nitroarginine and Neurodegenerative-Diseases

The development of new therapeutics for the treatment of neurodegenerative pathophysiologies currently stands at a crossroads. This presents an opportunity to transition future drug discovery efforts to target disease modification, an area in which much still remains unknown. In this Perspective we examine recent progress in the areas of neurodegenerative drug discovery, focusing on some of the most common targets and mechanisms: N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors, voltage gated calcium channels (VGCCs), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), oxidative stress from reactive oxygen species, and protein aggregation. These represent the key players identified in neurodegeneration and are part of a complex, intertwined signaling cascade. The synergistic delivery of two or more compounds directed against these targets, along with the design of small molecules with multiple modes of action, should be explored in pursuit of more effective clinical treatments for neurodegenerative diseases.

Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Antioxidants; Calcium Channels; Drug Combinations; Drug Design; Humans; Huntington Disease; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; Oxidative Stress; Parkinson Disease; Protein Folding; Protein Structure, Quaternary; Proteostasis Deficiencies; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate

Hypercapnia is regularly observed in chronic lung disease, such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants. Hypercapnia results in increased nitric oxide synthase activity and in vitro formation of nitrates. Neural vasculature of the immature subject is particularly sensitive to nitrative stress. We investigated whether exposure to clinically relevant sustained high CO(2) causes microvascular degeneration in the newborn brain by inducing nitrative stress, and whether this microvascular degeneration has an impact on brain growth. Newborn rat pups were exposed to 10% CO(2) as inspired gas (Pa(CO(2)) = 60-70 mmHg) starting within 24 h of birth until postnatal day 7 (P7). Brains were notably collected at different time points to measure vascular density, determine brain cortical nitrite/nitrate, and trans-arachidonic acids (TAAs; products of nitration) levels as effectors of vessel damage. Chronic exposure of rat pups to high CO(2) (Pa(CO(2)) approximately 65 mmHg) induced a 20% loss in cerebrovascular density at P3 and a 15% decrease in brain mass at P7; at P30, brain mass remained lower in CO(2)-exposed animals. Within 24 h of exposure to CO(2), brain eNOS expression and production of nitrite/nitrate doubled, lipid nitration products (TAAs) increased, and protein nitration (3-nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity) was also coincidently augmented on brain microvessels (lectin positive). Intracerebroventricular injection of TAAs (10 microM) replicated cerebrovascular degeneration. Treatment of rat pups with NOS inhibitor (L-N(omega)-nitroarginine methyl ester) or a peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst (FeTPPS) prevented hypercapnia-induced microvascular degeneration and preserved brain mass. Cytotoxic effects of high CO(2) were reproduced in vitro/ex vivo on cultured endothelial cells and sprouting microvessels. In summary, hypercapnia at values frequently observed in preterm infants with chronic lung disease results in increased nitrative stress, which leads to cerebral cortical microvascular degeneration and curtails brain growth.

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain; Hypercapnia; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Nitrates; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; Nitrites; Nitroarginine; Oxygen; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tyrosine