staphylococcus aureus; STAT3 Transcription Factor; Stereoisomerism; Sterilization, Tubal; Stroke Volume; Sulfadiazine; Sulfites; Superoxide Dismutase; Surface Plasmon Resonance; tau Proteins; Testis; Testosterone; Thioredoxin-Disulfide Reductase; Thyroid Neoplasms; Thyroidectomy; Trans-Activators; Transcription Factor AP-1; Treatment Outcome; Triazoles; Triclosan; Trifluridine; Tumor Microenvironment; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; United States; Uracil; Vagina; Vegetables; Ventricular Function, Left; Ventricular Pressure; Vibrio cholerae; Vietnam; Virulence; Vital Capacity; Vitrification; Walking; Water; Water Pollutants, Radioactive; Whole Genome Sequencing; Wind; YAP-Signaling Proteins; Zeolites; Zinc Oxide

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is a novel respiratory illness firstly reported in Saudi Arabia in 2012. It is caused by a new corona virus, called MERS corona virus (MERS-CoV). Most people who have MERS-CoV infection developed severe acute respiratory illness.. This work is done to determine the clinical characteristics and the outcome of intensive care unit (ICU) admitted patients with confirmed MERS-CoV infection.. This study included 32 laboratory confirmed MERS corona virus infected patients who were admitted into ICU. It included 20 (62.50%) males and 12 (37.50%) females. The mean age was 43.99 ± 13.03 years. Diagnosis was done by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) test for corona virus on throat swab, sputum, tracheal aspirate, or bronchoalveolar lavage specimens. Clinical characteristics, co-morbidities and outcome were reported for all subjects.. Most MERS corona patients present with fever, cough, dyspnea, sore throat, runny nose and sputum. The presence of abdominal symptoms may indicate bad prognosis. Prolonged duration of symptoms before patients' hospitalization, prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation and hospital stay, bilateral radiological pulmonary infiltrates, and hypoxemic respiratory failure were found to be strong predictors of mortality in such patients. Also, old age, current smoking, smoking severity, presence of associated co-morbidities like obesity, diabetes mellitus, chronic heart diseases, COPD, malignancy, renal failure, renal transplantation and liver cirrhosis are associated with a poor outcome of ICU admitted MERS corona virus infected patients.. Plasma HO-1, ferritin, p21, and NQO1 were all elevated at baseline in CKD participants. Plasma HO-1 and urine NQO1 levels each inversely correlated with eGFR (. SnPP can be safely administered and, after its injection, the resulting changes in plasma HO-1, NQO1, ferritin, and p21 concentrations can provide information as to antioxidant gene responsiveness/reserves in subjects with and without kidney disease.. A Study with RBT-1, in Healthy Volunteers and Subjects with Stage 3-4 Chronic Kidney Disease, NCT0363002 and NCT03893799.. HFNC did not significantly modify work of breathing in healthy subjects. However, a significant reduction in the minute volume was achieved, capillary [Formula: see text] remaining constant, which suggests a reduction in dead-space ventilation with flows > 20 L/min. (ClinicalTrials.gov registration NCT02495675).. 3 组患者手术时间、术中显性失血量及术后 1 周血红蛋白下降量比较差异均无统计学意义（. 对于肥胖和超重的膝关节单间室骨关节炎患者，采用 UKA 术后可获满意短中期疗效，远期疗效尚需进一步随访观察。.. Decreased muscle strength was identified at both time points in patients with hEDS/HSD. The evolution of most muscle strength parameters over time did not significantly differ between groups. Future studies should focus on the effectiveness of different types of muscle training strategies in hEDS/HSD patients.. These findings support previous adverse findings of e-cigarette exposure on neurodevelopment in a mouse model and provide substantial evidence of persistent adverse behavioral and neuroimmunological consequences to adult offspring following maternal e-cigarette exposure during pregnancy. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP6067.. This RCT directly compares a neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimen with a standard CROSS regimen in terms of overall survival for patients with locally advanced ESCC. The results of this RCT will provide an answer for the controversy regarding the survival benefits between the two treatment strategies.. NCT04138212, date of registration: October 24, 2019.. Results of current investigation indicated that milk type and post fermentation cooling patterns had a pronounced effect on antioxidant characteristics, fatty acid profile, lipid oxidation and textural characteristics of yoghurt. Buffalo milk based yoghurt had more fat, protein, higher antioxidant capacity and vitamin content. Antioxidant and sensory characteristics of T. If milk is exposed to excessive amounts of light, Vitamins B. The two concentration of ZnO nanoparticles in the ambient air produced two different outcomes. The lower concentration resulted in significant increases in Zn content of the liver while the higher concentration significantly increased Zn in the lungs (p < 0.05). Additionally, at the lower concentration, Zn content was found to be lower in brain tissue (p < 0.05). Using TEM/EDX we detected ZnO nanoparticles inside the cells in the lungs, kidney and liver. Inhaling ZnO NP at the higher concentration increased the levels of mRNA of the following genes in the lungs: Mt2 (2.56 fold), Slc30a1 (1.52 fold) and Slc30a5 (2.34 fold). At the lower ZnO nanoparticle concentration, only Slc30a7 mRNA levels in the lungs were up (1.74 fold). Thus the two air concentrations of ZnO nanoparticles produced distinct effects on the expression of the Zn-homeostasis related genes.. Until adverse health effects of ZnO nanoparticles deposited in organs such as lungs are further investigated and/or ruled out, the exposure to ZnO nanoparticles in aerosols should be avoided or minimised.

Topics: A549 Cells; Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acute Lung Injury; Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; Adenine; Adenocarcinoma; Adipogenesis; Administration, Cutaneous; Administration, Ophthalmic; Adolescent; Adsorption; Adult; Aeromonas hydrophila; Aerosols; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Agriculture; Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Airway Remodeling; Alanine Transaminase; Albuminuria; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Family; Algorithms; AlkB Homolog 2, Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase; Alzheimer Disease; Amino Acid Sequence; Ammonia; Ammonium Compounds; Anaerobiosis; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-HIV Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Antifungal Agents; Antigens, Bacterial; Antigens, CD; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Antineoplastic Agents; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Antioxidants; Antitubercular Agents; Antiviral Agents; Apolipoproteins E; Apoptosis; Arabidopsis; Arabidopsis Proteins; Arsenic; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Asthma; Atherosclerosis; ATP-Dependent Proteases; Attitude of Health Personnel; Australia; Austria; Autophagy; Axitinib; Bacteria; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Toxins; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Bariatric Surgery; Base Composition; Bayes Theorem; Benzoxazoles; Benzylamines; beta Catenin; Betacoronavirus; Betula; Binding Sites; Biological Availability; Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis; Biomarkers; Biomarkers, Tumor; Biopsy; Bioreactors; Biosensing Techniques; Birth Weight; Blindness; Blood Chemical Analysis; Blood Gas Analysis; Blood Glucose; Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; Blood-Brain Barrier; Blotting, Western; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Bone Density; Bone Resorption; Borates; Brain; Brain Infarction; Brain Injuries, Traumatic; Brain Neoplasms; Breakfast; Breast Milk Expression; Breast Neoplasms; Bronchi; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Buffaloes; Cadherins; Calcification, Physiologic; Calcium Compounds; Calcium, Dietary; Cannula; Caprolactam; Carbon; Carbon Dioxide; Carboplatin; Carcinogenesis; Carcinoma, Ductal; Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal; Carcinoma, Renal Cell; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carps; Carrageenan; Case-Control Studies; Catalysis; Catalytic Domain; Cattle; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Cell Adhesion; Cell Cycle Proteins; Cell Death; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Movement; Cell Nucleus; Cell Phone Use; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Cell Transformation, Viral; Cells, Cultured; Cellulose; Chemical Phenomena; Chemoradiotherapy; Child; Child Development; Child, Preschool; China; Chitosan; Chlorocebus aethiops; Cholecalciferol; Chromatography, Liquid; Circadian Clocks; Circadian Rhythm; Circular Dichroism; Cisplatin; Citric Acid; Clinical Competence; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic; Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic; Clostridioides difficile; Clostridium Infections; Coculture Techniques; Cohort Studies; Cold Temperature; Colitis; Collagen Type I; Collagen Type I, alpha 1 Chain; Collagen Type XI; Color; Connective Tissue Diseases; Copper; Coronary Angiography; Coronavirus 3C Proteases; Coronavirus Infections; Cost of Illness; Counselors; COVID-19; COVID-19 Testing; Creatine Kinase; Creatinine; Cross-Over Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cryoelectron Microscopy; Cryosurgery; Crystallography, X-Ray; Cues; Cultural Competency; Cultural Diversity; Curriculum; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; Cycloparaffins; Cysteine Endopeptidases; Cytokines; Cytoplasm; Cytoprotection; Databases, Factual; Denitrification; Deoxycytidine; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diagnosis, Differential; Diatoms; Diet; Diet, High-Fat; Dietary Exposure; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Diketopiperazines; Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4; Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Progression; Disease-Free Survival; DNA; DNA Damage; DNA Glycosylases; DNA Repair; DNA-Binding Proteins; DNA, Bacterial; DNA, Viral; Docetaxel; Dose Fractionation, Radiation; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Down-Regulation; Doxorubicin; Drosophila; Drosophila melanogaster; Drug Carriers; Drug Delivery Systems; Drug Liberation; Drug Repositioning; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Drug Synergism; Drug Therapy, Combination; Edema; Edible Grain; Education, Graduate; Education, Medical, Graduate; Education, Pharmacy; Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome; Electron Transport Complex III; Electron Transport Complex IV; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Emergency Service, Hospital; Empathy; Emulsions; Endothelial Cells; Endurance Training; Energy Intake; Enterovirus A, Human; Environment; Environmental Monitoring; Enzyme Assays; Enzyme Inhibitors; Epithelial Cells; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; Epoxide Hydrolases; Epoxy Compounds; Erythrocyte Count; Erythrocytes; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Esophageal Neoplasms; Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma; Esophagectomy; Estrogens; Etanercept; Ethiopia; Ethnicity; Ethylenes; Exanthema; Exercise; Exercise Test; Exercise Tolerance; Extracellular Matrix; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Eye Infections, Fungal; False Negative Reactions; Fatty Acids; Fecal Microbiota Transplantation; Feces; Female; Femur Neck; Fermentation; Ferritins; Fetal Development; Fibroblast Growth Factor-23; Fibroblast Growth Factors; Fibroblasts; Fibroins; Fish Proteins; Flavanones; Flavonoids; Focus Groups; Follow-Up Studies; Food Handling; Food Supply; Food, Formulated; Forced Expiratory Volume; Forests; Fractures, Bone; Fruit and Vegetable Juices; Fusobacteria; G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints; G2 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints; Gamma Rays; Gastrectomy; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors; Gefitinib; Gels; Gemcitabine; Gene Amplification; Gene Expression; Gene Expression Regulation; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Gene Knockdown Techniques; Gene-Environment Interaction; Genotype; Germany; Glioma; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Glucagon; Glucocorticoids; Glycemic Control; Glycerol; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; Glycolipids; Glycolysis; Goblet Cells; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; Graphite; Greenhouse Effect; Guanidines; Haemophilus influenzae; HCT116 Cells; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Personnel; Health Services Accessibility; Health Services Needs and Demand; Health Status Disparities; Healthy Volunteers; Heart Failure; Heart Rate; Heart Transplantation; Heart-Assist Devices; HEK293 Cells; Heme; Heme Oxygenase-1; Hemolysis; Hemorrhage; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B e Antigens; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis B, Chronic; Hepatocytes; Hexoses; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Hippo Signaling Pathway; Histamine; Histamine Agonists; Histidine; Histone Deacetylase 2; HIV Infections; HIV Reverse Transcriptase; HIV-1; Homebound Persons; Homeodomain Proteins; Homosexuality, Male; Hospice and Palliative Care Nursing; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; Humans; Hyaluronan Receptors; Hydrogen; Hydrogen Peroxide; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hydrolysis; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; Hypoglycemia; Hypoglycemic Agents; Hypoxia; Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Imatinib Mesylate; Immunotherapy; Implementation Science; Incidence; INDEL Mutation; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells; Industrial Waste; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Inflammation; Inflammation Mediators; Infliximab; Infusions, Intravenous; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Injections; Insecticides; Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 5; Insulin-Secreting Cells; Interleukin-1; Interleukin-17; Interleukin-8; Internship and Residency; Intestines; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Ion Transport; Iridaceae; Iridoid Glucosides; Islets of Langerhans Transplantation; Isodon; Isoflurane; Isotopes; Italy; Joint Instability; Ketamine; Kidney; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Kidney Function Tests; Kidney Neoplasms; Kinetics; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Knee Joint; Kruppel-Like Factor 4; Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; Lactate Dehydrogenase 5; Laparoscopy; Laser Therapy; Lasers, Semiconductor; Lasers, Solid-State; Laurates; Lead; Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Light; Lipid Peroxidation; Lipopolysaccharides; Liposomes; Liver; Liver Cirrhosis; Liver Neoplasms; Liver Transplantation; Locomotion; Longitudinal Studies; Lopinavir; Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms; Lubricants; Lung; Lung Diseases, Interstitial; Lung Neoplasms; Lymphocyte Activation; Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating; Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell; Lysosomes; Macrophages; Male; Manganese Compounds; MAP Kinase Kinase 4; Mass Screening; Maternal Health; Medicine, Chinese Traditional; Melanoma, Experimental; Memantine; Membrane Glycoproteins; Membrane Proteins; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; Metal Nanoparticles; Metalloendopeptidases; Metalloporphyrins; Methadone; Methane; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Mexico; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Inbred ICR; Mice, Knockout; Mice, Nude; Mice, SCID; Mice, Transgenic; Microarray Analysis; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Microbiota; Micronutrients; MicroRNAs; Microscopy, Confocal; Microsomes, Liver; Middle Aged; Milk; Milk, Human; Minority Groups; Mitochondria; Mitochondrial Membranes; Mitochondrial Proteins; Models, Animal; Models, Molecular; Molecular Conformation; Molecular Docking Simulation; Molecular Dynamics Simulation; Molecular Epidemiology; Molecular Structure; Molecular Weight; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Multimodal Imaging; Muscle Strength; Muscle, Skeletal; Muscular Diseases; Mutation; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Myocardial Stunning; Myristates; NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone); Nanocomposites; Nanogels; Nanoparticles; Nanotechnology; Naphthalenes; Nasal Cavity; National Health Programs; Necrosis; Needs Assessment; Neoadjuvant Therapy; Neonicotinoids; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Proteins; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Neoplasm Staging; Neoplasm Transplantation; Neoplasms; Neoplastic Stem Cells; Netherlands; Neuroblastoma; Neuroprotective Agents; Neutrophils; NF-kappa B; NFATC Transcription Factors; Nicotiana; Nicotine; Nitrates; Nitrification; Nitrites; Nitro Compounds; Nitrogen; Nitrogen Dioxide; North Carolina; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; Nuclear Proteins; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Nucleosomes; Nutrients; Obesity; Obesity, Morbid; Oceans and Seas; Oncogene Protein v-akt; Oncogenes; Oocytes; Open Reading Frames; Osteoclasts; Osteogenesis; Osteoporosis; Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal; Outpatients; Ovarian Neoplasms; Ovariectomy; Overweight; Oxazines; Oxidants; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress; Oxides; Oxidoreductases; Oxygen; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; Oxygenators, Membrane; Ozone; Paclitaxel; Paenibacillus; Pain Measurement; Palliative Care; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Pandemics; Parasympathetic Nervous System; Particulate Matter; Pasteurization; Patient Preference; Patient Satisfaction; Pediatric Obesity; Permeability; Peroxiredoxins; Peroxynitrous Acid; Pharmaceutical Services; Pharmacists; Pharmacy; Phaseolus; Phenotype; Phoeniceae; Phosphates; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Phospholipid Transfer Proteins; Phospholipids; Phosphorus; Phosphorylation; Photoperiod; Photosynthesis; Phylogeny; Physical Endurance; Physicians; Pilot Projects; Piperidines; Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Plant Proteins; Plant Roots; Plaque, Atherosclerotic; Pneumonia; Pneumonia, Viral; Point-of-Care Testing; Polyethylene Glycols; Polymers; Polysorbates; Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Positron-Emission Tomography; Postprandial Period; Poverty; Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis; Prediabetic State; Predictive Value of Tests; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Trimester, First; Pregnancy, High-Risk; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Pressure; Prevalence; Primary Graft Dysfunction; Primary Health Care; Professional Role; Professionalism; Prognosis; Progression-Free Survival; Prolactin; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Proof of Concept Study; Proportional Hazards Models; Propylene Glycol; Prospective Studies; Prostate; Protein Binding; Protein Biosynthesis; Protein Isoforms; Protein Kinase Inhibitors; Protein Phosphatase 2; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; Protein Structure, Tertiary; Protein Transport; Proteoglycans; Proteome; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret; Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); Proton Pumps; Protons; Protoporphyrins; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pseudomonas fluorescens; Pulmonary Artery; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Pulmonary Gas Exchange; Pulmonary Veins; Pyrazoles; Pyridines; Pyrimidines; Qualitative Research; Quinoxalines; Rabbits; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Histamine H3; Receptors, Immunologic; Receptors, Transferrin; Recombinant Proteins; Recurrence; Reference Values; Referral and Consultation; Regional Blood Flow; Registries; Regulon; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Reperfusion Injury; Repressor Proteins; Reproducibility of Results; Republic of Korea; Research Design; Resistance Training; Respiration, Artificial; Respiratory Distress Syndrome; Respiratory Insufficiency; Resuscitation; Retinal Dehydrogenase; Retreatment; Retrospective Studies; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; Rhinitis, Allergic; Ribosomal Proteins; Ribosomes; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Ritonavir; Rivers; RNA Interference; RNA-Seq; RNA, Messenger; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; RNA, Small Interfering; Rosuvastatin Calcium; Rural Population; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; Salivary Ducts; Salivary Gland Neoplasms; San Francisco; SARS-CoV-2; Satiation; Satiety Response; Schools; Schools, Pharmacy; Seasons; Seawater; Selection, Genetic; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Serine-Threonine Kinase 3; Sewage; Sheep; Sheep, Domestic; Shock, Hemorrhagic; Signal Transduction; Silver; Silymarin; Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Computed Tomography; Sirolimus; Sirtuin 1; Skin; Skin Neoplasms; Skin Physiological Phenomena; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders; Social Class; Social Participation; Social Support; Soil; Soil Microbiology; Solutions; Somatomedins; Soot; Specimen Handling; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Spectrum Analysis; Spinal Fractures; Spirometry; Staphylococcus aureus; STAT1 Transcription Factor; STAT3 Transcription Factor; Streptomyces coelicolor; Stress, Psychological; Stroke; Stroke Volume; Structure-Activity Relationship; Students, Medical; Students, Pharmacy; Substance Abuse Treatment Centers; Sulfur Dioxide; Surface Properties; Surface-Active Agents; Surveys and Questionnaires; Survival Analysis; Survival Rate; Survivin; Sweden; Swine; Swine, Miniature; Sympathetic Nervous System; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory; Talaromyces; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; tau Proteins; Telemedicine; Telomerase; Telomere; Telomere Homeostasis; Temperature; Terminally Ill; Th1 Cells; Thiamethoxam; Thiazoles; Thiophenes; Thioredoxin Reductase 1; Thrombosis; Thulium; Thyroid Cancer, Papillary; Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic; Thyroid Neoplasms; Time Factors; Titanium; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; Transcription Factor AP-1; Transcription Factors; Transcription, Genetic; Transcriptional Activation; Transcriptome; Transforming Growth Factor beta1; Transistors, Electronic; Translational Research, Biomedical; Transplantation Tolerance; Transplantation, Homologous; Transportation; Treatment Outcome; Tretinoin; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Tubulin Modulators; Tumor Microenvironment; Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Twins; Ultrasonic Therapy; Ultrasonography; Ultraviolet Rays; United States; Up-Regulation; Uranium; Urethra; Urinary Bladder; Urodynamics; Uromodulin; Uveitis; Vasoconstrictor Agents; Ventricular Function, Left; Vero Cells; Vesicular Transport Proteins; Viral Nonstructural Proteins; Visual Acuity; Vital Capacity; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency; Vitamin K 2; Vitamins; Volatilization; Voriconazole; Waiting Lists; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Wastewater; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Whole Genome Sequencing; Wine; Wnt Signaling Pathway; Wound Healing; Wounds and Injuries; WW Domains; X-linked Nuclear Protein; X-Ray Diffraction; Xanthines; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays; YAP-Signaling Proteins; Yogurt; Young Adult; Zebrafish; Zebrafish Proteins; Ziziphus

We reviewed here the formation of free radicals and its effect physiologically. Studies mentioned above have indicated that free radical/ROS/RNS involvement in brain aging is direct as well as correlative. Increasing evidence demonstrates that accumulation of oxidation of DNA, proteins, and lipids by free radicals are responsible for the functional decline in aged brains. Also, lipid peroxidation products, such as MDA, HNE, and acrolein, were reported to react with DNA and proteins to produce further damage in aged brains. Therefore, the impact of free radicals on brain aging is pronounced. It has been estimated that 10,000 oxidative interactions occur between DNA and endogenously generated free radicals per human cell per day, and at least one of every three proteins in the cell of older animals is dysfunctional as an enzyme or structural protein, due to oxidative modification. Although these estimated numbers reveal that free radical-mediated protein and DNA modification play significant roles in the deterioration of aging brain, they do not imply that free radical damages are the only cause of functional decline in aged brain. Nevertheless,although other factors may be involved in the cascade of damaging effects in the brain, the key role of free radicals in this process cannot be underestimated. This article has examined the role and formation of free radicals in brain aging. We propose that free radicals are critical to cell damage in aged brain and endogenous, and that exogenous antioxidants, therefore, may play effective roles in therapeutic strategies for age-related neurodegenerative disorders.

Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Animals; Brain; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Free Radicals; Geriatric Assessment; Heat-Shock Proteins; Humans; Male; Nitrogen Dioxide; Oxidative Stress; Prognosis; Reactive Oxygen Species; Research; Sensitivity and Specificity

The aim of the paper is to review hematological and immunological effects of experimental and occupational exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The NO2 exposure diminishes erythrocyte count, hemoglobin concentration and produces increased nitrosyl hemoglobin (NOHb) and methemoglobin (MetHb) concentrations in peripheral blood. The gas affects the activity of the membrane and glycolytic enzymes in erythrocytes. Experimental inhalation of NO2 results in an increased susceptibility to viral or bacterial infections. Moreover, the gas impairs phagocytic and bacteriocidal functions of alveolar macrophages. NO2 also causes lymphoid tissue damage reducing the thymus and spleen weight; it also diminishes specific antibody production and lymphocyte transformation in in vitro cultures with plant mitogens.

Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Erythrocyte Count; Erythrocytes; Female; Macrophages; Mice; Models, Biological; Nitrogen Dioxide; Phagocyte Bactericidal Dysfunction; Pulmonary Alveoli

Topics: Air Pollutants; Animals; Bronchi; Disease Models, Animal; Environmental Exposure; Humans; Lung Volume Measurements; Nitrogen Dioxide; Phagocytosis; Pulmonary Alveoli; Respiratory Tract Infections; Risk

Topics: Animals; Cadmium; Collagen; Connective Tissue; Disease Models, Animal; Elastin; Humans; Lung; Lung Compliance; Lung Volume Measurements; Nitrogen Dioxide; Pancreatic Elastase; Papain; Phosgene; Pulmonary Alveoli; Pulmonary Circulation; Pulmonary Emphysema; Smoking

COVID-19 as a viral disease has brought up the need to exercise more than before due to its physiological effects on health. Therefore, this study investigates the effect of 12-week of aerobic exercise on female students' hormone levels and lipid profile with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) during the COVID-19 pandemic.. Using a 12-week quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest research design among 40 Iranian female students aged 18-14 with PCOS, we randomly allocated the participants to either an experimental (they performed aerobic exercises three 60-minute sessions per week at home using content production) or a control condition. Their anthropometric and blood samples (e.g., testosterone, estrogen, prolactin, and lipid profile) were taken in two stages before and after the training protocol.. Findings demonstrated that performing aerobic exercises is an effective and non-invasive method that could have a positive effect on young girls' PCOS during COVID-19 pandemic.. La pandémie de COVID-19, en tant que maladie virale, a fait ressortir la nécessité de faire de l’exercice plus que jamais en raison de ses effets physiologiques sur la santé. Par conséquent, cette étude examine l’effet de 12 semaines d’exercice aérobique sur les niveaux hormonaux et le profil lipidique d’étudiantes atteintes du syndrome d’ovaires polykystiques (SOPK) pendant la pandémie de COVID-19.. En utilisant un modèle de recherche quasi-expérimental de 12 semaines avec pré-test, post-test auprès de 40 étudiantes iraniennes âgées de 18 à 14 ans atteintes du SOPK, nous avons réparti au hasard les participantes entre une série expérimentale (elles ont effectué des exercices aérobiques à raison de trois séances de 60 minutes par semaine à la maison) et une série contrôle. Les échantillons anthropométriques et sanguins (testostérone, œstrogène, prolactine et profil lipidique) ont été prélevés en deux étapes, avant et après le protocole d’entraînement.. Les résultats ont démontré que la pratique d’exercices d’aérobic est une méthode efficace et non invasive qui pourrait avoir un effet positif sur le SOPK des jeunes filles pendant la pandémie de COVID-19.. Our research showed that even less than 5 GBq irradiation could induce a transient testicular dysfunction in the first 3 months of therapy, but it was mostly reversible after 12 months.. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13204-023-02822-5.. Embelin is predicted to have a high probability of immunotoxicity potential and affect drug metabolism by inhibiting CYP2D6. In addition, it affects food intake, weight gain, and the number of implantations in pregnant rats. Therefore, it is highly recommended not to take embelin and embelin-rich plants during pregnancy. Further. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42965-023-00306-9.. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11696-023-02771-x.. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00477-023-02476-3.. This study ascribes for a new immunomodulatory role for IL11 during tumor development that is amenable to anti-cytokine based therapy of colon cancer.. Inflammation response do not seem to be enough to explain all the Essure-related adverse outcomes, suggesting the involvement of other biological mechanisms.. NCT03281564.. Inflammation and fibrosis are found in the surrounding tubal tissue around the Essure. Adult patients with BED with co-occurring obesity who have good responses to acute treatment with naltrexone/bupropion should be offered maintenance treatment with naltrexone/bupropion.. dp/dtmax in PiCCO parameter can be used as a bedside indicator to evaluate cardiac function in SIC patients due to its simplicity and ease of operation. Esmolol control of heart rate in SIC patients can improve cardiac function and reduce short-term mortality.. Inverted microscopy showed that compared with the NC group, the OGD/R group had poor cell status, swollen cytosol, visible cell lysis fragments and significantly lower cell activity [(49.1±2.7)% vs. (100.0±9.7)%, P < 0.01]; compared with the OGD/R group, the HW group had improved cell status and remarkably higher cell activity [(63.3±1.8)% vs. (49.1±2.7)%, P < 0.01]. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the neuronal nuclear membrane of cells in the OGD/R group was lysed and a higher number of autophagic lysosomes were visible compared with the NC group; compared with the OGD/R group, the neuronal damage of cells in the HW group was reduced and the number of autophagic lysosomes was notably decreased. The results of immunofluorescence assay showed that the expressions of LC3 and Beclin-1 were outstandingly enhanced in the OGD/R group compared with the NC group, and the expressions of LC3 and Beclin-1 were markedly weakened in the HW group compared with the OGD/R group. Western blotting assay showed that the expressions were prominently higher in both LC3II/I and Beclin-1 in the OGD/R group compared with the NC group (LC3II/I: 1.44±0.05 vs. 0.37±0.03, Beclin-1/β-actin: 1.00±0.02 vs. 0.64±0.01, both P < 0.01); compared with the OGD/R group, the protein expression of both LC3II/I and Beclin-1 in the HW group cells were notably lower (LC3II/I: 0.54±0.02 vs. 1.44±0.05, Beclin-1/β-actin: 0.83±0.07 vs. 1.00±0.02, both P < 0.01).. Hydrogen-rich water has a significant protective effect on OGD/R-causing HT22 cell injury, and the mechanism may be related to the inhibition of autophagy.. The prevalence of delirium in ICU patients is over 50%, with hypoactive delirium being the most common. Age, APACHE score at ICU admission, neurological disease, sepsis and duration of mechanical ventilation were all independent risk factors for the development of delirium in ICU patients. More than half of patients with delirium were still delirious when they discharged from the ICU.. For individuals ≥75 years, plasma Aβ42 and P-tau181 might not be associated with cognitive impairment, and MRI parameters, including PVWMH, LVBI and cortical atrophy, are related to CI. The cognitive statuses of people over 75 years old were used as the endpoint event in this study. Therefore, it can be considered that these MRI markers might have more important clinical significance for early assessment and dynamic observation, but more studies are still needed to verify this hypothesis.. We recommend using the Art/Zn complex owing to its moderate inhibitory and antiviral effects against the SARS-CoV-2 with a low cytotoxic effect on host (Vero E6) cells. We suggest conducting further prospective studies to investigate the biological effects of Art/Zn in animal models at different concentrations for testing its clinical efficacy and safety in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 activities.. The R/T sequence resulted in a significantly longer OS and PFS and improved disease control compared with the reverse sequence. R and T given not sequentially have similar impacts on survival. More data are needed to define the best sequence and to explore the efficacy of sequential (T/R or R/T) treatment combined with molecular-targeted drugs.

Topics: Actin Cytoskeleton; Actins; Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; Adenocarcinoma; Adenosine Triphosphate; Adsorption; Adult; Africa, Eastern; Aged; Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Air Pollution, Indoor; Alcohol Drinking; Allergens; Alzheimer Disease; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibodies; Antibodies, Immobilized; Antigen Presentation; Antigens, CD; Antineoplastic Agents; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Aptamers, Nucleotide; Asthma; Asthma, Exercise-Induced; Atrophy; Autophagy; Azoospermia; Bacillus cereus; Bacterial Infections; Beclin-1; Bile Duct Neoplasms; Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic; Biofouling; Biological Monitoring; Biomarkers; Biomarkers, Tumor; Biosensing Techniques; Blastocyst; Bone Neoplasms; Bone Regeneration; Bronchoconstriction; Burkitt Lymphoma; C9orf72 Protein; Campylobacter; Campylobacter Infections; Campylobacter jejuni; Carcinogenesis; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Cardiomyopathies; Caregivers; Carmine; Case-Control Studies; Catalysis; Cattle; Cause of Death; CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-alpha; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Cefepime; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Nucleus; Cell Transdifferentiation; Chelating Agents; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic; Chemoradiotherapy, Adjuvant; Child; Child, Preschool; China; Chlorquinaldol; Cholangiocarcinoma; Cholera; Chromatin; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cognitive Dysfunction; Cohort Studies; Colonic Neoplasms; Colorectal Neoplasms; Colorimetry; Cooking; Coordination Complexes; COVID-19; Creatinine; CRISPR-Cas Systems; Critical Care; Critical Illness; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cryopreservation; Cryoprotective Agents; Cysteine; Cytokines; Device Removal; Diet; Diet, High-Fat; Diet, Mediterranean; Dietary Supplements; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Dipeptides; Disease Models, Animal; Dithiothreitol; DNA; DNA Repeat Expansion; DNA, Bacterial; DNA, Complementary; Dopamine; Electrochemical Techniques; Electrodes; Endocannabinoids; Environmental Exposure; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Pollutants; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Erlotinib Hydrochloride; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli O157; Esophageal Neoplasms; Esophagitis, Peptic; Ethylene Glycol; Europium; Exanthema; Fallopian Tubes; Feces; Female; Fertilization in Vitro; Fluoresceins; Fluorescent Dyes; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Follow-Up Studies; Food Microbiology; Forced Expiratory Volume; Forkhead Transcription Factors; Frontotemporal Dementia; G-Quadruplexes; Galactose; Gastroenteritis; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Gastrointestinal Tract; Gene Frequency; Genetic Association Studies; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Genital Neoplasms, Female; Genome-Wide Association Study; Genome, Viral; Genomics; Genotype; Glucose; Glutathione; Glycerol; Gold; Graphite; GTPase-Activating Proteins; Heat-Shock Proteins; Heme Oxygenase-1; Hepacivirus; Hepatitis C; Hepatocytes; Histamine; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; Hoarseness; Hospice and Palliative Care Nursing; Humans; Hydrogen; Hydrogen Peroxide; Hydrogen Sulfide; Hydroxybenzoates; Hydroxyl Radical; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; Hyperthermia, Induced; Hysteroscopy; Immunoassay; Indigo Carmine; Inflammation; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Insulin Resistance; Intensive Care Units; Interleukin-11; Interleukin-6; Interleukins; Iodine Radioisotopes; Iran; Iridium; Islets of Langerhans; Kinetics; Lactation; Lactobacillus; Lactobacillus plantarum; Lamins; Latin America; Lead; Lectins; Leukopenia; Ligands; Limit of Detection; Lipopolysaccharides; Lipoprotein Lipase; Liver; Liver Cirrhosis; Liver Neoplasms; Lolium; Luminescent Measurements; Luminol; Lung; Luteinizing Hormone; Macrophages; Magnetic Phenomena; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Malnutrition; Maltose; Manganese Compounds; Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Melatonin; Metabolic Engineering; Metal Nanoparticles; Metallocenes; Metaplasia; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Methylation; Mevalonic Acid; Mexico; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Microbiota; MicroRNAs; Milk; Mitomycin; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Molecular Docking Simulation; Monte Carlo Method; Moringa oleifera; Multiple Sclerosis; Muscle Strength; Muscle, Skeletal; Nanocomposites; Nanotubes, Carbon; Neoadjuvant Therapy; Neoplasms; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Neurotransmitter Agents; NF-E2-Related Factor 2; Nickel; Nitrogen Dioxide; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Nucleocapsid Proteins; Nutritional Status; Obesity; Osteogenesis; Osteosarcoma; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxides; Oxygen; Oxyquinoline; Pain; Palliative Care; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Pandemics; Particulate Matter; Peroxidase; Peroxidases; Phagocytosis; Phaseolus; Photothermal Therapy; Point-of-Care Systems; Polyethyleneimine; Polymers; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Polysomnography; Postoperative Complications; Pregnancy; Pregnant Women; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Prevalence; Printing, Three-Dimensional; Probability; Probiotics; Prognosis; Prophages; Prospective Studies; Proteomics; Proto-Oncogene Proteins; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pseudomonas putida; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Pulmonary Embolism; Pyridines; Pyrroles; Quality of Life; Quinolones; Rabbits; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reactive Oxygen Species; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Receptors, Histamine; Receptors, Histamine H2; Recombinases; Rectal Neoplasms; Reperfusion Injury; Respiration; Respiratory Function Tests; Respiratory Rate; Respiratory Sounds; Retrospective Studies; rho GTP-Binding Proteins; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; RNA; RNA, Messenger; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Robotic Surgical Procedures; Running; Rural Population; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Salpingectomy; Sarcopenia; SARS-CoV-2; Seeds; Semen; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sepsis; Shock, Septic; Signal Transduction; Silicon Dioxide; Silver; Sirtuin 1; Skin Neoplasms; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive; Soil; Spain; Spectrum Analysis, Raman; Sperm Retrieval; Spermatozoa; Spirometry; Staphylococcus aureus; STAT3 Transcription Factor; Stereoisomerism; Sterilization, Tubal; Stroke Volume; Sulfadiazine; Sulfites; Superoxide Dismutase; Surface Plasmon Resonance; tau Proteins; Testis; Testosterone; Thioredoxin-Disulfide Reductase; Thyroid Neoplasms; Thyroidectomy; Trans-Activators; Transcription Factor AP-1; Treatment Outcome; Triazoles; Triclosan; Trifluridine; Tumor Microenvironment; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; United States; Uracil; Vagina; Vegetables; Ventricular Function, Left; Ventricular Pressure; Vibrio cholerae; Vietnam; Virulence; Vital Capacity; Vitrification; Walking; Water; Water Pollutants, Radioactive; Whole Genome Sequencing; Wind; YAP-Signaling Proteins; Zeolites; Zinc Oxide

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is a novel respiratory illness firstly reported in Saudi Arabia in 2012. It is caused by a new corona virus, called MERS corona virus (MERS-CoV). Most people who have MERS-CoV infection developed severe acute respiratory illness.. This work is done to determine the clinical characteristics and the outcome of intensive care unit (ICU) admitted patients with confirmed MERS-CoV infection.. This study included 32 laboratory confirmed MERS corona virus infected patients who were admitted into ICU. It included 20 (62.50%) males and 12 (37.50%) females. The mean age was 43.99 ± 13.03 years. Diagnosis was done by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) test for corona virus on throat swab, sputum, tracheal aspirate, or bronchoalveolar lavage specimens. Clinical characteristics, co-morbidities and outcome were reported for all subjects.. Most MERS corona patients present with fever, cough, dyspnea, sore throat, runny nose and sputum. The presence of abdominal symptoms may indicate bad prognosis. Prolonged duration of symptoms before patients' hospitalization, prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation and hospital stay, bilateral radiological pulmonary infiltrates, and hypoxemic respiratory failure were found to be strong predictors of mortality in such patients. Also, old age, current smoking, smoking severity, presence of associated co-morbidities like obesity, diabetes mellitus, chronic heart diseases, COPD, malignancy, renal failure, renal transplantation and liver cirrhosis are associated with a poor outcome of ICU admitted MERS corona virus infected patients.. Plasma HO-1, ferritin, p21, and NQO1 were all elevated at baseline in CKD participants. Plasma HO-1 and urine NQO1 levels each inversely correlated with eGFR (. SnPP can be safely administered and, after its injection, the resulting changes in plasma HO-1, NQO1, ferritin, and p21 concentrations can provide information as to antioxidant gene responsiveness/reserves in subjects with and without kidney disease.. A Study with RBT-1, in Healthy Volunteers and Subjects with Stage 3-4 Chronic Kidney Disease, NCT0363002 and NCT03893799.. HFNC did not significantly modify work of breathing in healthy subjects. However, a significant reduction in the minute volume was achieved, capillary [Formula: see text] remaining constant, which suggests a reduction in dead-space ventilation with flows > 20 L/min. (ClinicalTrials.gov registration NCT02495675).. 3 组患者手术时间、术中显性失血量及术后 1 周血红蛋白下降量比较差异均无统计学意义（. 对于肥胖和超重的膝关节单间室骨关节炎患者，采用 UKA 术后可获满意短中期疗效，远期疗效尚需进一步随访观察。.. Decreased muscle strength was identified at both time points in patients with hEDS/HSD. The evolution of most muscle strength parameters over time did not significantly differ between groups. Future studies should focus on the effectiveness of different types of muscle training strategies in hEDS/HSD patients.. These findings support previous adverse findings of e-cigarette exposure on neurodevelopment in a mouse model and provide substantial evidence of persistent adverse behavioral and neuroimmunological consequences to adult offspring following maternal e-cigarette exposure during pregnancy. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP6067.. This RCT directly compares a neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimen with a standard CROSS regimen in terms of overall survival for patients with locally advanced ESCC. The results of this RCT will provide an answer for the controversy regarding the survival benefits between the two treatment strategies.. NCT04138212, date of registration: October 24, 2019.. Results of current investigation indicated that milk type and post fermentation cooling patterns had a pronounced effect on antioxidant characteristics, fatty acid profile, lipid oxidation and textural characteristics of yoghurt. Buffalo milk based yoghurt had more fat, protein, higher antioxidant capacity and vitamin content. Antioxidant and sensory characteristics of T. If milk is exposed to excessive amounts of light, Vitamins B. The two concentration of ZnO nanoparticles in the ambient air produced two different outcomes. The lower concentration resulted in significant increases in Zn content of the liver while the higher concentration significantly increased Zn in the lungs (p < 0.05). Additionally, at the lower concentration, Zn content was found to be lower in brain tissue (p < 0.05). Using TEM/EDX we detected ZnO nanoparticles inside the cells in the lungs, kidney and liver. Inhaling ZnO NP at the higher concentration increased the levels of mRNA of the following genes in the lungs: Mt2 (2.56 fold), Slc30a1 (1.52 fold) and Slc30a5 (2.34 fold). At the lower ZnO nanoparticle concentration, only Slc30a7 mRNA levels in the lungs were up (1.74 fold). Thus the two air concentrations of ZnO nanoparticles produced distinct effects on the expression of the Zn-homeostasis related genes.. Until adverse health effects of ZnO nanoparticles deposited in organs such as lungs are further investigated and/or ruled out, the exposure to ZnO nanoparticles in aerosols should be avoided or minimised.

Topics: A549 Cells; Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acute Lung Injury; Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; Adenine; Adenocarcinoma; Adipogenesis; Administration, Cutaneous; Administration, Ophthalmic; Adolescent; Adsorption; Adult; Aeromonas hydrophila; Aerosols; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Agriculture; Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Airway Remodeling; Alanine Transaminase; Albuminuria; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Family; Algorithms; AlkB Homolog 2, Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase; Alzheimer Disease; Amino Acid Sequence; Ammonia; Ammonium Compounds; Anaerobiosis; Anesthetics, Dissociative; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-HIV Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Antifungal Agents; Antigens, Bacterial; Antigens, CD; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Antineoplastic Agents; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Antioxidants; Antitubercular Agents; Antiviral Agents; Apolipoproteins E; Apoptosis; Arabidopsis; Arabidopsis Proteins; Arsenic; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Asthma; Atherosclerosis; ATP-Dependent Proteases; Attitude of Health Personnel; Australia; Austria; Autophagy; Axitinib; Bacteria; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Toxins; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Bariatric Surgery; Base Composition; Bayes Theorem; Benzoxazoles; Benzylamines; beta Catenin; Betacoronavirus; Betula; Binding Sites; Biological Availability; Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis; Biomarkers; Biomarkers, Tumor; Biopsy; Bioreactors; Biosensing Techniques; Birth Weight; Blindness; Blood Chemical Analysis; Blood Gas Analysis; Blood Glucose; Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; Blood-Brain Barrier; Blotting, Western; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Bone Density; Bone Resorption; Borates; Brain; Brain Infarction; Brain Injuries, Traumatic; Brain Neoplasms; Breakfast; Breast Milk Expression; Breast Neoplasms; Bronchi; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Buffaloes; Cadherins; Calcification, Physiologic; Calcium Compounds; Calcium, Dietary; Cannula; Caprolactam; Carbon; Carbon Dioxide; Carboplatin; Carcinogenesis; Carcinoma, Ductal; Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal; Carcinoma, Renal Cell; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carps; Carrageenan; Case-Control Studies; Catalysis; Catalytic Domain; Cattle; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Cell Adhesion; Cell Cycle Proteins; Cell Death; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Movement; Cell Nucleus; Cell Phone Use; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Cell Transformation, Viral; Cells, Cultured; Cellulose; Chemical Phenomena; Chemoradiotherapy; Child; Child Development; Child, Preschool; China; Chitosan; Chlorocebus aethiops; Cholecalciferol; Chromatography, Liquid; Circadian Clocks; Circadian Rhythm; Circular Dichroism; Cisplatin; Citric Acid; Clinical Competence; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic; Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic; Clostridioides difficile; Clostridium Infections; Coculture Techniques; Cohort Studies; Cold Temperature; Colitis; Collagen Type I; Collagen Type I, alpha 1 Chain; Collagen Type XI; Color; Connective Tissue Diseases; Copper; Coronary Angiography; Coronavirus 3C Proteases; Coronavirus Infections; Cost of Illness; Counselors; COVID-19; COVID-19 Testing; Creatine Kinase; Creatinine; Cross-Over Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cryoelectron Microscopy; Cryosurgery; Crystallography, X-Ray; Cues; Cultural Competency; Cultural Diversity; Curriculum; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; Cycloparaffins; Cysteine Endopeptidases; Cytokines; Cytoplasm; Cytoprotection; Databases, Factual; Denitrification; Deoxycytidine; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diagnosis, Differential; Diatoms; Diet; Diet, High-Fat; Dietary Exposure; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Diketopiperazines; Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4; Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Progression; Disease-Free Survival; DNA; DNA Damage; DNA Glycosylases; DNA Repair; DNA-Binding Proteins; DNA, Bacterial; DNA, Viral; Docetaxel; Dose Fractionation, Radiation; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Down-Regulation; Doxorubicin; Drosophila; Drosophila melanogaster; Drug Carriers; Drug Delivery Systems; Drug Liberation; Drug Repositioning; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Drug Synergism; Drug Therapy, Combination; Edema; Edible Grain; Education, Graduate; Education, Medical, Graduate; Education, Pharmacy; Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome; Electron Transport Complex III; Electron Transport Complex IV; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Emergency Service, Hospital; Empathy; Emulsions; Endothelial Cells; Endurance Training; Energy Intake; Enterovirus A, Human; Environment; Environmental Monitoring; Enzyme Assays; Enzyme Inhibitors; Epithelial Cells; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; Epoxide Hydrolases; Epoxy Compounds; Erythrocyte Count; Erythrocytes; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Esophageal Neoplasms; Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma; Esophagectomy; Estrogens; Etanercept; Ethiopia; Ethnicity; Ethylenes; Exanthema; Exercise; Exercise Test; Exercise Tolerance; Extracellular Matrix; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Eye Infections, Fungal; False Negative Reactions; Fatty Acids; Fecal Microbiota Transplantation; Feces; Female; Femur Neck; Fermentation; Ferritins; Fetal Development; Fibroblast Growth Factor-23; Fibroblast Growth Factors; Fibroblasts; Fibroins; Fish Proteins; Flavanones; Flavonoids; Focus Groups; Follow-Up Studies; Food Handling; Food Supply; Food, Formulated; Forced Expiratory Volume; Forests; Fractures, Bone; Fruit and Vegetable Juices; Fusobacteria; G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints; G2 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints; Gamma Rays; Gastrectomy; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors; Gefitinib; Gels; Gemcitabine; Gene Amplification; Gene Expression; Gene Expression Regulation; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Gene Knockdown Techniques; Gene-Environment Interaction; Genotype; Germany; Glioma; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Glucagon; Glucocorticoids; Glycemic Control; Glycerol; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; Glycolipids; Glycolysis; Goblet Cells; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; Graphite; Greenhouse Effect; Guanidines; Haemophilus influenzae; HCT116 Cells; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Personnel; Health Services Accessibility; Health Services Needs and Demand; Health Status Disparities; Healthy Volunteers; Heart Failure; Heart Rate; Heart Transplantation; Heart-Assist Devices; HEK293 Cells; Heme; Heme Oxygenase-1; Hemolysis; Hemorrhage; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B e Antigens; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis B, Chronic; Hepatocytes; Hexoses; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Hippo Signaling Pathway; Histamine; Histamine Agonists; Histidine; Histone Deacetylase 2; HIV Infections; HIV Reverse Transcriptase; HIV-1; Homebound Persons; Homeodomain Proteins; Homosexuality, Male; Hospice and Palliative Care Nursing; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; Humans; Hyaluronan Receptors; Hydrogen; Hydrogen Peroxide; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hydrolysis; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; Hypoglycemia; Hypoglycemic Agents; Hypoxia; Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Imatinib Mesylate; Immunotherapy; Implementation Science; Incidence; INDEL Mutation; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells; Industrial Waste; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Inflammation; Inflammation Mediators; Infliximab; Infusions, Intravenous; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Injections; Insecticides; Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 5; Insulin-Secreting Cells; Interleukin-1; Interleukin-17; Interleukin-8; Internship and Residency; Intestines; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Ion Transport; Iridaceae; Iridoid Glucosides; Islets of Langerhans Transplantation; Isodon; Isoflurane; Isotopes; Italy; Joint Instability; Ketamine; Kidney; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Kidney Function Tests; Kidney Neoplasms; Kinetics; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Knee Joint; Kruppel-Like Factor 4; Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; Lactate Dehydrogenase 5; Laparoscopy; Laser Therapy; Lasers, Semiconductor; Lasers, Solid-State; Laurates; Lead; Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Light; Lipid Peroxidation; Lipopolysaccharides; Liposomes; Liver; Liver Cirrhosis; Liver Neoplasms; Liver Transplantation; Locomotion; Longitudinal Studies; Lopinavir; Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms; Lubricants; Lung; Lung Diseases, Interstitial; Lung Neoplasms; Lymphocyte Activation; Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating; Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell; Lysosomes; Macrophages; Male; Manganese Compounds; MAP Kinase Kinase 4; Mass Screening; Maternal Health; Medicine, Chinese Traditional; Melanoma, Experimental; Memantine; Membrane Glycoproteins; Membrane Proteins; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; Metal Nanoparticles; Metalloendopeptidases; Metalloporphyrins; Methadone; Methane; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Mexico; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Inbred ICR; Mice, Knockout; Mice, Nude; Mice, SCID; Mice, Transgenic; Microarray Analysis; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Microbiota; Micronutrients; MicroRNAs; Microscopy, Confocal; Microsomes, Liver; Middle Aged; Milk; Milk, Human; Minority Groups; Mitochondria; Mitochondrial Membranes; Mitochondrial Proteins; Models, Animal; Models, Molecular; Molecular Conformation; Molecular Docking Simulation; Molecular Dynamics Simulation; Molecular Epidemiology; Molecular Structure; Molecular Weight; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Multimodal Imaging; Muscle Strength; Muscle, Skeletal; Muscular Diseases; Mutation; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Myocardial Stunning; Myristates; NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone); Nanocomposites; Nanogels; Nanoparticles; Nanotechnology; Naphthalenes; Nasal Cavity; National Health Programs; Necrosis; Needs Assessment; Neoadjuvant Therapy; Neonicotinoids; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Proteins; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Neoplasm Staging; Neoplasm Transplantation; Neoplasms; Neoplastic Stem Cells; Netherlands; Neuroblastoma; Neuroprotective Agents; Neutrophils; NF-kappa B; NFATC Transcription Factors; Nicotiana; Nicotine; Nitrates; Nitrification; Nitrites; Nitro Compounds; Nitrogen; Nitrogen Dioxide; North Carolina; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; Nuclear Proteins; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Nucleosomes; Nutrients; Obesity; Obesity, Morbid; Oceans and Seas; Oncogene Protein v-akt; Oncogenes; Oocytes; Open Reading Frames; Osteoclasts; Osteogenesis; Osteoporosis; Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal; Outpatients; Ovarian Neoplasms; Ovariectomy; Overweight; Oxazines; Oxidants; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress; Oxides; Oxidoreductases; Oxygen; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; Oxygenators, Membrane; Ozone; Paclitaxel; Paenibacillus; Pain Measurement; Palliative Care; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Pandemics; Parasympathetic Nervous System; Particulate Matter; Pasteurization; Patient Preference; Patient Satisfaction; Pediatric Obesity; Permeability; Peroxiredoxins; Peroxynitrous Acid; Pharmaceutical Services; Pharmacists; Pharmacy; Phaseolus; Phenotype; Phoeniceae; Phosphates; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Phospholipid Transfer Proteins; Phospholipids; Phosphorus; Phosphorylation; Photoperiod; Photosynthesis; Phylogeny; Physical Endurance; Physicians; Pilot Projects; Piperidines; Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Plant Proteins; Plant Roots; Plaque, Atherosclerotic; Pneumonia; Pneumonia, Viral; Point-of-Care Testing; Polyethylene Glycols; Polymers; Polysorbates; Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Positron-Emission Tomography; Postprandial Period; Poverty; Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis; Prediabetic State; Predictive Value of Tests; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Trimester, First; Pregnancy, High-Risk; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Pressure; Prevalence; Primary Graft Dysfunction; Primary Health Care; Professional Role; Professionalism; Prognosis; Progression-Free Survival; Prolactin; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Proof of Concept Study; Proportional Hazards Models; Propylene Glycol; Prospective Studies; Prostate; Protein Binding; Protein Biosynthesis; Protein Isoforms; Protein Kinase Inhibitors; Protein Phosphatase 2; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; Protein Structure, Tertiary; Protein Transport; Proteoglycans; Proteome; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret; Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); Proton Pumps; Protons; Protoporphyrins; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pseudomonas fluorescens; Pulmonary Artery; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Pulmonary Gas Exchange; Pulmonary Veins; Pyrazoles; Pyridines; Pyrimidines; Qualitative Research; Quinoxalines; Rabbits; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Histamine H3; Receptors, Immunologic; Receptors, Transferrin; Recombinant Proteins; Recurrence; Reference Values; Referral and Consultation; Regional Blood Flow; Registries; Regulon; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Reperfusion Injury; Repressor Proteins; Reproducibility of Results; Republic of Korea; Research Design; Resistance Training; Respiration, Artificial; Respiratory Distress Syndrome; Respiratory Insufficiency; Resuscitation; Retinal Dehydrogenase; Retreatment; Retrospective Studies; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; Rhinitis, Allergic; Ribosomal Proteins; Ribosomes; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Ritonavir; Rivers; RNA Interference; RNA-Seq; RNA, Messenger; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; RNA, Small Interfering; Rosuvastatin Calcium; Rural Population; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; Salivary Ducts; Salivary Gland Neoplasms; San Francisco; SARS-CoV-2; Satiation; Satiety Response; Schools; Schools, Pharmacy; Seasons; Seawater; Selection, Genetic; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Serine-Threonine Kinase 3; Sewage; Sheep; Sheep, Domestic; Shock, Hemorrhagic; Signal Transduction; Silver; Silymarin; Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Computed Tomography; Sirolimus; Sirtuin 1; Skin; Skin Neoplasms; Skin Physiological Phenomena; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders; Social Class; Social Participation; Social Support; Soil; Soil Microbiology; Solutions; Somatomedins; Soot; Specimen Handling; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Spectrum Analysis; Spinal Fractures; Spirometry; Staphylococcus aureus; STAT1 Transcription Factor; STAT3 Transcription Factor; Streptomyces coelicolor; Stress, Psychological; Stroke; Stroke Volume; Structure-Activity Relationship; Students, Medical; Students, Pharmacy; Substance Abuse Treatment Centers; Sulfur Dioxide; Surface Properties; Surface-Active Agents; Surveys and Questionnaires; Survival Analysis; Survival Rate; Survivin; Sweden; Swine; Swine, Miniature; Sympathetic Nervous System; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory; Talaromyces; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; tau Proteins; Telemedicine; Telomerase; Telomere; Telomere Homeostasis; Temperature; Terminally Ill; Th1 Cells; Thiamethoxam; Thiazoles; Thiophenes; Thioredoxin Reductase 1; Thrombosis; Thulium; Thyroid Cancer, Papillary; Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic; Thyroid Neoplasms; Time Factors; Titanium; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; Transcription Factor AP-1; Transcription Factors; Transcription, Genetic; Transcriptional Activation; Transcriptome; Transforming Growth Factor beta1; Transistors, Electronic; Translational Research, Biomedical; Transplantation Tolerance; Transplantation, Homologous; Transportation; Treatment Outcome; Tretinoin; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Tubulin Modulators; Tumor Microenvironment; Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Twins; Ultrasonic Therapy; Ultrasonography; Ultraviolet Rays; United States; Up-Regulation; Uranium; Urethra; Urinary Bladder; Urodynamics; Uromodulin; Uveitis; Vasoconstrictor Agents; Ventricular Function, Left; Vero Cells; Vesicular Transport Proteins; Viral Nonstructural Proteins; Visual Acuity; Vital Capacity; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency; Vitamin K 2; Vitamins; Volatilization; Voriconazole; Waiting Lists; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Wastewater; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Whole Genome Sequencing; Wine; Wnt Signaling Pathway; Wound Healing; Wounds and Injuries; WW Domains; X-linked Nuclear Protein; X-Ray Diffraction; Xanthines; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays; YAP-Signaling Proteins; Yogurt; Young Adult; Zebrafish; Zebrafish Proteins; Ziziphus

Fetal stress has been proposed to be associated with diseases in both children and adults. Epidemiological studies suggest that maternal exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) contributes to increased morbidity and mortality of offspring with allergic asthma later in life.. We aimed to test whether maternal NO2 exposure causes allergic asthma-related consequences in offspring absent any subsequent lung provocation and whether this exposure enhances the likelihood of developing allergic asthma or the intensity of developed allergic airway disease following postnatal allergic sensitization and challenge. In addition, if such consequences and enhancements occurred, we sought to determine the mechanism(s) of these responses.. Pregnant BALB/c mice were exposed to either NO2 (2.5 ppm, 5 h/day) or air daily throughout the gestation period. Offspring were sacrificed on postnatal days (PNDs) 1, 7, 14, 21, and 42, and remaining offspring were sensitized by ovalbumin (OVA) injection followed by OVA aerosol challenge during postnatal wk 7-9. We analyzed the lung histopathology, inflammatory cell infiltration, airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR), immune responses, and gene methylation under different treatment conditions.. Maternal exposure to NO2 caused a striking increase in inflammatory cell infiltration and the release of type 2 cytokines in the lungs of offspring at PNDs 1 and 7; however, these alterations were reversed during postnatal development. Following OVA sensitization and challenge, the exposure enhanced the levels of allergic asthma-characterized OVA-immunoglobulin (Ig) E, AHR, and airway inflammation in adult offspring. Importantly, differentiation of T-helper (Th) 2 cells and demethylation of the interleukin-4 (

Topics: Air Pollutants; Allergens; Animals; Asthma; Disease Models, Animal; DNA Methylation; Female; Maternal Exposure; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Nitrogen Dioxide; Th2 Cells

The effect of the tetrapeptide bronchogen on the structural and functional state of the bronchial epithelium and inflammatory activity in the lungs was studied in the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) model, created in rats by a 60-day intermittent exposure to nitrogen dioxide. The cell composition and cytokine-enzyme profile of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), the content of secretory immunoglobulin A and surfactant protein B in BALF were determined. Following the course of peptide treatment the decreased activity of neutrophilic inflammation with the normalization of cellular composition and profile of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes in the bronchoalveolar space was observed. The structure of bronchial epithelium, disturbed during formation of COPD model, was restored and accompanied by restoration of its functional activity as evidenced by an increase of secretory immunoglobulin A (local immunity marker) and surfactant protein B, responsible for reducing the alveolar surface tension.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Bronchi; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Bronchoconstriction; Bronchodilator Agents; Disease Models, Animal; Immunoglobulin A; Male; Neutrophils; Nitrogen Dioxide; Oligopeptides; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein B; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Respiratory Mucosa

Effect of mast cell degranulation blockade on the inflammatory response and character of the lung tissue structure-functional changes were evaluated in the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease model produced in rats by 60-day intermittent exposure to nitrogen dioxide. The membrane stabilizer sodium cromoglicate was used to blockade of mast cell degranulation. Lung tissue sections were stained with toluidine blue to identify mast cells. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytogram was determined. The levels of mast cell tryptase and chymase, proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α, surfactant protein B were measured in BALF. Suppression of mast cell degranulation prevented the release of proteases in the bronchoalveolar space and reduced activity of the inflammatory process. The influx of inflammatory cells and TNF-α concentration decreased. There was no interstitial inflammatory infiltration. Bronchoalveolar epithelium structure was recovered that is the basis of its functional usefulness. The results confirm the active involvement of mast cells in the development of the inflammatory process in obstructive pulmonary diseases and allow us to consider them as a possible therapeutic target.

Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Cell Degranulation; Chymases; Cromolyn Sodium; Disease Models, Animal; Gene Expression Regulation; Inflammation; Lung; Male; Mast Cells; Nitrogen Dioxide; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein B; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tryptases; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is an environmental air pollutant and endogenously generated oxidant that contributes to the exacerbation of respiratory disease and can function as an adjuvant to allergically sensitize to an innocuous inhaled Ag. Because uric acid has been implicated as a mediator of adjuvant activity, we sought to determine whether uric acid was elevated and participated in a mouse model of NO2-promoted allergic sensitization. We found that uric acid was increased in the airways of mice exposed to NO2 and that administration of uricase inhibited the development of OVA-driven allergic airway disease subsequent to OVA challenge, as well as the generation of OVA-specific Abs. However, uricase was itself immunogenic, inducing a uricase-specific adaptive immune response that occurred even when the enzymatic activity of uricase had been inactivated. Inhibition of the OVA-specific response was not due to the capacity of uricase to inhibit the early steps of OVA uptake or processing and presentation by dendritic cells, but occurred at a later step that blocked OVA-specific CD4(+) T cell proliferation and cytokine production. Although blocking uric acid formation by allopurinol did not affect outcomes, administration of ultra-clean human serum albumin at protein concentrations equivalent to that of uricase inhibited NO2-promoted allergic airway disease. These results indicate that, although uric acid levels are elevated in the airways of NO2-exposed mice, the powerful inhibitory effect of uricase administration on allergic sensitization is mediated more through Ag-specific immune deviation than via suppression of allergic sensitization, a mechanism to be considered in the interpretation of results from other experimental systems.

Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Allergens; Allopurinol; Animals; Antigen Presentation; Asthma; Cytokines; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Lung; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Nitrogen Dioxide; Ovalbumin; Serum Albumin; Th2 Cells; Urate Oxidase; Uric Acid

Dry skin has been clinically associated with visceral diseases, including liver disease, as well as for our previously reported small intestinal injury mouse model, which have abnormalities in skin barrier function. To clarify this disease-induced skin disruption, we used a dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model. Following treatment with DSS, damage to the colon and skin was monitored using histological and protein analysis methods as well as the detection of inflammatory mediators in the plasma. Notably, transepidermal water loss was higher, and skin hydration was lower in DSS-treated mice compared to controls. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 and NO2-/NO3- levels were also upregulated in the plasma, and a decrease in body weight and colon length was observed in DSS-treated mice. However, when administered TNF-α antibody or an iNOS inhibitor, no change in skin condition was observed, indicating that another signalling mechanism is utilized. Interestingly, the number of tryptase-expressing mast cells, known for their role in immune function via cholinergic signal transduction, was elevated. To evaluate the function of cholinergic signalling in this context, atropine (a muscarinic cholinoceptor antagonist) or hexamethonium (a nicotinic cholinergic ganglion-blocking agent) was administered to DSS-treated mice. Our data indicate that muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) are the primary receptors functioning in colon-to-skin signal transduction, as DSS-induced skin disruption was suppressed by atropine. Thus, skin disruption is likely associated with DSS-induced colitis, and the activation of mast cells via mAChRs is critical to this association.

Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Atropine; Cell Count; Colitis; Colon; Dextran Sulfate; Disease Models, Animal; Enzyme Inhibitors; Hexamethonium; Interleukin-6; Male; Mast Cells; Mice; Muscarinic Antagonists; Nicotinic Antagonists; Nitrates; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Nitrogen Dioxide; Organ Size; Receptors, Muscarinic; Signal Transduction; Skin Diseases; Skin Physiological Phenomena; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Water Loss, Insensible; Weight Loss

In the model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), produced in rats by 60-day exposure to nitrogen dioxide, the effect of drugs with endotelioprotector properties (sulodexide and rosuvastatin) on the functional state of small pulmonary arteries and bronchi was studied. We evaluated the contractile activity of smooth muscle strips of the bronchi caused by stimulation of the nerves or muscles, and changes in tone of isolated pulmonary artery rings at the application of reagents-vasodilators. The use of sulodexide promoted restoration NO-dependent mechanism of vasodilatation and improved β-adrenergic regulation of the pulmonary artery tone. The use of rosuvastatin had no effect on the dilator activity of pulmonary arteries. Both drugs improved the functional status of the bronchial smooth muscles and intrabronchial nervous system that controls the contractile activity of smooth muscle structures of the airways. The results of the study suggest that the one-way relaxing effect of sulodexide on pulmonary arterial and bronchial smooth muscles enables the recovery of coordinated regulation of the tone of these structures, which is essential for maintaining the optimal ratio of ventilation and pulmonary blood flow for efficient gas exchange.

Topics: Animals; Bronchi; Disease Models, Animal; Endothelium, Vascular; Fluorobenzenes; Glycosaminoglycans; Male; Muscle Contraction; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; Nitrogen Dioxide; Protective Agents; Pulmonary Artery; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Pyrimidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Rosuvastatin Calcium; Sulfonamides; Vasodilation

Recent epidemiological literatures reported that NO(2) is a potential risk factor of ischemic stroke in polluted area. Meanwhile, our previous in vivo study found that NO(2) could delay the recovery of nerve function after stroke, implying a possible risk of vascular dementia (VaD) with NO(2) inhalation, which is often a common cognitive complication resulting from stroke. However, the effect and detailed mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, synaptic mechanisms, the foundation of neuronal function and viability, were investigated in both model rats of ischemic stroke and healthy rats after NO(2) exposure. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation showed that 5 mg m(-3) NO(2) exposure not only exacerbated the ultrastructural impairment of synapses in stroke model rats, but also induced neuronal damage in healthy rats. Meantime, we found that the expression of synaptophysin (SYP) and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95), two structural markers of synapses in ischemic stroke model were inhibited by NO(2) inhalation; and so it was with the key proteins mediating long-term potentiation (LTP), the major form of synaptic plasticity. On the contrary, NO(2) inhalation induced the expression of nearly all these proteins in healthy rats in a concentration-dependent manner. Our results implied that NO(2) exposure could increase the risk of VaD through inducing excitotoxicity in healthy rats but weakening synaptic plasticity directly in stroke model rats.

Topics: Air Pollutants; Animals; Dementia, Vascular; Disease Models, Animal; Disks Large Homolog 4 Protein; Hippocampus; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Male; Membrane Proteins; Neuronal Plasticity; Nitrogen Dioxide; Protein Kinases; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Risk Factors; Stroke; Synapses; Synaptophysin; Transcription Factors

Model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was induced in rats by nitrogen dioxide inhalation for 60 days. The effect of reagents-vasodilators on the isolated pulmonary arteries with a diameter less than 0.5 mm was studied in 15, 30 and 60 days of COPD induction. All vasodilators (beta-adrenoreceptor agonist izopreterenol, nitric oxide donor nitrosorbid, acetylcholine, activator of C-fibers capsaicin, corticosteroid beclometasone) dose-dependently decreased vascular tone of pulmonary arteries isolated from intact rats. On extension nitrogen dioxide exposure pulmonary arteries responded to the impact of all vasodilators by smaller relaxation. Dose-dependence of dilatation reaction disappeared. In the process of COPD model formation functioning of almost all pulmonary arterial wall neurotransmitter systems were broken. This led to decrease in vasodilators influence on vascular tone and could facilitate the development of pulmonary hypertension which is typical of COPD.

Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Dilatation; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Hypertension, Pulmonary; Hypoxia; Male; Nitrogen Dioxide; Organ Culture Techniques; Pulmonary Artery; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Vasodilator Agents

Severe, glucocorticoid-resistant asthma comprises 5-7% of patients with asthma. IL-17 is a biomarker of severe asthma, and the adoptive transfer of Th17 cells in mice is sufficient to induce glucocorticoid-resistant allergic airway disease. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is an environmental toxin that correlates with asthma severity, exacerbation, and risk of adverse outcomes. Mice that are allergically sensitized to the antigen ovalbumin by exposure to NO2 exhibit a mixed Th2/Th17 adaptive immune response and eosinophil and neutrophil recruitment to the airway following antigen challenge, a phenotype reminiscent of severe clinical asthma. Because IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) signaling is critical in the generation of the Th17 response in vivo, we hypothesized that the IL-1R/Th17 axis contributes to pulmonary inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in NO2-promoted allergic airway disease and manifests in glucocorticoid-resistant cytokine production. IL-17A neutralization at the time of antigen challenge or genetic deficiency in IL-1R resulted in decreased neutrophil recruitment to the airway following antigen challenge but did not protect against the development of AHR. Instead, IL-1R-/- mice developed exacerbated AHR compared to WT mice. Lung cells from NO2-allergically inflamed mice that were treated in vitro with dexamethasone (Dex) during antigen restimulation exhibited reduced Th17 cytokine production, whereas Th17 cytokine production by lung cells from recipient mice of in vitro Th17-polarized OTII T-cells was resistant to Dex. These results demonstrate that the IL-1R/Th17 axis does not contribute to AHR development in NO2-promoted allergic airway disease, that Th17 adoptive transfer does not necessarily reflect an endogenously-generated Th17 response, and that functions of Th17 responses are contingent on the experimental conditions in which they are generated.

Topics: Adoptive Transfer; Animals; Asthma; Dexamethasone; Disease Models, Animal; Eosinophils; Female; Interleukin-17; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Nitrogen Dioxide; Receptors, Interleukin-1; Respiratory Hypersensitivity; Th17 Cells; Th2 Cells

Topics: Animals; Bronchi; Bronchodilator Agents; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Muscle Contraction; Muscle Relaxation; Muscle, Smooth; Nitrogen Dioxide; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spiro Compounds

Development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) involves not only the bronchial and respiratory areas of the lungs, but also the system of pulmonary circulation, which begins with the defeat of capillary blood flow. One of radiological methods of studying lung microcirculatory functions is perfusion scintigraphy. We designed the technique of radiological examination and identified its abilities in determination of the role of vascular dysfunctions in experimental model of development of COPD. We assessed the results of pharmacological agents that affect the microcirculatory bed of the lungs and smooth muscles of pulmonary arteries in rats. Studies have shown the promise of the possibility of using the drug sulodexide for studying impaired endothelial function in clinical practice.

Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Glycosaminoglycans; Lung; Male; Muscle Relaxation; Muscle, Smooth; Nitrogen Dioxide; Organ Culture Techniques; Pulmonary Artery; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Radiopharmaceuticals; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin

Blockade of the T-type calcium channel (TCC), which is expressed in the renal efferent arterioles of the juxtamedullary nephron and vasa recta, has been shown to protect against renal injury. Studies were designed to determine the effects of a specific TCC blocker, R(-) efonidipine [R(-)EFO], on the regulation of renal circulation.. Renal medullary blood flux (MBF) and cortical blood flux (CBF) were simultaneously monitored using laser-Doppler flowmetry in Sprague-Dawley rats. Responses were also determined in rats with angiotensin II (AngII) induced renal ischemia. Intravenous (i.v.) or renal interstitial (r.i.) infusion of R(-)EFO (0.25 mg/h, i.v. or r.i.) significantly increased MBF by 24.0 ± 7.0 and 21.0 ± 4.4%, respectively, but without changing CBF or mean arterial pressure. The nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-argininemethylester (L-NAME, 1 μg/kg per min, i.v. or r.i.) significantly attenuated R(-)EFO-induced increase in MBF. R(-)EFO inhibited the AngII-mediated (50 ng/kg per min, i.v.) reduction of MBF (28.4 ± 1.7%), which was associated with increased urinary NO(2) + NO(3) excretion and decreased urinary hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) excretion. Intracellular H(2)O(2) fluorescence (real-time fluorescence imaging) in the epithelial cells of isolated medullary thick ascending limb (mTAL) significantly increased following AngII stimulation (1 μmol/L, 235 ± 52 units), which was significantly inhibited by pre and coincubation with R(-)EFO. R(-)EFO stimulation also increased the intracellular NO concentration in the epithelial cells of mTAL (220 ± 62 units).. These results suggest that TCC blockade with R(-)EFO selectively increases MBF, an effect that appears to be mediated by changes in renal NO and oxidative stress balance, which may protect against ischemic renal injury in the renal medullary region.

Topics: Angiotensin II; Animals; Blood Flow Velocity; Calcium Channel Blockers; Calcium Channels, T-Type; Dihydropyridines; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Antagonism; Infusions, Intravenous; Ischemia; Kidney Medulla; Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitrogen Dioxide; Nitrogen Oxides; Nitrophenols; Organophosphorus Compounds; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Renal Circulation; Vasoconstrictor Agents

A method for experimental reproduction of stages of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease formation (from acute inflammation to bronchopulmonary tissue restructuring characteristic of this disease) is presented. Lung injury and inflammation were induced by nitrogen dioxide. Hyperplasia and hypersecretion of goblet cells, squamous cell metaplasia of the ciliary epithelium, emphysema, and focal fibrosis served as the morphological substrate for the formation of bronchial obstruction. The adequacy of the model is confirmed by signs characteristic of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: hyperexpression of CD3 lymphocytes in the bronchial wall and parenchyma, manifold increased production of TNFα and TGFβ, high concentrations of circulating pathogenic immune complexes. Persistence of the structural and functional shifts throughout 6 months after exposure to nitrogen dioxide indicated a chronic course of the resultant pathological process.

Topics: Animals; Antigen-Antibody Complex; CD3 Complex; Chronic Disease; Disease Models, Animal; Goblet Cells; Inflammation; Lung; Lymphocytes; Male; Nitrogen Dioxide; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Pulmonary Emphysema; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Transforming Growth Factor beta; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Inhaled nitric oxide (NO) has the capacity to selectively dilate pulmonary blood vessels, and thus enhance the matching of ventilation and perfusion, improve oxygenation and decrease pulmonary hypertension. However, existing approaches for the administration of inhaled NO are associated with the co-delivery of potentially toxic concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) due to the oxidation of NO in oxygen rich environments. We tested the ability of a novel methodology for generating highly purified NO through the reduction of NO2 by ascorbic acid to reverse pulmonary hypertension. In vitro testing demonstrated that the NO output of the novel device is ultrapure and free of NO2. An in vivo hypoxemic swine model of pulmonary hypertension was used to examine the dose response to NO in terms of pulmonary pressures and pulmonary vascular resistance. Pulmonary hypertension was induced by lowering inspired oxygen to 15% prior to treatment with inhaled ultra purified NO (1, 5, 20, and 80PPM). Hypoxemia increased mean pulmonary artery pressures and pulmonary vascular resistance. Inhaled ultra purified NO doses (down to 1PPM) show a marked reduction of hypoxemia-induced pulmonary vascular resistance. These experiments demonstrate a simple and robust method to generate purified inhaled NO that is devoid of NO2 and capable of reversing hypoxemia induced pulmonary hypertension.

Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Disease Models, Animal; Hypertension, Pulmonary; Hypoxia; Nitric Oxide; Nitrogen; Nitrogen Dioxide; Oxygen; Pulmonary Artery; Swine; Vascular Resistance

To establish the rats model of acute pulmonary edema induced by inhalation of high concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2).. 38 SD rats were divided into the experimental group (n = 30) and the control group (n = 8). 30 rats in the experimental group were exposed to (6747.47 ± 25.24) mg/m(3) NO2 in the exposure system. At the time point of 6, 12, 18, 24 h, chest X-ray examination was taken for the experimental group. And at each time point, 6 rats were sacrificed after taking blood samples. After sacrificing, the lung of rats was taken for pathological examination and calculated lung wet/dry weight ratio. Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) concentration of blood samples were detected.. Acute pulmonary edema was successfully induced by exposure to NO2 in 30 rats within 24 hours. There were some cloudy shadows without clear edge on the chest X-ray. To the time point of 12 hours, shadows combined with each other, and to the time point of 18 hours, the whole lung became "white" on the X-ray. The situation stabilized but not improved at the time point of 24 hours. HE staining of the lung tissue showed that to the time point of 6 hours, the alveolar gap increased and small amount of eosinophilic liquid leaked into alveolar. To the time point of 12 hours, alveolar combined with each other and eosinophilic liquid increased in amount. To the time point of 18 hours, the whole alveolar was filled with eosinophilic liquid and the situation stabilized till the time point of 24 hours. Wet/dry weight ratio of the experimental group at each time point were 5.6 ± 0.20, 6.89 ± 0.25, 8.03 ± 0.47, 7.81 ± 0.45. There was significant difference compared with the control group which was 4.72 ± 0.06 (P < 0.01). There was statistical difference between 12, 18, 24 h and 6 h time points (P < 0.01). Moreover, statistical difference was observed between 18, 24 h and 12 h time points for wet/dry weight ratio (P < 0.01). The erythrocyte SOD activity reduced significantly. Compared with the control group, there was a statistical difference (P < 0.01) at each time point. After exposure of 18 and 24 hours, plasma ANP concentration (136.66 ± 35.37) and (134.10 ± 60.41) ng/ml respectively, which were higher than (31.31 ± 13.06) ng/ml of control group and (34.71 ± 13.42) ng/ml of 6 hours time point and (47.98 ± 7.86) ng/ml. The differences were significant (P < 0.01).. High concentrations of NO2 can induce acute pulmonary edema model successfully in SD rats.

Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Nitrogen Dioxide; Pulmonary Edema; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

To investigate the therapeutic effect of glucocorticoids on the acute pulmonary edema in rats induced by nitrogen dioxide (NO₂).. Thirty SD female rats were randomly equally divided into 5 groups: normal control group, NO₂ exposed group, high-, middle- and low-dose of glucocorticoids treated group (6 rats per group). 6 rats in the normal control group were exposed to room air for 30 min, and the other rats to NO₂. 18 rats in the glucocorticoids group were treated with different doses of dexamethasone (6.0, 3.0, 1.0 mg/kg), while the rats in the NO₂ poisoning group were treated with normal saline (2.5 mg/kg). The lung wet/dry (W/D) weight ratio was calculated, and plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity from whole blood, plasma interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).. The lung W/D ratios were increased significantly in glucocorticoids treated group and NO₂-exposed group compared with normal control group (P < 0.05), while they were significantly reduced in glucocorticoids treated group as compared with NO₂-exposed group (P < 0.05). SOD activity in whole blood in glucocorticoids treated group and NO₂-exposed group was significantly lower than that of normal control group (P < 0.05), while it was no significant difference between that of glucocorticoids treated group and NO₂-exposed group (P > 0.05). Plasma ANP was significantly increased in NO₂-exposed group compared with normal control group (P < 0.05), while it was significantly decreased in glucocorticoids treated group compared with NO₂-exposed group (P > 0.05). Plasma TNF-α of high-, middle- and low-dose of glucocorticoids treated group [(27.04 ± 8.19), (40.10 ± 9.09), (39.76 ± 9.60) pg/ml] was decreased significantly as compared with NO₂-exposed group (68.55 ± 27.84 pg/ml) (P < 0.05). Plasma IL-6 in high- and middle-dose of glucocorticoids treated group [(15.97 ± 6.18), (19.69 ± 5.52) pg/ml] was significantly decreased as compared to NO₂-exposed group [(29.29 ± 9.31) pg/ml] (P < 0.05). Plasma IL-10 in high-, middle- and low-dose of glucocorticoids treated group [(23.24 ± 5.14), (27.78 ± 8.17), (33.29 ± 10.42) pg/ml] was significantly reduced compared with NO₂-exposed group [(44.38 ± 9.19) pg/ml] (P < 0.05). Plasma IFN-γ in high- and middle-dose of glucocorticoids treated group [(7.21 ± 4.55), (19.23 ± 4.35) pg/ml] was reduced compared with NO₂-exposed group [(30.83 ± 6.82) pg/ml] (P < 0.05).. High-, middle-, low-dose glucocorticoids all can improve the permeability of alveolar wall and capillary, and have nonspecific anti-inflammatory effects. The therapeutic effects on pulmonary edema are significant. High and middle dose of glucocorticoids treated group are more useful for decreased inflammatory factors.

Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Glucocorticoids; Nitrogen Dioxide; Pulmonary Edema; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Cigarette smoke is the most important cause for the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Since only a minority of smokers and some nonsmokers develop COPD, other factors must be involved as well. NO2 is an important air pollutant associated with respiratory symptoms in humans and emphysema development in animal models. We hypothesized that combined exposure to NO2 and cigarette smoke will enhance pulmonary inflammation and emphysema development. Mice were exposed to 20 ppm NO2 for 17 h/day, to 24 puffs of cigarette smoke 2 times per day, to their combination, or to control air for 5 days/wk during 4 wk. Following the last NO2 exposure and within 24 h after the last smoke exposure the mice were sacrificed. Lungs were removed and analyzed for several inflammatory parameters and emphysema. Cigarette smoke exposure increased eosinophil numbers and levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, KC, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and interleukin (IL)-6. NO2 exposure increased goblet cells, eosinophils, and the levels of IL-6, while it decreased the levels of IL-10. Four weeks of NO2, cigarette smoke, or their combination was not sufficient to induce significant emphysema, nor did it lead to increased numbers of lymphocytes, neutrophils, or macrophages in lung tissue. Instead, NO2 exposure attenuated the smoke-induced increases in levels of TNF-alpha, KC, and MCP-1. These dampening effects of NO2 may be due to modulating effects of NO2 on cytokine production by macrophages and epithelial cells, which have been reported earlier. The next step is to translate these findings of combined, controlled exposure in animals to the human situation.

Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Animals; Cell Count; Cytokines; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Antagonism; Drug Therapy, Combination; Emphysema; Eosinophils; Female; Inhalation Exposure; Lung; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Nicotiana; Nitrogen Dioxide; Pneumonia; Smoke; Smoking

The anti-arthritic effects of the synthetic compound 9-chloro-2,3 dimethyl-6-(N,N-dimetylamino-2-oxoethyl)-6H-indolo[2,3-b] quinoxaline (Rob 803) was evaluated by treating Dark Agouti rats with collagen-induced arthritis using three different protocols. Daily subcutaneous treatment with 40 mg/kg/day of Rob 803 from the day of immunization and 14 days forward suppressed arthritis severity significantly and delayed the onset of clinical arthritis. In contrast, similar treatment initiated when individual rats had developed clinical disease (at a score of 2 points) did not suppress disease. Oral treatment with 35 mg/kg/day of Rob 803 from the day of immunization and 21 days forward resulted in a trend towards disease suppression. In vitro analysis of rats treated subcutaneously with Rob 803 revealed an inhibition of T cell proliferation but no effect on the generation of an anti-CII immunoglobulin G response. Further in vitro analysis demonstrated that Rob 803 also inhibited the generation of nitric oxide in macrophages, although at higher concentrations than needed for inhibitory effects on T cell proliferation. Thus we report that early subcutaneous administration of the synthetic substance Rob 803 has anti-rheumatic effects that are probably mediated by affecting the proliferative capacity of lymph node T cells. Rob 803 should be considered as a new candidate substance for anti-rheumatic treatment.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Antirheumatic Agents; Apoptosis; Arthritis, Experimental; Cell Proliferation; Cells, Cultured; Collagen Type II; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Immunoglobulin G; Immunosuppressive Agents; Injections, Subcutaneous; Lymph Nodes; Lymphocyte Activation; Macrophages; Nitrogen Dioxide; Quinoxalines; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; T-Lymphocytes

The major features of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) comprise a not fully reversible airflow limitation associated with an abnormal inflammatory response, increased mucus production and development of emphysema-like lesions. Animal models that closely mimic these alterations represent an important issue for the investigation of pathophysiological mechanisms. Since most animal models in this area have focused on specific aspects of the disease, we aimed to investigate whether exposure of C57BL/6 mice to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) may cause a more complex phenotype covering several of the characteristics of the human disease. Therefore, mice were exposed to NO2 for 14h each day for up to 25 days. Initial dose response experiments revealed the induction of a significant inflammatory response at a dose of 20 ppm NO2. Mice developed progressive airway inflammation together with a focal inflammation of the lung parenchyma characterized by a predominant influx of neutrophils and macrophages. In addition, goblet cell hyperplasia was detected in the central airways and increased collagen deposition was found in the lung parenchyma. NO2-exposed mice developed emphysema-like lesions as indicated by a significantly increased mean linear intercept as compared to control mice. Finally, the assessment of lung functional parameters revealed the development of progressive airway obstruction over time. In conclusion, our data provide evidence that the inflammatory response to NO2 exposure is associated with increased mucus production, development of airspace enlargement and progressive airway obstruction. Thus, NO2-exposed mice may serve as a model to investigate pathophysiological mechanisms that contribute to the development of human COPD.

Topics: Animals; Bronchitis, Chronic; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Emphysema; Leukocyte Count; Lung; Macrophages, Alveolar; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neutrophils; Nitrogen Dioxide; Oxidants, Photochemical; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Pulmonary Ventilation; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of NO(2), a major component of air pollution, on airway eosinophilic inflammation and bronchial hyperreactivity, using a mouse model of asthma.. BALB/c mice (eight mice per experimental group) were studied in a basic research laboratory at the University of Iowa.. Using a standard murine model of asthma, BALB/c mice were sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) by intraperitoneal (IP) injections (days 1 and 7) and were challenged with aerosolized OVA (days 13 and 14). Some mice were exposed to NO(2) (2 ppm) in an exposure chamber for 24 h before undergoing OVA aerosol challenge. A control group was exposed to OVA alone.. The outcomes assessed included airway inflammation, bronchial hyperreactivity to inhaled methacholine, and goblet cell hyperplasia. We found that NO(2) exposure modestly increased airway neutrophilia but not airway eosinophilia in OVA-exposed mice. These mice exhibited epithelial damage and loss of epithelial mucin. Surprisingly, nonspecific bronchial hyperreactivity (ie, enhanced pause index) was not increased, although baseline smooth muscle tone was increased (p < 0.05) in the mice exposed to NO(2).. These data indicate that relatively short-term (24 h) exposure to NO(2) causes epithelial damage, reduced mucin expression, and increased tone of respiratory smooth muscle. Reduced mucin production may be a mechanism of injury following long-term exposure to inhaled NO(2). Despite enhancing epithelial damage in OVA-exposed mice, NO(2) exposure does not otherwise alter the expression of allergen-induced airway responses.

Topics: Animals; Asthma; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Nitrogen Dioxide; Ovalbumin; Oxidants, Photochemical; Respiratory Mucosa

Inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) is believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU). In the present study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a non-selective NOS inhibitor, and S,S'-1,4-phenylene-bis(1,2-ethanediyl)bis-isothiourea (PBITU), a potent and selective iNOS inhibitor, on intraocular NO production in EIU rabbits using an in vivo intraocular microdialysis technique. The flare level in the anterior chamber increased from 1h after the injection of 100 micro g/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and continued to increase for 24h. Aqueous humor protein concentrations were significantly increased at 24h after LPS-injection. These changes were significantly reduced by L-NAME (10mg/kg) and PBITU (1mg/kg), but not by D-NAME (10mg/kg). The increase in NO(2)(-) and NO(3)(-) levels in the dialysate induced by LPS was significantly inhibited by L-NAME (10mg/kg) and PBITU (1mg/kg), but not by D-NAME (10mg/kg). These results suggest that activation of iNOS may play a key role in the development of EIU, and selective inhibitors of iNOS may have therapeutic applications in the treatment of EIU.

Topics: Animals; Aqueous Humor; Disease Models, Animal; Enzyme Inhibitors; Lipopolysaccharides; Male; Microdialysis; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nitrogen Dioxide; Nitrogen Oxides; Rabbits; Salmonella typhimurium; Thiourea; Uveitis

The lung is protected against oxidative stress by a variety of antioxidants and type II pneumocytes seem to play an important role in antioxidant defense. Previous studies have shown that inhalation of NO2 results in acute and chronic lung injury. How the expression and enzyme activity of antioxidant enzymes are influenced in type II cells of different inflammatory stages has yet not been studied. To elucidate this question, we exposed rats to 10 ppm NO2 for 3 or 20 days to induce acute or chronic lung injury. From these and air-breathing rats, type II pneumocytes were isolated. The mRNA expression and protein content of CuZnSOD and MnSOD as well as total SOD-specific enzyme activity were determined. For the acute lung injury (3 d NO2), the expression of CuZnSOD mRNA was significantly increased, while MnSOD expression was significantly reduced after 3 days of NO2 exposure. For the chronic lung injury (20 d NO2), CuZnSOD expression was still enhanced, while MnSOD expression was comparable to control. In parallel to CuZnSOD mRNA expression, the protein amount was significantly increased in acute and chronic lung injury however MnSOD protein content exhibited no intergroup differences. Total SOD enzyme activity showed a significant decrease after 3 days of NO2 exposure and was similar to control after 20 days. We conclude that during acute and chronic lung injury in type II pneumocytes expression and protein synthesis of CuZnSOD and MnSOD are regulated differently.

Topics: Animals; Blotting, Northern; Blotting, Western; Disease Models, Animal; DNA Primers; Lung; Nitrogen Dioxide; Oxidants, Photochemical; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Messenger; Superoxide Dismutase

The effect of exposure to irritant air pollutants on the development of allergic airway disease is poorly understood. This study examines the effects of the lower respiratory tract irritant, NO(2), on the outcome of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic airway disease. Male and female C57Bl/6 mice were sensitized by weekly intraperitoneal (ip) OVA injections for 3 wk followed by daily 1-h OVA aerosol inhalation challenge for 3 or 10 d. Initially, mice were exposed daily for 3 d to air or 0.7 or 5 ppm NO(2) for 2 h following each OVA aerosol challenge. OVA exposure resulted in pronounced lower airway inflammation, as evidenced by a significant increase in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) total cellularity and eosinophil levels. BAL eosinophil levels were significantly lower in OVA-NO(2) compared to OVA-air animals. The reduction was similar at both NO(2) exposure concentrations. In a subsequent study, sensitized animals were exposed for 3 or 10 d to aerosolized OVA followed by air or 0.7 ppm NO(2). BAL eosinophils were again reduced at 3 d by OVA-NO(2) exposure compared to OVA-air mice. At 10 d the eosinophilia was virtually abolished. This reduction in OVA-induced cellular inflammation by NO(2) was confirmed by histopathological analysis. Contrary to expectations, exposure to NO(2) during the aerosol challenge to OVA dramatically diminished the outcome of allergic disease in lungs as measured by airway cellular inflammation.

Topics: Aerosols; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Inflammation; Inhalation Exposure; Lung Diseases; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Nitrogen Dioxide; Oxidants, Photochemical

Tumor necrosis factor a (TNFalpha) and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) are thought to play critical roles in the process of lung injury, repair, and disease. The induction of TNFalpha and MnSOD were examined in a model of progressive pulmonary fibrosis along the length of the alveolar duct in rats exposed for 1, 5, and 8 weeks to a combination of 0.8 ppm ozone and 14.4 ppm nitrogen dioxide. This oxidant injury model results in a triphasic response with an initial inflammatory stage during weeks 1-3, followed by a partial resolution at weeks 4-5, and a final stage of rapidly progressive fibrosis during weeks 6-8. Changes in TNFalpha and MnSOD labeling for the proximal and distal alveolar ducts of the lungs were quantified using immunohistochemistry and morphometric techniques at 1, 5, and 8 weeks of exposure. A significant elevation in MnSOD was noted in alveolar macrophages and interstitial cells of the proximal and distal portions of the alveolar duct following 8 weeks of exposure. Labeling for TNFalpha only in the proximal region of the alveolar duct, was significantly increased in alveolar macrophages after 1 and 8 weeks of exposure, while a significant increase in TNFalpha labeling of interstitial cells in proximal regions was noted at all time points. We conclude that MnSOD is elevated in areas of focal injury as well as the more distal protected areas of the lungs, while TNFalpha correlates strongly with both the temporal and spatial aspects of greatest cellular injury in the lungs.

Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Animals; Cell Count; Disease Models, Animal; Epithelial Cells; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Lung; Macrophages, Alveolar; Male; Nitrogen Dioxide; Ozone; Pulmonary Alveoli; Pulmonary Fibrosis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Superoxide Dismutase; Time Factors; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Oxidant stress delivered by nitrogen dioxide (NO2) inhalation impairs the function of extracellular surfactant as well as surfactant phospholipid metabolism in type II pneumocytes. Because protection against oxidant stress is important to normal lung function, the lung contains a variety of antioxidants, including vitamin E. Whether administration of this antioxidant during NO2 inhalation attenuates NO2-induced alterations in phospholipid metabolism in type II pneumocytes has not been studied.. We exposed rats to identical NO2 body doses (720 p.p.m. x h) using continuous, intermittent, or repetitive protocols. During exposure periods, the animals received daily intramuscular injections of vitamin E (25 mg kg-1). We isolated type II pneumocytes from NO2-exposed rats and evaluated them for cell yield and viability, as well as for synthesis and secretion of phosphatidylcholine (PC) as measures of surfactant metabolism.. The yield of type II pneumocytes was significantly elevated from animals that had been exposed continuously to NO2 whereas in intermittently and repeatedly exposed rats, cell yield was similar to yield from control animals. Viability of the isolated cells was similar in controls and all NO2 exposure protocols. Vitamin E treatment of the NO2-exposed rats neither changed cell yield nor cell viability. Phospholipid de novo synthesis, as estimated by choline incorporation into PC, was increased most after continuous NO2 inhalation whereas in the other conditions there was only a slight increase. Vitamin E administration further increased phospholipid synthesis; this difference reached statistical significance only in the case of intermittent NO2 exposure. Secretion of phosphatidylcholine from type II cells was only reduced after continuous NO2 inhalation and administration of the antioxidant reduced the impairment.. Because vitamin E appears to preserve the ability of type II pneumocytes isolated from NO2-exposed rats to synthesize and secrete surfactant lipid, we conclude that administration of vitamin E may mitigate NO2-induced lung injury.

Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Animals; Antioxidants; Bronchitis; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Cell Count; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Choline; Disease Models, Animal; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lung; Lung Injury; Male; Nitrogen Dioxide; Oxidative Stress; Phosphatidylcholines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Vitamin E

To investigate the role of carbon monoxide (CO) in the pathogenesis of asthma.. We examined CO, nitrite and nitrate (NO2[not readable: see text]/NO3[not readable: see text]) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) levels in plasma of 26 asthmatic children and 22 matched normal children. At the same time, we examined the plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) CO, NO2[not readable: see text]/NO3[not readable: see text] and TNF-alpha levels in guinea-pigs with allergic asthma.. Asthmatic children in acute attack stage had increased levels of CO, NO2[not readable: see text]/NO3[not readable: see text] and TNF-alpha in plasma compared with normal control subjects (all P < 0.01), while in stable stage plasma CO and NO2[not readable: see text]/NO3[not readable: see text] reduced to normal levels (both of the P > 0.05), but TNF-alpha was still higher than the normal controls (P < 0.01). Guinea-pigs with allergic asthma had increased amounts of CO and TNF-alpha in plasma and CO, NO2[not readable: see text]/NO3[not readable: see text] and TNF-alpha in BALF as compared with normal control subjects (P < 0.05-0.01), but no changes in levels of circulating NO2[not readable: see text]/NO3[not readable: see text] (P > 0.05) were found. There was no difference between glucocorticoid treated asthmatic guinea pigs and normal controls in levels of CO, NO2[not readable: see text]/NO3[not readable: see text], and TNF-alpha. The elevation of plasma CO correlated with elevated NO2[not readable: see text]/NO3[not readable: see text] level in asthmatic children (P < 0.05), so did in the BALF in allergic guinea-pigs.. Our present data showed that endogenously produced CO was increased during the course of asthma, which suggested that the role of CO in asthma might worth further study.

Topics: Animals; Asthma; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Carbon Monoxide; Cell Line; Child; Child, Preschool; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Infant; Male; Mice; Nitrates; Nitrites; Nitrogen Dioxide; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Dust; Lung Diseases; Nitrogen Dioxide; Rats; Rats, Inbred BN; Up-Regulation

The airway resistance, compliance of the respiratory system, transfer factor, and alveolar volume of 33 healthy rabbits were studied before and after exposure to diluted diesel exhaust generated in an experimental motor. Three diesel fuels and two particle traps were tested. Subsequent to the post-exposure lung function measurements, the animals were sacrificed and the lungs were processed for morphologic examination. The concentrations of particles, nitrogen dioxide, and formaldehyde were measured. The inflammatory airway changes were most pronounced in animals exposed to exhaust from standard fuel. Small changes were identified in animals exposed to exhaust filtered through the catalytic trap as well or exposed to unfiltered exhaust from fuels intended for densely built-up areas. Increase in compliance of the respiratory system was associated with the concentration of soot particles and formaldehyde. Compliance decreased significantly in animals exposed to exhaust from standard fuel filtered through the particle traps and increased almost significantly in animals exposed to unfiltered exhaust from the same fuel.

Topics: Air Pollutants; Airway Resistance; Animals; Carbon; Catalysis; Disease Models, Animal; Equipment Design; Filtration; Formaldehyde; Gasoline; Lung; Lung Compliance; Male; Nitrogen Dioxide; Particle Size; Pneumonia; Pulmonary Alveoli; Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity; Pulmonary Ventilation; Rabbits

1. In previous studies a rat inhalation model was developed to investigate the effects of intervention after acute NO2 exposure. The object of the present study was to investigate whether acute NO2 intoxication induced comparable effects in rabbits as it does in rats. Where the effects of intervention in both species are similar, then the conclusions drawn from these studies may have more relevance for the treatment of man. 2. Biochemical variables in bronchoalveolar lavage and supernatant from lung homogenate, which may be relevant for the evaluation of lung injury and repair, were investigated and compared with histology. 3. After NO2 exposure for 10 min, the pulmonary effects observed became more pronounced with increasing NO2 concentrations (0, 125, 175, 250, 400, 600 or 800 ppm) [1 ppm NO2 is 1.88 mg m-3]. The effects in rabbits were found to be broadly comparable with those in rats. 4. To achieve severe lung injury in rabbits without mortality, enabling investigations of the effects of intervention over several days, exposure to a NO2 concentration of 600 ppm for 10 min was most appropriate, while a concentration of 175 ppm NO2 was needed to attain comparable effects in rats. 5. The repair phase starts later, namely at 3 days after exposure in rats, compared to 5 days in rabbits.

Topics: Animals; Atmosphere Exposure Chambers; Blood Cell Count; Body Weight; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Lung; Male; Nitrogen Dioxide; Organ Size; Rabbits; Rats; Species Specificity

Human inhalation exposures to relatively high mass concentrations of the oxidant gas nitrogen dioxide (NO2) can result in a variety of pulmonary disorders, including life-threatening pulmonary edema, pneumonia, and bronchiolitis obliterans. Inasmuch as most experimental studies to date have examined NO2-induced lung injury following exposures to near ambient or supra-ambient concentrations of NO2, e.g., < or = 50 ppm, little detailed information about the pulmonary injurious responses following the acute inhalation of higher NO2 concentrations that are more commensurate with some actual human exposure conditions is currently available. Described in this report are the results from a series of investigations in which various aspects of the inhalation toxicity of high concentrations of NO2 have been examined in laboratory rats. In the first component of our study, we characterized the kinetic course of development of lung injury following acute exposures to high concentrations of NO2 delivered over varying durations, and we assessed the relative importance of NO2 exposure concentration versus exposure time in producing lung injury. For a given exposure duration, the resulting severity of lung injury was found to generally scale proportionately with inhaled mass concentration, whereas for a given concentration of inhaled NO2, the magnitude of resulting injury was not directly proportional to exposure duration. Moreover, evidence was obtained that indicated exposure concentration is more important than exposure time when high concentrations of NO2 are inhaled. In a second component of our investigation, we assessed the pulmonary injurious response that occurs when NO2 is inhaled during very brief, 'high burst' exposures to very high concentrations of NO2. Such exposures resulted in significant lung injury, with the magnitude of such injury being directly proportional to exposure concentration. Comparisons of results obtained from this and the first component studies additionally revealed that brief exposures to the very high concentrations of NO2 are more hazardous than longer duration exposures to lower concentrations. In a third study series, we examined pre-exposure, exposure, and post-exposure modifiers of NO2-induced lung injury, including dietary taurine, minute ventilation, and post-exposure exercise. Results from these studies indicated: (i) dietary taurine does not protect the rat lung against high concentration NO2 exposure, (ii) the severity of acu

Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Lung Diseases; Male; Nitrogen Dioxide; Permeability; Physical Conditioning, Animal; Pneumonia; Pulmonary Alveoli; Pulmonary Edema; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Respiration; Taurine; Time Factors

Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed for 6 h daily to 0.8 ppm of ozone and 14.4 ppm of nitrogen dioxide. Approximately 7 to 10 wk after the initiation of exposure, animals began to demonstrate respiratory insufficiency and severe weight loss. About half of the rats died between Days 55 and 78 of exposure; no overt ill effects were observed in animals exposed to filtered air, to ozone alone, or to nitrogen dioxide. Biochemical findings in animals exposed to ozone and nitrogen dioxide included increased lung content of DNA, protein, collagen, and elastin, which was about 300% higher than the control values. The collagen-specific crosslink hydroxy-pyridinium, a biomarker for mature collagen in the lung, was decreased by about 40%. These results are consistent with extensive breakdown and remodeling of the lung parenchyma and its associated vasculature. Histopathologic evaluation showed severe fibrosis, alveolar collapse, honeycombing, macrophage and mast cell accumulation, vascular smooth muscle hypertrophy, and other indications of severe progressive interstitial pulmonary fibrosis and end-stage lung disease. This unique animal model of progressive pulmonary fibrosis resembles the final stages of human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and should facilitate studying underlying mechanisms and potential therapy of progressive pulmonary fibrosis.

Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Animals; Collagen; Desmosine; Disease Models, Animal; DNA; Elastin; Environmental Exposure; Hydroxyproline; Lung; Male; Nitrogen Dioxide; Ozone; Proteins; Pulmonary Fibrosis; Pyridines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Survival Rate

We evaluated the effect of beta-aminopropionitrile (beta APN) on the nitrogen dioxide (NO2) animal model of emphysema. Rats maintained on a beta APN-supplemented or a regular diet were exposed to 30 ppm NO2 for intervals ranging from 1 to 8 wk. Emphysema development was assessed by histologic evaluation and by changes in lung volume and mean linear intercept values. Evidence of pathologic changes were also documented by clinical and radiographic findings of osteolathyrism. The induction of centriacinar emphysema was attributed specifically to NO2 exposure. Neither the severity of the emphysema nor the time course of its development was altered by the beta APN-supplemented diet. These findings are in marked contrast to those observed with the exogenous elastase model of the disease, and they suggest that elastin synthesis and repair may not modulate elastin destruction in the NO2 model of emphysema.

Topics: Aminopropionitrile; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Diet; Disease Models, Animal; Elastin; Germ-Free Life; Lathyrism; Lung; Male; Nitrogen Dioxide; Organ Size; Pulmonary Emphysema; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Time Factors

The nitrogen dioxide (NO2) diurnal cycle found in urban communities usually consists of a low basal concentration upon which are superimposed higher concentration peaks or spikes of short duration. Various components of this environmental exposure mode were examined to assess effects of urban exposure profiles on susceptibility to infectious pulmonary disease. Mice were exposed to NO2 peaks of 4.5 ppm for 1, 3.5, or 7 h, challenged with Streptococcus sp. either immediately or 18 h postexposure, and then observed for mortality. When the streptococcal challenges were immediately after NO2 exposure, the mortality rate was directly related to the length of peak exposure, whether or not a basal exposure was used, and all peak lengths significantly increased mortality. When the challenge was delayed for 18 h after the peak exposure, spiked exposures of 3.5 and 7 h increased mortality to the same degree. If a 1-h peak exposure to 4.5 ppm was superimposed twice daily upon a continuous basal NO2 concentration of 1.5 ppm, there was a suggestive trend toward increased mortality near the end of the second week of exposure when challenge occurred immediately after the morning spike. Studies were also conducted to examine interactions with ozone (O3) and NO2, since urban air typically contains both of these oxidants. Using various combinations of basal and spiked exposure levels of NO2 and O3, synergistic results were obtained for streptococcal-induced mortality.

Topics: Air Pollutants; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Susceptibility; Female; Humans; Mice; Nitrogen Dioxide; Ozone; Streptococcal Infections; Urban Population

Topics: Air Pollutants; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Lung; Male; Nitrogen Dioxide; Pulmonary Emphysema; Rats; Time Factors

Exposure of rats to 150 ppm NO2 for 2 hours causes death from pulmonary oedema. Continuous exposure to 25 ppm for 150 days causes gross enlargement with loss of elastic recoil and proliferative and metaplastic epithelial changes in the vicinity of the terminal bronchioles. Continuous exposure to 2 ppm results in an initial loss of cilia and focal hyperplasia of the terminal bronchiolar epithelium, but these changes, for the most part, quickly subside. Chronic daily exposure of rats to tobacco smoke results in proliferative and metaplastic epithelial changes in the vicinity of the terminal and respiratory bronchioles. Also, both at this site and elsewhere, aggregates of golden-brown pigment-laden macrophages accumulate in the lungs. The proliferative/metaplastic changes are similar to those seen in response to NO2, asbestos and other irritant gases and particles. The aggregates of golden-brown macrophages are seemingly a special feature of the response to tobacco smoke. Some rats exposed for over two years to tobacco smoke, develop foci of squamous metaplasia, firstly in the region of terminal bronchioles, but later at points scattered throughout the lung parenchyma. Comparable changes have not been reported in rats exposed to NO2. Although no strictly comparable data for NO2 and tobacco smoke exposure are available, it is reasonable to conclude that, whereas the NO2 in tobacco smoke may contribute to the production of cuboidal/columnar metaplasia in the vicinity of terminal bronchioles, it otherwise plays little part in the aetiology of lesions in the lungs of smoke-exposed rats.

Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Emphysema; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Lung; Mice; Nitrogen Dioxide; Pulmonary Alveoli; Rats; Tobacco Smoke Pollution

The success or failure of the respiratory system to defend itself against airborne infectious agents largely depends upon the efficiency of the pulmonary defenses to maintain sterility and to dispose of unwanted substances. Both specific and nonspecific host defenses cooperate in the removal and inactivation of such agents. Several studies have shown that these defenses are vulnerable to a wide range of environmental agents and that there is a good relationship between exposure to pollutant and the impaired resistance to pulmonary disease. There are numerous immunological, biochemical and physiological techniques that are routinely used to identify and to characterize individual impairments of these defenses. Based on these effects, various hypotheses are proposed as to what health consequences could be expected from these effects. The ultimate test is whether the host, with its compromised defense mechanisms, is still capable of sustaining the total injury and continuing to defend itself against opportunistic pathogens. This paper describes the use of an experimental airborne infectious disease model capable of predicting subtle changes in host defenses at concentrations below which there are any other overt toxicological effects. Such sensitivity is possible because the model measure not just a single "health" parameter, but instead is capable of reflecting the total responses caused by the test chemical.

Topics: Air Microbiology; Air Pollutants; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Guinea Pigs; Immunity; Metals; Mice; Nitrogen Dioxide; Ozone; Rats; Respiratory Tract Infections

Topics: Air Pollutants; Animals; Benzene; Central Nervous System; Chronaxy; Disease Models, Animal; Environment, Controlled; Environmental Exposure; Female; Leukocytes; Male; Mice; Nitrogen Dioxide; Rats; Streptococcal Infections; Sulfur Dioxide; Time Factors

Topics: Air Pollutants; Animals; Benzene; Chronaxy; Disease Models, Animal; Environment, Controlled; Environmental Exposure; Female; Leukocytes; Male; Mice; Nitrogen Dioxide; Rats; Streptococcal Infections; Time Factors

The concentration of NO2 in polluted atmosphere is subject to wide variation, according to peak traffic load, industrial productivity, intensity of sunlight and meteorological conditions. Normally NO2 has a low basal concentration with superimposed spikes when the above conditions are optimal for its production. Thus, it is important to determine the relative importance of a short-term, relatively high concentration of NO2 versus exposure for longer periods of minimal dose levels. This problem was approached experimentally by measuring the effect of NO2 on an animal's resistance to the induction of bacterial pneumonia. The data collected indicate that: (1) in short-term dose-response studies using the same Ct (concentration x time) product of 7, the actual concentration exerts a greater influence on NO2 effect than does the duration of exposure; (2) when concentration is held constant and the time increased, the average difference in mortality from controls can be seen after only 1 hr exposure to 3.5 ppm and after 3 weeks of exposure to 0.5 ppm; and (3) the relative mean survival time at 3.5 ppm for 1 hr was 18--36 hr less than that of the control animals.

Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Mice; Nitrogen Dioxide; Pneumonia; Time Factors

Topics: Air Pollution; Animals; Arteriosclerosis; Carbon Monoxide; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cardiovascular System; Disease Models, Animal; Dogs; Electrocardiography; Female; Heart Rate; Hemodynamics; Hemoglobins; Hypertension; Methemoglobin; Myocardial Infarction; Nitric Oxide; Nitrogen Dioxide; Sulfoxides; Vectorcardiography; Vehicle Emissions

Topics: Animals; Bronchitis; Chronic Disease; Cricetinae; Disease Models, Animal; Lung; Lung Diseases; Nitrogen Dioxide; Papain; Pneumonia; Pulmonary Emphysema; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Trachea

Topics: Animals; Bronchi; Disease Models, Animal; Environmental Exposure; Lung; Nitrogen Dioxide; Oxygen; Polycythemia; Pulmonary Alveoli; Pulmonary Emphysema; Rats; Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio; Vital Capacity