nitrogen-dioxide and Dementia

We aimed to assess the association between low-level air pollution and the risk of dementia, and examine the modification effect by genetic susceptibility on the relationship.. A total of 164 447 participants who were free of dementia at baseline and aged ≥60 years were included. Annual average concentrations of particulate matter (PM) with diameters of ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5), between 2.5 and 10 μm (PMcoarse), PM2.5 absorbance and nitrogen dioxides (NO2) were evaluated using the Land Use Regression models. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate the association between air pollutants and incident dementia.. The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of dementia for a 5-μg/m3 increase in NO2 was 1.09 (95% CI, 1.05-1.14); the adjusted HR of dementia for a 1-μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 was 1.10 (1.04-1.17). Such significant associations were present even within concentration ranges well below the present World Health Organization, US and European annual mean limit values. In addition, higher PM2.5 absorbance, a marker closely related to motorized traffic, was associated with higher risk of dementia. We found the risk of dementia associated with a combination of air pollutants (NO2 or PM2.5) and high genetic susceptibility (APOE-ε4 alleles or overall genetic susceptibility) was greater than the addition of the risk associated with each individual factor, indicating significant interactions on an additive scale (all P-interaction < 0.05).. Long-term exposure to PM2.5 or NO2, even at relatively low levels, is associated with a higher risk of dementia. Air pollution may additively interact with the genetic susceptibility on dementia risk.

Topics: Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Cohort Studies; Dementia; Environmental Exposure; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Nitrogen Dioxide; Particulate Matter

Studies suggest associations between long-term ambient air pollution exposure and outcomes related to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Whether a link exists between pollutants and brain amyloid accumulation, a biomarker of AD, is unclear. We assessed whether long-term air pollutant exposures are associated with late-life brain amyloid deposition in Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study participants.. We used a chemical transport model with data fusion to estimate ambient concentrations of PM. At PET imaging, eligible participants (N = 318) had a mean age of 78 years, 56% were female, 43% were Black, and 27% had mild cognitive impairment. We did not find evidence of associations between long-term exposure to any pollutant and brain amyloid positivity in adjusted models. Findings were materially unchanged in sensitivity analyses using alternate air pollution estimation approaches for PM. Air pollution may impact cognition and dementia independent of amyloid accumulation, though whether air pollution influences AD pathogenesis later in the disease course or at higher exposure levels deserves further consideration.

Topics: Aged; Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Atherosclerosis; Brain; Dementia; Environmental Exposure; Environmental Pollutants; Female; Humans; Male; Nitrogen Dioxide; Particulate Matter

Long-term exposure to air pollution has been associated with changes in levels of metabolites measured in the peripheral blood. However, most research has been conducted in ethnically homogenous, young or middle-aged populations.. To study the relationship between the plasma metabolome and long-term exposure to three air pollutants: particulate matter (PM) less than 2.5μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5), PM less than 10μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in an ethnically diverse, older population.. Plasma metabolomic profiles of 107 participants of the Washington Heights and Inwood Community Aging Project in New York City, collected from 1995-2015, including non-Hispanic white, Caribbean Hispanic, and non-Hispanic Black older adults were used. We estimated the association between each metabolic feature and predicted annual mean exposure to the air pollutants using three approaches: 1) A metabolome wide association study framework; 2) Feature selection using elastic net regression; and 3) A multivariate approach using partial-least squares discriminant analysis.. 79 features associated with exposure to PM2.5 but none associated with PM10 or NO2. PM2.5 exposure was associated with altered amino acid metabolism, energy production, and oxidative stress response, pathways also associated with Alzheimer's disease. Three metabolites were associated with PM2.5 exposure through all three approaches: cysteinylglycine disulfide, a diglyceride, and a dicarboxylic acid. The relationship between several features and PM2.5 exposure was modified by diet and metabolic diseases.. These relationships uncover the mechanisms through which PM2.5 exposure can lead to altered metabolic outcomes in an older population.

Topics: Aged; Aging; Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Dementia; Environmental Exposure; Humans; Nitrogen Dioxide; Particulate Matter

Air pollution control is necessary to decrease the burden on older adults with cognitive impairment, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).. This study retrospectively examined the effect of cumulative exposure to air pollution, including NO2, SO2, CO, fine particulate matter (PM)10, PM2.5, and O3, on cognitive function in older individuals.. Community-dwelling older adults who underwent the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) from 2007 to 2018 were included in the analyses. We excluded older individuals diagnosed with dementia at baseline, while those who had completed more than two MMSE tests were included in the longitudinal analyses. Baseline MMSE and changes in MMSE scores were analyzed according to 5-year average concentrations of the district-level air pollutants, after controlling for covariates associated with cognitive decline in older adults.. In total, 884,053 (74.3±7.1 years; 64.1% females) and 398,889 (72.3±6.4 years; 67.0% females) older individuals were included in the cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, respectively. Older individuals exposed to higher levels of NO2, SO2, CO, and PM10 showed lower baseline MMSE scores. During follow-up, exposure to higher levels of NO2, SO2, CO, and PM10 was associated with greater decreases in MMSE scores in older individuals; for O3, the opposite pattern was observed.. Our findings suggest that exposure to high levels of air pollutants can worsen the cognitive performance of older adults without dementia. Efforts to reduce air pollution in LMICs that have similar levels of pollutants to South Korea are necessary to reduce the burden on older adults with cognitive impairment.

Topics: Aged; Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Cognitive Dysfunction; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dementia; Environmental Exposure; Female; Humans; Male; Nitrogen Dioxide; Particulate Matter; Retrospective Studies

Short-term exposure to ambient air pollution has been linked to an increased risk of mortality from a variety of causes, but its effects on mortality from dementia remain largely unknown.. To investigate the association between short-term exposure to ambient air pollution and dementia mortality, and quantitatively assess the excess mortality.. In this time-stratified case-crossover study, 47,108 dementia deaths were identified in Jiangsu province, China during 2015-2019. Exposure to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM. There were 47,108 case days and 159,852 control days during the study period. Each 10 μg/m. This study provides consistent evidence that short-term exposure to PM

Topics: Adult; Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Carbon Monoxide; China; Cross-Over Studies; Dementia; Environmental Exposure; Humans; Nitrogen Dioxide; Ozone; Particulate Matter; Sulfur Dioxide

Air pollution exposure has been linked to various diseases, including dementia. However, a novel method for investigating the associations between air pollution exposure and disease is lacking. The objective of this study was to investigate whether long-term exposure to ambient particulate air pollution increases dementia risk using both the traditional Cox model approach and a novel machine learning (ML) with random forest (RF) method. We used health data from a national population-based cohort in Taiwan from 2000 to 2017. We collected the following ambient air pollution data from the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration (EPA): fine particulate matter (PM

Topics: Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Bayes Theorem; Carbon Monoxide; Cohort Studies; Dementia; Environmental Exposure; Humans; Machine Learning; Nitric Oxide; Nitrogen Dioxide; Nitrogen Oxides; Ozone; Particulate Matter; Sulfur Dioxide

Dementia is a major global health challenge and the impact of built and social environments' characteristics on dementia risk have not yet been fully evaluated.. To investigate associations between built and social environmental characteristics and diagnosed dementia cases and estimated dementia risk.. We recruited 25,511 patients aged 65 and older from family physicians' practices. We calculated a dementia risk score based on risk and protective factors for patients not diagnosed with dementia. Our exposure variables were estimated for each statistical area level 1: social fragmentation, nitrogen dioxide, public open spaces, walkability, socio-economic status, and the length of main roads. We performed a multilevel mixed effect linear regression analysis to allow for the hierarchical nature of the data.. We found that a one standard deviation (1-SD) increase in NO2 and walkability score was associated with 10% higher odds of any versus no dementia (95% CI: 1%, 21% for NO2 and 0%, 22% for walkability score). For estimated future risk of dementia, a 1-SD increase in social fragmentation and NO2 was associated with a 1% increase in dementia risk (95% CI: 0, 1%). 1-SD increases in public open space and socioeconomic status were associated with 3% (95% CI: 0.95, 0.98) and 1% decreases (95% CI: 0.98, 0.99) in dementia risk, respectively. There was spatial heterogeneity in the pattern of diagnosed dementia and the estimated future risk of dementia.. Associations of neighborhood NO2 level, walkability, public open space, and social fragmentation with diagnosed dementia cases and estimated future risk of dementia were statistically significant, indicating the potential to reduce the risk through changes in built and social environments.

Topics: Aged; Australia; Built Environment; Dementia; Female; Humans; Male; Nitrogen Dioxide; Parks, Recreational; Protective Factors; Risk Factors; Social Class; Social Environment; Walking

Effects of air pollutants are related to oxidative stress which is also linked to the pathogenesis of dementia including Alzheimer's and related diseases.. We assessed associations between exposure to air pollutants and the onset of dementia; the association with the distance between residence and major roads was also assessed for the island of Montreal.. We created an open cohort of adults aged 65 years and older starting in 2000 and ending in 2012 in the province of Québec, Canada using linked medico-administrative databases. New cases of dementia were defined based on a validated algorithm. Annual residential levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO. Results suggest that the onset of dementia may be related to residential exposure to PM

Topics: Adult; Aged; Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Canada; Dementia; Environmental Exposure; Humans; Nitrogen Dioxide; Particulate Matter; Quebec

Emerging studies have implicated air pollution in the neurodegenerative processes. Less is known about the influence of air pollution, especially at the relatively low levels, on developing dementia. We conducted a population-based cohort study in Ontario, Canada, where the concentrations of pollutants are among the lowest in the world, to assess whether air pollution exposure is associated with incident dementia.. The study population comprised all Ontario residents who, on 1 April 2001, were 55-85years old, Canadian-born, and free of physician-diagnosed dementia (~2.1 million individuals). Follow-up extended until 2013. We used population-based health administrative databases with a validated algorithm to ascertain incident diagnosis of dementia as well as prevalent cases. Using satellite observations, land-use regression model, and an optimal interpolation method, we derived long-term average exposure to fine particulate matter (≤2.5μm in diameter) (PM. We identified 257,816 incident cases of dementia in 2001-2013. We found a positive association between PM. In this large cohort, exposure to air pollution, even at the relative low levels, was associated with higher dementia incidence.

Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Cohort Studies; Dementia; Environmental Exposure; Female; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Nitrogen Dioxide; Ontario; Ozone; Particulate Matter

The air pollution caused by vehicular emissions is associated with cognitive decline. However, the associations between the levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) exposure and dementia remain poorly defined and have been addressed in only a few previous studies.. In this study, we obtained data on 29547 people from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) of Taiwan, including data on 1720 patients diagnosed with dementia between 2000 and 2010, and we evaluated the risk of dementia among four levels of air pollutant. Detailed data on daily air pollution were available from January 1, 1998 to December 31, 2010. Yearly average concentrations of pollutants were calculated from the baseline to the date of dementia occurrence, withdrawal of patients, or the end of the study, and these data were categorized into quartiles, with Q1 being the lowest level and Q4 being the highest.. In the case of NO2, the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of dementia for all participants in Q2, Q3, and Q4 compared to Q1 were 1.10 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.96-1.26), 1.01 (95% CI, 0.87-1.17), and 1.54 (95% CI, 1.34-1.77), and in the case of CO, the adjusted HRs were 1.07 (95% CI, 0.92-1.25), 1.37 (95% CI, 1.19-1.58), and 1.61 (95% CI, 1.39-1.85).. The results of this large retrospective, population-based study indicate that exposure to NO2 and CO is associated with an increased risk of dementia in the Taiwanese population.

Topics: Aged; Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Carbon Monoxide; Cohort Studies; Databases, Factual; Dementia; Environmental Exposure; Female; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Nitrogen Dioxide; Population Surveillance; Proportional Hazards Models; Retrospective Studies; Risk; Seasons; Taiwan