nitrogen-dioxide and Bronchitis

Topics: Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Air Pollution, Indoor; Anhydrides; Asthma; Bronchitis; Chronic Disease; Environmental Illness; Global Health; Heart Diseases; Humans; Lung Diseases; Nitrogen Dioxide; Ozone; Risk Factors; Sulfur Compounds

Topics: Air Pollution; Bronchitis; Child; Child, Preschool; Cough; Dust; Environmental Exposure; Humans; Nitrogen Dioxide; Respiration; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Rhinitis; Sulfur Dioxide

Topics: Air Pollution; Airway Resistance; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Bronchi; Bronchitis; Constriction; Cricetinae; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Mice; Nitrogen Dioxide; Ozone; Pulmonary Edema; Rabbits; Rats; Respiratory System; Spirometry; Sulfur Dioxide; Vehicle Emissions

Topics: Aerosols; Air Pollution; Aldehydes; Asthma; Atmosphere; Beryllium; Bronchitis; Carbon Monoxide Poisoning; Carcinogens; Environmental Health; Europe; Formaldehyde; Gases; Humans; Hydrocarbons; Japan; Lead Poisoning; Nitrogen; Nitrogen Dioxide; Ozone; Petroleum; Pulmonary Emphysema; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Sulfur; Sulfur Dioxide; Sulfuric Acids; Toxicology; United States

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a common indoor and outdoor air pollutant that may induce deterioration of respiratory health. In this study the effects of repeated daily exposure to NO2 on airway antioxidant status, inflammatory cell and mediator responses, and lung function were examined. Healthy nonsmoking subjects were exposed under controlled conditions to air (once) and to 2 ppm of NO2 for 4 h on four consecutive days. Lung function measurements were made before and immediately after the end of each exposure. Bronchoscopy with endobronchial biopsies, bronchial wash (BW), and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was carried out 1.5 h after the air exposure and after the last exposure to NO2. Repeated NO2 exposure resulted in a decrease in neutrophil numbers in the bronchial epithelium. The BW revealed a twofold increase in content of neutrophils (p < 0.05) and a 1.5-fold increase in myeloperoxidase (MPO) (p < 0.01) indicative of both migration and activation of neutrophils in the airways. After the fourth NO2 exposure, antioxidant status of the airway fluid was unchanged. Significant decrements in FEV1 and FVC were found after the first exposure to NO2, but these attenuated with repeated exposures. Together, these data indicate that four sequential exposures to NO2 result in a persistent neutrophilic inflammation in the airways, whereas changes in pulmonary function and airway antioxidants are resolved. We conclude that NO2 is a proinflammatory air pollutant under conditions of repeated exposure.

Topics: Adult; Air Pollutants; Antioxidants; Biopsy; Bronchitis; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Bronchoconstriction; Bronchoscopy; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cytokines; Epithelium; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Inhalation Exposure; Macrophages, Alveolar; Male; Neutrophils; Nitrogen Dioxide; Oxidants, Photochemical; Respiratory Function Tests; T-Lymphocytes

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a free radical and a common oxidant in polluted air. Here we present data on the time course of inflammation after NO2 exposure, as reflected in bronchial biopsy and airway lavage specimens. Healthy, nonsmoking subjects were exposed to air or 2 ppm NO2 for 4 h in random order on separate occasions. Endobronchial biopsies, bronchial washing (BW), and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were done at 1.5 h (n = 15) or 6 h (n = 15) after exposure. In BW, exposure to NO2 induced a 1.5-fold increase in interleukin-8 (IL-8) (p < 0.05) at 1.5 h and a 2.5-fold increase in neutrophils (p < 0.01) at 6 h. In BAL fluid (BALF), small increases were observed in CD45RO+ lymphocytes, B-cells, and natural killer (NK) cells only. Immunohistologic examination of bronchial biopsy specimens showed no signs of upregulation of adhesion molecules, and failed to reveal any significant changes in inflammatory cells at either time point after NO2 exposure. In summary, NO2 induced a neutrophilic inflammation in the airways that was detectable in BW at 6 h after NO2 exposure. The increase in neutrophils could be related to the enhanced IL-8 secretion observed at 1.5 h after exposure. The absence of adhesion-molecule upregulation or cellular inflammation in mucosal biopsy specimens indicates that the major site of inflammation following exposure to NO2 may be in the smaller airways and not in the alveoli.

Topics: Adult; Biopsy; Bronchi; Bronchitis; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Bronchoscopy; Cell Count; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Inflammation Mediators; Male; Nitrogen Dioxide; Oxidants, Photochemical; Reference Values; Research Design; Time Factors

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of short-term exposure to low levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) on airway inflammation. We studied seven normal, eight mild asthmatic and seven chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) subjects. All subjects were exposed to air or to 0.3 parts per million (ppm) NO2 for 1 h, with moderate intermittent exercise, on different days and in random order. Before and 2 h after exposure, symptom score and results of pulmonary function tests (PFTs) were assessed. All subjects performed nasal lavage and hypertonic saline (HS) inhalation to collect sputum 2 h after both exposures. Asthmatic subjects had a higher percentage of eosinophils than normal and COPD subjects in HS-induced sputum after air (asthmatics: median 13 (range 0.4-37)%; normals: 0 (range 0-2)%; COPD 1.8 (range 0.1-19)%), whilst COPD patients showed a higher percentage of neutrophils than the two others groups. No significant differences in PFT values or percentages of inflammatory cells were observed in nasal lavage and in HS-induced sputum in normal, asthmatic and COPD subjects after NO2 exposure compared to air exposure, except for a mild decrease in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) 2 h after NO2 exposure in COPD patients. Symptom score showed a mild increase after NO2 exposure both in normal subjects and in COPD patients. We conclude that short-term exposure to 0.3 ppm nitrogen dioxide does not induce an early detectable acute inflammation in proximal airways of normal subjects or of patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Adult; Asthma; Bronchitis; Bronchoalveolar Lavage; Environmental Exposure; Eosinophils; Female; Forced Expiratory Volume; Humans; Leukocyte Count; Lung; Lung Diseases, Obstructive; Male; Middle Aged; Neutrophils; Nitrogen Dioxide; Nose; Oxidants, Photochemical; Physical Exertion; Saline Solution, Hypertonic; Single-Blind Method; Sputum; Time Factors; Vital Capacity

We aimed to investigate the relation between air pollution and the number of daily hospitalizations due to pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis in children aged 0-18 in Bursa city of Turkey, between the years 2013-2018. The daily values of air pollutants (PM10, SO2, NO2, NOx, CO, and O3) from 2013 until 2018, were obtained. Adjusted Quasi-Poisson regression models including distributed lags, controlled for climate variables were used for data analysis. Increases in SO2, ozone, PMs, and nitrogen oxides were associated with pneumonia hospitalizations, increases in SO2 NOx and PMs were associated with asthma hospitalizations, and increases in SO2 and ozone were associated with bronchitis hospitalizations. Male hospitalization was related with SO2, ozone, and NOx; while female hospitalization was only related with SO2. This study showed that short-term exposure to air pollution is associated with an increased risk of pneumonia, asthma, and bronchitis hospitalization among children in Bursa.

Topics: Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Asthma; Bronchitis; Child; Female; Hospitalization; Hospitals; Humans; Male; Nitrogen Dioxide; Ozone; Particulate Matter; Pneumonia; Time Factors; Turkey

Few studies have investigated the effects of air pollutants on children with acute bronchitis. This study aimed to explore the acute effects of four air pollutants [fine particulate matter (PM. The 49,975 records of hospitalized children with acute bronchitis from medical institutions in nine cities/prefectures, Sichuan Province, China, as well as the simultaneous meteorological data and air pollution data from 183 monitoring sites, were collected from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2018. A generalized additive model was adopted to analyze the exposure-response and lag effects of hospitalizations of children with acute bronchitis to air pollutants. Stratified analyses were conducted based on sex, age, and season.. The single-pollutant model showed that a 10 µg/m. The higher daily average concentrations of four pollutants in Sichuan Province can result in an increased number of children hospitalized for acute bronchitis.

Topics: Acute Disease; Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Bronchitis; Child; China; Cities; Hospitalization; Hospitals; Humans; Nitrogen Dioxide; Particulate Matter

There is a discussion in Europe about the dominant role of air pollution for health effects, most researchers claim that the particulate matter is responsible for inflammatory processes in the respiratory system, while others underline the role of nitrogen dioxide. The aim of the study was to assess the risk related to NO

Topics: Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Ambulatory Care Facilities; Asthma; Bronchitis; Europe; Hospitalization; Humans; Inhalation Exposure; Nitrogen Dioxide; Particulate Matter; Poland; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Smog

Acute bronchitis (AB) is one of the principal causes of childhood morbidity. Increasing number of studies has shown that air pollution is an important environmental contributor of respiratory disease. However, evidence so far is scarce regarding the effects of air pollution on childhood AB, and it also remains unclear how the risk of AB will change by season and age.. Data on hospital visits for AB in children, air pollution and meteorological factors from 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2016 were collected in Hefei, China. Time-series analysis was applied to assess the short-term effects of traffic-related air pollution on childhood AB outpatient visits. A Poisson generalised linear regression model combined with a distributed lag non-linear model was used to estimate the relationships, controlling for long-term trends, seasonal patterns, meteorological factors and other possible confounders.. We found that an IQR increase in concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter <2.5 µm and carbon monoxide significantly increased the daily hospital visits for childhood AB with 4-day cumulative effect estimates (relative risks: 1.03, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.05; 1.09, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.11; 1.07, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.09). Notably, the risk estimates during the cold season are pronounced; however, no significant association was observed during the warm season. Interestingly, children aged 6-14 years were more vulnerable to air pollutants than children aged less than 1 year and within 1-5 years. However, no gender difference was observed.. A significant association of traffic-related air pollution and increased department visits for childhood AB was observed, notably in school-age children and during the cold season.

Topics: Acute Disease; Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Bronchitis; Carbon Monoxide; Child; China; Emergency Service, Hospital; Environmental Exposure; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Motor Vehicles; Nitrogen Dioxide; Particulate Matter; Time Factors; Traffic-Related Pollution; Urban Population

The aim of the study was to investigate the unknown effect of air pollutants on the occurrence or deterioration of respiratory diseases in the area with a humid continental climate. This retrospective study included 5868 patients with respiratory symptomatology (upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), pneumonia, acute bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and asthma) admitted to emergency department (ED). The number of patients, values of meteorological parameters (mean daily values of air temperature pressure and relative humidity) and concentrations of air pollution particles (≤10 μm (PM10), ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)) were collected during a two-year ( July 2008 - June 2010) period. There were 1839 (31.3%), 1712 (29.2%), 1313 (22.4%), 614 (10.5%) and 390 (6.6%) patients with pneumonia, COPD, URTI, acute bronchitis and asthma, respectively. The mean daily concentrations of NO2 (25.9 (1.7-89.7) μg/m3), O3 (47.1 (4.7-135.4) μg/m3) and PM10 particles (25.7 (4.6-146.6) μg/m3) were below the legally defined thresholds. Among other results, the occurrence of respiratory diseases showed positive Spearman's correlation with the values of air humidity (days 0-3, r=0.15 to 0.19), PM10(days 0-3, r=0.10 to 0.13) and NO2 concentrations (day 0, r=0.11), and negative correlation with the values of air temperature (days 0-3, r=-0.36 to -0.34), pressure (day 0, r=-0.10) and O3 concentrations (days 0-3, r=-0.21 to -0.22) (p<0.05 all). In conclusion, the occurrence of respiratory diseases showed correlation with weather conditions and air pollutants despite the legally permitted values in the region with a humid continental climate.

Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Aged; Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Asthma; Bronchitis; Croatia; Emergency Service, Hospital; Hospitalization; Humans; Male; Maximum Allowable Concentration; Middle Aged; Nitrogen Dioxide; Ozone; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Reference Standards; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Respiratory Tract Infections; Retrospective Studies

The air pollution in China is a severe problem. The aim of our study was to investigate the impact of air pollutants on acute respiratory outcomes in outpatients. Outpatient data from 2 December 2013 to 1 December 2014 were collected, as well as air pollutant data including ozone (O₃), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and particulate matter (PM

Topics: Acute Disease; Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Ambulatory Care; Asthma; Bronchitis; Carbon Monoxide; China; Cross-Over Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Nitrogen Dioxide; Ozone; Particulate Matter; Pneumonia; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sulfur Dioxide

Childhood bronchitic symptoms are significant public and clinical health problems that produce a substantial burden of disease. Ambient air pollutants are important determinants of bronchitis occurrence.. To determine whether improvements in ambient air quality in Southern California were associated with reductions in bronchitic symptoms in children.. A longitudinal study involving 4602 children (age range, 5-18 years) from 3 cohorts was conducted during the 1993-2001, 1996-2004, and 2003-2012 years in 8 Southern California communities. A multilevel logistic model was used to estimate the association of changes in pollution levels with bronchitic symptoms.. Average concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, ozone, particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 µm (PM10) and less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5).. Annual age-specific prevalence of bronchitic symptoms during the previous 12 months based on the parent's or child's report of a daily cough for 3 months in a row, congestion or phlegm other than when accompanied by a cold, or bronchitis.. The 3 cohorts included a total of 4602 children (mean age at baseline, 8.0 years; 2268 girls [49.3%]; 2081 Hispanic white [45.2%]) who had data from 2 or more annual questionnaires. Among these children, 892 (19.4%) had asthma at age 10 years. For nitrogen dioxide, the odds ratio (OR) for bronchitic symptoms among children with asthma at age 10 years was 0.79 (95% CI, 0.67-0.94) for a median reduction of 4.9 ppb, with absolute decrease in prevalence of 10.1%. For ozone, the OR was 0.66 (95% CI, 0.50-0.86) for a median reduction of 3.6 ppb, with an absolute decrease in prevalence of 16.3%. For PM10, the OR was 0.61 (95% CI, 0.48-0.78) for a median reduction of 5.8 µg/m3, with an absolute decrease in prevalence of 18.7%. For PM2.5, the OR was 0.68 (95% CI, 0.53-0.86) for a median reduction of 6.8 µg/m3, with absolute decrease in prevalence of 15.4%. Among children without asthma (n = 3710), the ORs were 0.84 (95% CI, 0.76-0.92) for nitrogen dioxide; 0.85 (95% CI, 0.74-0.97) for ozone, 0.80 (95% CI, 0.70-0.92) for PM10, and 0.79 (95% CI, 0.69-0.91) for PM2.5; with absolute decrease in prevalence of 1.8% for nitrogen dioxide, 1.7% for ozone, 2.2% for PM10, and 2.3% for PM2.5. The associations were similar or slightly stronger at age 15 years.. Decreases in ambient pollution levels were associated with statistically significant decreases in bronchitic symptoms in children. Although the study design does not establish causality, the findings support potential benefit of air pollution reduction on asthma control.

Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Asthma; Bronchitis; California; Child; Child, Preschool; Cough; Environmental Monitoring; Female; Humans; Logistic Models; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Nitrogen Dioxide; Odds Ratio; Ozone; Particulate Matter; Prevalence; Time Factors

Upper and lower respiratory infections are common in early childhood and may be exacerbated by air pollution. We investigated short-term changes in ambient air pollutant concentrations, including speciated particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5), in relation to emergency department (ED) visits for respiratory infections in young children. Daily counts of ED visits for bronchitis and bronchiolitis (n = 80,399), pneumonia (n = 63,359), and upper respiratory infection (URI) (n = 359,246) among children 0-4 years of age were collected from hospitals in the Atlanta, Georgia, area for the period 1993-2010. Daily pollutant measurements were combined across monitoring stations using population weighting. In Poisson generalized linear models, 3-day moving average concentrations of ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and the organic carbon fraction of particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) were associated with ED visits for pneumonia and URI. Ozone associations were strongest and were observed at low (cold-season) concentrations; a 1-interquartile range increase predicted a 4% increase (95% confidence interval: 2%, 6%) in visits for URI and an 8% increase (95% confidence interval: 4%, 13%) in visits for pneumonia. Rate ratios tended to be higher in the 1- to 4-year age group compared with infants. Results suggest that primary traffic pollutants, ozone, and the organic carbon fraction of PM2.5 exacerbate upper and lower respiratory infections in early life, and that the carbon fraction of PM2.5 is a particularly harmful component of the ambient particulate matter mixture.

Topics: Acute Disease; Air Pollution; Antimetabolites; Bronchiolitis; Bronchitis; Carbon Monoxide; Child, Preschool; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Georgia; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Nitrogen Dioxide; Ozone; Particulate Matter; Pneumonia; Respiratory Tract Infections; Retrospective Studies; Socioeconomic Factors; Time Factors

To investigate the short-term association between outdoor air pollution and outpatient visits for acute bronchitis, which is a rare subject of research in the mainland of China.. A time-series analysis was conducted to examine the association of outdoor air pollutants with hospital outpatient visits in Shanghai by using two-year daily data (2010-2011).. Outdoor air pollution was found to be associated with an increased risk of outpatient visits for acute bronchitis in Shanghai. The effect estimates of air pollutants varied with the lag structures of the concentrations of the pollutants. For lag06, a 10 μg/m(3) increase in the concentrations of PM10, SO(2), and NO(2) corresponded to 0.94% (95% CI: 0.83%, 1.05%), 11.12% (95% CI: 10.76%, 11.48%), and 4.84% (95% CI: 4.49%, 5.18%) increases in hospital visits for acute bronchitis, respectively. These associations appeared to be stronger in females (P<0.05). Between-age differences were significant for SO(2) (P<0.05), and between-season differences were also significant for SO(2) (P<0.05).. Our analyses have provided the first evidence that the current air pollution level in China has an effect on acute bronchitis and that the rationale for further limiting air pollution levels in Shanghai should be strengthened.

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Air Pollutants; Ambulatory Care; Bronchitis; Child; Child, Preschool; China; Cities; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nitrogen Dioxide; Particulate Matter; Seasons; Sex Factors; Sulfur Dioxide; Young Adult

The aim of research was monitoring of the main atmospheric air pollutants concentration on Adjara Autonomous Republic territory in order to determine their role in causing different diseases. The following atmospheric air pollutants have been determined in Batumi: dust, carbon monoxide, sulfur and nitrogen dioxide. The number of diseases registered in Adjara Autonomous Republic, which may be linked to the air pollution, has been studied. These are the following: chronic and nonspecific bronchitis, asthma and asthma status diseases, allergic rhinitis, trachea-, bronchi- and lung malignant tumor. In order to reduce the number of risk-factors significant attention should be paid to the proper functionality of the vehicles and systematic observations should continue on the chemical pollution of the air to make proper decisions to reduce the number of diseases.

Topics: Air Pollutants; Asthma; Bronchitis; Carbon Monoxide; Dust; Environmental Monitoring; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Nitrogen Dioxide; Risk Factors; Sulfur

To explore quantitatively the impact of the ambient air PM10 concentration (inhalable particulate matter) on the hospital outpatients for respiratory diseases.. Daily hospital visits data in 2008 was collected from a hospital in Shenzhen, meteorological data and air pollution data were collected from Shenzhen Meteorological Bureau and Shenzhen Environmental Protection Bureau, respectively. There was a time serial analysis using semi-parameter generalized additive model extend Poisson regression, after controlled with long-term tend, the-day-of-week, meteorological factors and other air pollutants. Excess relative risks (ER) of daily hospital visits associated with increased PM10 level were estimated.. Ambient air PM10 concentration were no association with the increase of outpatients for respiratory in the same day. The lagged effect of 5 days with an ER of 1.113% (95% CI 0.613% - 1.616%) was observed. Except (PM10 + CO) model, the ER value increased when SO2, NO2, CO concentrations were introduced.. The ambient air PM10 concentration could positively associated with the increase of daily hospital visits for respiratory diseases in Shenzhen.

Topics: Air Pollution; Ambulatory Care; Bronchitis; Carbon Monoxide; China; Environmental Exposure; Humans; Nitrogen Dioxide; Particulate Matter; Pneumonia; Sulfur Dioxide

Outdoor air pollution at levels occurring in many urban areas around the world has substantial adverse effects on health. Children in general, and children with asthma in particular, are sensitive to the adverse effects of outdoor air pollutants, including ozone, nitrogen oxides, and respirable particulate matter. A growing number of studies also show that children living in environments near traffic have increased risks of new-onset asthma, asthma symptoms, exacerbations, school absences, and asthma-related hospitalizations. The large population of children exposed to high levels of outdoor air pollutants and the substantial risks for adverse health effects present unexploited opportunities to reduce the burden of asthma. Because the evidence indicates significant adverse effects of air pollution at current levels, there is clearly a need to reduce levels of regulated pollutants such as ozone, as well as unregulated pollutants in tailpipe emissions from motor vehicles. Achieving this long-term goal requires the active involvement of physicians and medical providers to ensure that the health of children is at the top of the list of competing priorities for regulatory policy decision-making. Clinical approaches include treatment to control asthma and patient education to reduce adverse effects of the disease. Reduction in exposures also can be approached at a policy level through changes in schools and school bus operations. Beyond clinical and public health approaches to reduce exposure, another strategy to be used before clean air goals are met is to decrease the susceptibility of children to air pollution. Emerging research indicates that dietary supplementation for individuals with low antioxidant levels is one promising approach to reducing susceptibility to air pollution. A second approach involves induction of enzymatic antioxidant defenses, especially for individuals with at-risk genetic variants of key antioxidant enzymes.

Topics: Absenteeism; Air Pollution; Asthma; Bronchitis; California; Child; Emergency Service, Hospital; Environmental Exposure; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Hospitalization; Humans; Nitrogen Dioxide; Ozone; Particle Size; Public Health; Respiratory Sounds; Urban Health; Vehicle Emissions

The bronchodilatatory effect of inhaled dopamine or dopamine D(2) receptor agonists in cases of bronchial constriction may involve the suppression of pathologically increased airway sensory nerve activity. The aim of this study is to investigate the regulation of the dopamine D(2) receptor mRNA expression in the ganglia of rats with nitrogen dioxide-induced chronic bronchitis compared with that in ganglia of healthy control animals. Rats were exposed to nitrogen dioxide (10 ppm, 20 d) and dopamine D(2) receptor mRNA levels in sensory ganglia (jugular-nodose, trigeminal, cervical dorsal root and thoracic dorsal root ganglia) were examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and compared to control tissues. Whereas for trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia the dopamine D(2) receptor expression levels showed no difference between both animal groups, there was a significant (p<0.05) increase in the jugular-nodose ganglia with a 2.1-fold factor. The increase of dopamine D(2) receptor mRNA in jugular-nodose sensory neurons which innervate the airways may represent a neurochemical basis for the effects seen in man and animal models following topical administration of dopamine or dopamine agonists onto the respiratory epithelium.

Topics: Animals; Bronchitis; Cervical Vertebrae; Chronic Disease; Ganglia, Spinal; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Nitrogen Dioxide; Nodose Ganglion; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Dopamine D2; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Messenger; Thoracic Vertebrae; Trigeminal Ganglion

Many chronic diseases are the product of an underlying pathologic condition and superimposed acute exacerbations. This model may apply to several conditions such as asthma, other obstructive lung diseases, or atherosclerosis. For exposures affecting both the development of chronic disease and its exacerbation, the usual methods to derive attributable risks (AR) are inappropriate.. We expand traditional risk assessment methods to estimate the AR for exacerbations under a "chronic disease model." We use asthma in children as the chronic disease and air pollution as the exposure of interest. We estimate bronchitis symptom exacerbations attributable to air pollution, using data from the Children's Health Study to estimate asthma prevalence and symptom occurrence, and we examine the distribution of exposure and its acute and chronic effects.. In the combined AR model, 39.8% of exacerbations were attributable to air pollution, compared with 33.5% in the traditional model, which ignores a chronic effect of pollution on asthma development. Thus, there is a 1.19-fold higher estimated burden with the combined model. The difference is due to exacerbations caused by other factors (ie, not by air pollution) but nonetheless occurring among those assumed to have asthma that developed due to traffic-related pollution. The proposed model is applicable to other risk factors that play a role both in both the development of a chronic disease and its exacerbation.. Traditional approaches to the calculation of attributable risk may underestimate the health impact of long-term environmental or other exposures that produce both chronic and acute disease.

Topics: Adolescent; Air Pollution; Asthma; Bronchitis; California; Child; Child, Preschool; Chronic Disease; Environmental Exposure; Epidemiologic Methods; Humans; Infant; Models, Statistical; Motor Vehicles; Nitrogen Dioxide; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Vehicle Emissions

The relationship of bronchitic symptoms to ambient particulate matter and to particulate elemental and organic carbon (OC), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and other gaseous pollutants was examined in a cohort of children with asthma in 12 Southern California communities. Symptoms, assessed yearly by questionnaire from 1996 to 1999, were associated with the yearly variability of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 microg (odds ratio [OR] 1.09/microg/m3; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.17), OC (OR 1.41/microg/m3; 95% CI 1.12-1.78), NO2 (OR 1.07/ppb; 95% CI 1.02-1.13), and ozone (OR 1.06/ppb; 95% CI 1.00-1.12). The ORs associated with yearly within-community variability in air pollution were larger than the effect of the between-community 4-year average concentrations. In two pollutant models, the effects of yearly variation in OC and NO2 were only modestly reduced by adjusting for other pollutants, except in a model containing both OC and NO2; the effects of all other pollutants were reduced after adjusting for OC or NO2. We conclude that OC and NO2 deserve greater attention as potential causes of the chronic symptoms of bronchitis in children with asthma and that previous cross-sectional studies may have underestimated the risks associated with air pollution.

Topics: Adolescent; Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Asthma; Bronchitis; California; Carbon; Child; Environmental Monitoring; Epidemiological Monitoring; Female; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Nitrogen Dioxide; Organic Chemicals; Ozone; Particulate Matter

Oxidant stress delivered by nitrogen dioxide (NO2) inhalation impairs the function of extracellular surfactant as well as surfactant phospholipid metabolism in type II pneumocytes. Because protection against oxidant stress is important to normal lung function, the lung contains a variety of antioxidants, including vitamin E. Whether administration of this antioxidant during NO2 inhalation attenuates NO2-induced alterations in phospholipid metabolism in type II pneumocytes has not been studied.. We exposed rats to identical NO2 body doses (720 p.p.m. x h) using continuous, intermittent, or repetitive protocols. During exposure periods, the animals received daily intramuscular injections of vitamin E (25 mg kg-1). We isolated type II pneumocytes from NO2-exposed rats and evaluated them for cell yield and viability, as well as for synthesis and secretion of phosphatidylcholine (PC) as measures of surfactant metabolism.. The yield of type II pneumocytes was significantly elevated from animals that had been exposed continuously to NO2 whereas in intermittently and repeatedly exposed rats, cell yield was similar to yield from control animals. Viability of the isolated cells was similar in controls and all NO2 exposure protocols. Vitamin E treatment of the NO2-exposed rats neither changed cell yield nor cell viability. Phospholipid de novo synthesis, as estimated by choline incorporation into PC, was increased most after continuous NO2 inhalation whereas in the other conditions there was only a slight increase. Vitamin E administration further increased phospholipid synthesis; this difference reached statistical significance only in the case of intermittent NO2 exposure. Secretion of phosphatidylcholine from type II cells was only reduced after continuous NO2 inhalation and administration of the antioxidant reduced the impairment.. Because vitamin E appears to preserve the ability of type II pneumocytes isolated from NO2-exposed rats to synthesize and secrete surfactant lipid, we conclude that administration of vitamin E may mitigate NO2-induced lung injury.

Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Animals; Antioxidants; Bronchitis; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Cell Count; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Choline; Disease Models, Animal; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lung; Lung Injury; Male; Nitrogen Dioxide; Oxidative Stress; Phosphatidylcholines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Vitamin E

To study possible chronic respiratory effects of air pollutants, we initiated a 10-yr prospective cohort study of Southern California children, with a study design focused on four pollutants: ozone, particulate matter, acids, and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Twelve demographically similar communities were selected on the basis of historic monitoring information to represent extremes of exposure to one or more pollutants. In each community, about 150 public school students in grade 4, 75 in grade 7, and 75 in grade 10 were enrolled through their classrooms. Informed consent and written responses to surveys about students' lifetime residential histories, historic and current health status, residential characteristics, and physical activity were obtained with the help of the parents. In the first testing season, 3,676 students returned questionnaires. We confirmed associations previously reported between respiratory morbidity prevalence and the presence of personal, demographic, and residential risk factors. Rates of respiratory illness were higher for males, those living in houses with pets, pests, mildew, and water damage, those whose parents had asthma, and those living in houses with smokers. Wheeze prevalence was positively associated with levels of both acid (odds ratio [OR] = 1.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14-1.83) and NO2 (OR = 1.54; 95% CI, 1.08-2.19) in boys. We conclude, based on this cross-sectional assessment of questionnaire responses, that current levels of ambient air pollution in Southern California may be associated with effects on schoolchildren's respiratory morbidity as assessed by questionnaire.

Topics: Acids; Air Pollutants; Asthma; Bronchitis; California; Child; Chronic Disease; Cohort Studies; Cough; Female; Humans; Male; Nitrogen Dioxide; Ozone; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Respiratory Sounds; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Surveys and Questionnaires

We investigated whether acute exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) causes major inflammatory responses (inflammatory cell recruitment, oedema and smooth muscle hyperresponsiveness) in guinea pig airways. Anaesthetised guinea pigs were exposed to 18 ppm NO2 or air for 4 h through a tracheal cannula. Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed and airway microvascular permeability and in vitro bronchial smooth muscle responsiveness were measured. Exposure to NO2 induced a significant increase in eosinophils and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, microvascular leakage in the trachea and main bronchi (but not in peripheral airways), and a significant in vitro hyperresponsiveness to acetylcholine, electrical field stimulation, and neurokinin A, but not to histamine. Thus, this study shows that in vivo exposure to high concentrations of NO2 induces major inflammatory responses in guinea pig airways that mimic acute bronchitis induced by exposure to irritant gases in man.

Topics: Acetylcholine; Anesthesia; Animals; Bronchitis; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Bronchoconstriction; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Hypersensitivity; Electric Stimulation; Guinea Pigs; Histamine; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Muscle Contraction; Muscle, Smooth; Neurokinin A; Nitrogen Dioxide; Tracheitis

The association of air pollution with the prevalence of chronic lower respiratory tract symptoms among children with a history of asthma or related symptoms was examined in a cross-sectional study. Parents of a total of 3,676 fourth, seventh, and tenth graders from classrooms in 12 communities in Southern California completed questionnaires that characterized the children's histories of respiratory illness and associated risk factors. The prevalences of bronchitis, chronic phlegm, and chronic cough were investigated among children with a history of asthma, wheeze without diagnosed asthma, and neither wheeze nor asthma. Average ambient annual exposure to ozone, particulate matter (PM(10) and PM(2.5); [less than/equal to] 10 microm and < 2.5 microm in aerodynamic diameter, respectively), acid vapor, and nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) was estimated from monitoring stations in each community. Positive associations between air pollution and bronchitis and phlegm were observed only among children with asthma. As PM(10) increased across communities, there was a corresponding increase in the risk per interquartile range of bronchitis [odds ratio (OR) 1.4/19 microg/m(3); 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.1-1.8). Increased prevalence of phlegm was significantly associated with increasing exposure to all ambient pollutants except ozone. The strongest association was for NO(2), based on relative risk per interquartile range in the 12 communities (OR 2.7/24 ppb; CI, 1.4-5.3). The results suggest that children with a prior diagnosis of asthma are more likely to develop persistent lower respiratory tract symptoms when exposed to air pollution in Southern California.

Topics: Adolescent; Air Pollution; Asthma; Bronchitis; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Nitrogen Dioxide; Ozone; Respiratory Sounds

To identify characteristics associated with respiratory symptoms due to an episode of air pollution.. Mail survey.. In October 1992, the population of the city of Winnipeg was exposed to elevated levels of particulate matter (total and <10 microm size), carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and volatile organic compounds due to smoke from adjacent fields where farmers were burning agricultural residue (straw and stubble).. We surveyed 428 participants in the ongoing Lung Health Study (35 to 64 years old, both sexes) with mild to moderate airways obstruction (mean FEV1 percent predicted 73+/-12%), and a high level of airways hyperreactivity (23% of men and 37% of women).. While 37% of subjects were not bothered by smoke at all, 42% reported that symptoms (cough, wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath) developed or became worse due to the air pollution episode and 20% reported that they had breathing trouble. Those with symptoms were more likely to be female than male and were more likely to be ex-smokers than smokers. Subjects with asthma and chronic bronchitis were also more likely affected. The degree of airways obstruction and the level of bronchial hyperresponsiveness were not associated with increased susceptibility.. Gender, smoking habit, and respiratory symptoms but not bronchial hyperresponsiveness or the degree of airways obstruction are factors influencing susceptibility to symptoms due to air pollution in adult smokers and former smokers.

Topics: Adult; Agriculture; Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Airway Obstruction; Asthma; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Bronchitis; Carbon Monoxide; Chest Pain; Chronic Disease; Cough; Disease Susceptibility; Dyspnea; Female; Forced Expiratory Volume; Humans; Male; Manitoba; Middle Aged; Nitrogen Dioxide; Organic Chemicals; Respiration; Respiratory Sounds; Sex Factors; Smoke; Smoking

Topics: Air Pollutants; Animals; Bronchi; Bronchitis; Male; Mucins; Nitrogen Dioxide; Organ Culture Techniques; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sulfur Dioxide; Trachea; Tracheitis

A population-based case-control study was performed in Stockholm to assess the influence of air pollution on the occurrence of severe wheezing bronchitis in children.. The study included 197 children aged 4 months to 4 years, who were hospitalized because of breathing difficulties with wheezing, and 350 population controls. Information on potential risk factors for childhood wheezing and a residential history was obtained at home interview with parents. Outdoor nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations at home addresses and day care centres from birth on were estimated from validated models, mainly using data on traffic intensity from municipal registers.. The risk of wheezing bronchitis was related to time-weighted mean outdoor NO2 exposure in girls (P = 0.02), but not in boys. A gas stove in the home appeared to be a risk factor primarily for girls. All analyses controlled for parental asthma and maternal smoking, which were independent risk factors for wheezing bronchitis.. The results suggest that exposure to combustion products containing NO2 may be of particular importance for the development of wheezing bronchitis in girls.

Topics: Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Bronchitis; Case-Control Studies; Child, Preschool; Environmental Exposure; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Nitrogen Dioxide; Risk; Sweden

The effects of low levels of air pollution and weather conditions on the number of patients admitted to hospitals for exacerbation of chronic bronchitis or emphysema (n = 2807) was studied in Helsinki during a 3-year period, 1987-1989. The daily number of admissions via the emergency room was significantly associated with prevailing levels of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in Poisson regressions controlled for weather, season, time trends, and day of the week, whereas the total number of admissions (via the emergency room and otherwise) was not significantly associated with these pollutants. The effect of SO2 was observed only among those under 65 years old; a significant peak of admissions was seen during the same day (RR, 1.31 for a 2.7-fold increase in SO2; 95% CI, 1.01-1.70; P = 0.039), and another after a 3-day lag (RR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.05-1.86; P = 0.021). The effect of NO2 was strongest after a 6-day lag and was significant only among those over 64 years old (RR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.03-1.66; P = 0.022). The average of mean 24-hr concentrations of NO2 was 39 micrograms/m3 (0.021 ppm) and that for SO2 was 19 micrograms/m3 (0.0067 ppm). No relationship was found between admissions and the concentrations of total suspended particulates (TSP) or ozone (O3), the temperature, or the relative humidity. However, the number of admissions among those over 64 years of age was significantly lower, irrespective of temperature, during the summer than during other seasons. The mean daily concentration of O3 was fairly low (22 micrograms/m3 or 0.011 ppm), but that of TSP was high, 76 micrograms/m3. the mean temperature was low, +4.7 degrees C. These results suggest that SO2 and NO2 concentrations lower than those given as guidelines in many countries, and lower than previously shown, may increase the incidence of symptoms in some patients with chronic bronchitis or emphysema.

Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Air Pollution; Bronchitis; Chronic Disease; Confidence Intervals; Emergencies; Finland; Hospitalization; Humans; Incidence; Longitudinal Studies; Middle Aged; Nitrogen Dioxide; Ozone; Pulmonary Emphysema; Regression Analysis; Risk Factors; Seasons; Sulfur Dioxide; Weather

To assess the impact of short-term exposure to air pollution on respiratory illness in children we recruited pediatricians and hospitals in five German cities to report daily counts of children's visits for croup symptoms and obstructive bronchitis. Data were collected for at least 2 years in each location. These symptoms are predominantly found in very young children, with the croup reporting peaking at 2 years of age and obstructive bronchitis at 1 year. Attacks of croup and obstructive bronchitis were relatively rare events: the mean number of cases of croup per day in each city ranged from 0.5 to 3, and obstructive bronchitis was even less frequent. A total of 6330 cases of croup and 4755 cases of obstructive bronchitis were observed during the study. The distributions of these events were quite skewed and were modeled as a Poisson process. To focus the analysis on short-term correlations and avoid seasonal confounding, biannual, annual (seasonal), and six shorter term cycles were controlled for in the regression models. After controlling for short-term weather factors, total suspended particulate matter (TSP) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were associated with croup cases. An increase in TSP levels from 10 micrograms/m3 to 70 micrograms/m3 was associated with a 27% increase in cases of croup; the same increase in NO2 levels resulted in a 28% increase in cases. No pollutant was associated with daily cases of obstructive bronchitis.

Topics: Air Pollution; Bronchitis; Child, Preschool; Croup; Female; Germany; Humans; Infant; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Nitrogen Dioxide; Poisson Distribution; Regression Analysis; Seasons; Sex Factors; Sulfur Dioxide

The relation of chronic respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function to formaldehyde (HCHO) in homes was studied in a sample of 298 children (6-15 years of age) and 613 adults. HCHO measurements were made with passive samplers during two 1-week periods. Data on chronic cough and phlegm, wheeze, attacks of breathlessness, and doctor diagnoses of chronic bronchitis and asthma were collected with self-completed questionnaires. Peak expiratory flow rates (PEFR) were obtained during the evenings and mornings for up to 14 consecutive days for each individual. Significantly greater prevalence rates of asthma and chronic bronchitis were found in children from houses with HCHO levels 60-120 ppb than in those less exposed, especially in children also exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. In children, levels of PEFR decreased linearly with HCHO exposure, with the estimated decrease due to 60 ppb of HCHO equivalent to 22% of PEFR level in nonexposed children. The effects in asthmatic children exposed to HCHO below 50 ppb were greater than in healthy ones. The effects in adults were less evident: decrements in PEFR due to HCHO over 40 ppb were seen only in the morning, and mainly in smokers.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Arizona; Asthma; Bronchitis; Child; Environmental Exposure; Female; Formaldehyde; Housing; Humans; Male; Models, Biological; Nitrogen Dioxide; Respiration Disorders; Smoking; Socioeconomic Factors; Time Factors; Tobacco Smoke Pollution

Topics: Air Pollutants; Airway Resistance; Bronchitis; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Maximum Allowable Concentration; Nitrates; Nitrogen Dioxide; Nitrogen Oxides; Risk; Sulfates; Sulfur Dioxide

Topics: Air Pollutants; Air Pollutants, Occupational; Airway Resistance; Animals; Bronchitis; Chronic Disease; Dust; Humans; Maximum Allowable Concentration; Nitrates; Nitrogen Dioxide; Particle Size; Smog; Sulfates; Sulfur Dioxide

Topics: Air Pollutants; Bronchitis; Child; Croup; Dust; Germany, West; Humans; Laryngitis; Longitudinal Studies; Maximum Allowable Concentration; Nitrogen Dioxide; Risk; Smog; Sulfur Dioxide; Temperature; Weather

Short-time exposure to air pollutants and in particular to sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and photochemical oxidants may cause respiratory symptoms similar to acute bronchial asthma. In healthy adults however the concentrations required to evoke significant bronchial obstruction lie still above the level of atmospheric air pollution usually observed in our country. In contrast patients with preexisting pulmonary diseases or with impaired bronchopulmonary defense mechanisms may show harmful reactions even at concentrations which actually occur in urban and rural atmospheres. In addition there is evidence of on increased prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases in countries with high chemical pollution indicating that long-term exposure of ambient air pollution may cause chronic illness as well. Since air pollution is accepted to produce adverse health effects, emergent efforts are required to improve air quality in order to avoid further injuries in man.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Air Pollutants; Asthma; Bronchitis; Humans; Lung Diseases; Lung Diseases, Obstructive; Middle Aged; Nitric Oxide; Nitrogen Dioxide; Ozone; Risk; Smoking; Sulfur Dioxide; Switzerland

A study of the response of rat and hamster to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) under identical conditions has been undertaken. Exposure to 20 parts/IO6 NO2 for 24 h produced a mild cytotoxic effect on the terminal bronchiole and proximal alveoli in the rat, whereas the hamster developed a moderate to severe bronchiolitis and alveolitis. Electron microscopic examination of tissue sections showed accumulation of surfactant in lamellar bodies of the alveolar type II cell in the rat but not in the hamster, whereas in the hamster Clara cells were observed in mitosis. Increased levels of surfactant isolated from whole lung homogenates by sucrose gradient centrifugation were found in both rat and hamster. In contrast surfactant isolated from bronchiolo-alveolar lavage was increased only in the hamster. The results suggest that caution must be exercised in the choice of animal model in investigations aimed at the understanding of the toxicological effects of nitrogen dioxide in man.

Topics: Animals; Bronchi; Bronchitis; Cricetinae; Cytoplasm; Female; Leukocyte Count; Lung; Lung Diseases; Macrophages; Microscopy, Electron; Nitrogen Dioxide; Pulmonary Surfactants; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains

The examination involved 55 men exposed to NH3, 60 exposed to NO2 and NH3 and 98 controls. Symptoms of chronic cough and (or) expectoration were found in 8 controls and 18 exposed workers. Significant differences refer only to smokers. Bronchial overreactivity was found in 23.5% controls and in 21.1% of those exposed. The authors conclude that in smokers exposed to NO2 and NH3 chronic bronchitis prevalence is greater whereas occupational exposure did not contribute to an increased number of those suffering from bronchial overreactivity.

Topics: Adult; Air Pollutants; Air Pollutants, Occupational; Ammonia; Bronchi; Bronchitis; Chronic Disease; Humans; Male; Nitrogen; Nitrogen Dioxide; Occupational Diseases; Respiratory Hypersensitivity; Smoking

Topics: Accidents, Occupational; Airway Obstruction; Animals; Bronchitis; Cricetinae; Fires; Humans; Infections; Lung Diseases, Obstructive; Nitrogen Dioxide; Rabbits; Rats

Topics: Air Pollutants; Asthma; Bronchitis; Female; Humans; Lung; Male; Nitrogen Dioxide; Respiratory Function Tests

The acute influence of NO2 on mechanics of breathing and respiratory gas exchange was investigated in a total of 111 subjects, aged 25 to 74 years, with chronic nonspecific lung disease (CNSLD). They breathed NO2-air mixtures containing 0.5 to 8.0 ppm NO2 for up to 15 to 60 min. Additionally in nine subjects the protective action of atropine, meclastine, and orciprenaline was investigated. While the alveolar PO2 remained constant during inhalation of 5 and 4 ppm NO2, a significant decrease of the arterial PO2 and a corresponding increase of the arterial to alveolar PO2 gradients occurred. Inhalation of 2 ppm NO2 had not such an effect. Inhalation of NO2 at concentrations down to 1.5 ppm resulted in a significant increase of airway resistance. Lower concentrations had no significant effect. Prolongation of the exposure period from 15 to 60 min at a NO2 concentration of 5 ppm did not result in a more pronounced disturbance of the respiratory gas exchange for oxygen beyond the extent observed after exposure to 5 ppm NO2 for 15 min. Meclastine, in comparison with orciprenaline and atropine, showed a pronounced protective effect on the negative impact of NO2 on respiratory gas exchange and airway resistance. It is concluded that NO2 may act by release of histamine, causing a bronchiolar, alveolar, and interstitial edema, thus differing from irritant air pollutants like SO2, where reflex bronchoconstriction causes in some bronchitics dramatic increases of airway resistance at similar low concentrations.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Airway Resistance; Atropine; Bronchitis; Clemastine; Humans; Metaproterenol; Middle Aged; Nitrogen Dioxide; Oxygen; Partial Pressure; Pulmonary Alveoli; Respiration

Topics: Bronchitis; Environmental Exposure; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nitrates; Nitrogen Dioxide; Occupational Diseases; Pulmonary Edema

Topics: Animals; Bronchitis; Chronic Disease; Humans; Lung; Nitrogen Dioxide; Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity; Rabbits; Respiratory Function Tests; Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio

Topics: Air Pollution; Animals; Asthma; Bronchitis; California; Carbon Monoxide; Environmental Health; Epidemiologic Methods; Legislation as Topic; Lung Neoplasms; Nitrogen Dioxide; Noise; Smoking; Sulfur Dioxide; United States; Vehicle Emissions; Water Pollution, Chemical

Topics: Air Pollution; Bronchitis; California; Carbon Monoxide; Cough; Dust; Environmental Exposure; Expectorants; Female; Humans; Hydrocarbons; Male; Middle Aged; Nitric Oxide; Nitrogen Dioxide; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Sex Factors; Smoking; Social Class; Spirometry; Sulfur Dioxide; Time Factors; Vital Capacity

Topics: Animals; Bronchitis; Chronic Disease; Cricetinae; Disease Models, Animal; Lung; Lung Diseases; Nitrogen Dioxide; Papain; Pneumonia; Pulmonary Emphysema; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Trachea

Topics: Animals; Bronchitis; Carbon; Cytoplasm; Epithelium; Hyperplasia; Indicators and Reagents; Intubation, Intratracheal; Lung; Macrophages; Male; Microscopy; Microscopy, Electron; Necrosis; Nitrates; Nitrogen Dioxide; Phagocytosis; Pneumonia; Pulmonary Alveoli; Pulmonary Fibrosis; Rats; Staining and Labeling

Topics: Adult; Aged; Atropine; Bronchitis; Chronic Disease; Drug Antagonism; Histamine Release; Humans; Male; Metaproterenol; Middle Aged; Nitrogen Dioxide; Pyrrolidines; Respiration; Smoking

Topics: Airway Resistance; Bronchitis; Chronic Disease; Humans; Nitrogen Dioxide; Pulmonary Ventilation; Respiration; Respiratory Function Tests

Topics: Air Pollution; Animals; Bronchi; Bronchitis; Environmental Exposure; Klebsiella Infections; Lung; Lymphocytes; Mice; Nitrogen Dioxide; Pneumonia; Pulmonary Alveoli; Pulmonary Edema; Time Factors

Topics: Accidents, Occupational; Adult; Bronchitis; Elasticity; Environmental Exposure; Hospitalization; Humans; Lung; Lung Compliance; Male; Middle Aged; Mining; Nitrogen Dioxide; Occupational Diseases; Radiography, Thoracic; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Spirometry; Time Factors

Topics: Air Pollution; Benzene; Bronchitis; Bronchopneumonia; Carbon Monoxide; Child, Preschool; Environmental Exposure; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Nigeria; Nitrogen Dioxide; Sulfur Dioxide; Time Factors

Topics: Air Pollution; Animals; Bronchial Diseases; Bronchitis; Bronchopneumonia; Dogs; Guinea Pigs; Lung; Lung Diseases; Mice; Nitrogen Dioxide; Pathology; Poisoning; Pulmonary Edema; Pulmonary Fibrosis; Rabbits; Rats; Research; Toxicology; Tracheitis