Page last updated: 2024-10-19

nitrates and MODS

nitrates has been researched along with MODS in 41 studies

Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.

Research Excerpts

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" To evaluate the effects of NO radical on the liver in patients with postoperative sepsis, we analysed both the stable end-product of nitric oxide radical (NOx) as well as the arterial KBR (AKBR), which reflects liver tissue NAD+/NADH."5.09Nitric oxide production and hepatic dysfunction in patients with postoperative sepsis. ( Inoue, T; Kamiyama, Y; Kitade, H; Kwon, AH; Satoi, S; Takahashi, H; Takahashi, K; Wei, T, 2000)
"Fifty-one consecutive children with sepsis and six critically ill children without sepsis were enrolled and given 18 mg/kg antipyrine per NG."3.72Cytochrome P450 mediated-drug metabolism is reduced in children with sepsis-induced multiple organ failure. ( Burckart, GJ; Carcillo, JA; Doughty, L; Frye, RF; Kaplan, SS; Kofos, D; Sasser, H, 2003)
" In vivo treatment with ip administration of 3-aminobenzamide (10 mg/kg, 1 and 6 hrs after zymosan injection) or nicotinamide (50 mg/kg, 1 and 6 hrs after zymosan injection) significantly decreased mortality, inhibited the development of peritonitis, and reduced peroxynitrite formation."3.70Protective effect of poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase inhibition on multiple organ failure after zymosan-induced peritonitis in the rat. ( Caputi, AP; Costantino, G; Cuzzocrea, S; Sottile, A; Teti, D; Zingarelli, B, 1999)
"Increased plasma nitrite/nitrates and increased organ failure scores occurred in the children with sepsis who had an exaggerated proinflammatory state, despite a pronounced anti-inflammatory response."3.69Inflammatory cytokine and nitric oxide responses in pediatric sepsis and organ failure. ( Carcillo, JA; Doughty, LA; Kaplan, SS, 1996)
"Mortality of patients with acute liver failure (ALF) is still unacceptably high."1.39Evaluation of the Hepa Wash® treatment in pigs with acute liver failure. ( Al-Chalabi, A; Huber, W; Kreymann, B; Luppa, P; Matevossian, E; Nairz, E; Neiss, A; Perren, A; Radermacher, P; Schimmel, P; Schmid, RM; Schreiber, C; Schuster, T; V Thaden, AK; Yang, Z, 2013)
"Treatment with olprinone attenuated the peritoneal exudation and the migration of polymorphonuclear cells caused by zymosan."1.37Olprinone, a specific phosphodiesterase (PDE)-III inhibitor, reduces the development of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in mice. ( Bramanti, P; Cuzzocrea, S; Di Paola, R; Esposito, E; Impellizzeri, D; Mazzon, E, 2011)
"MODS was induced by zymosan administration (500 mg/kg, suspended in saline solution, i."1.35Absence of endogenous interleukin-10 enhanced organ dysfunction and mortality associated to zymosan-induced multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. ( Bramanti, P; Caminiti, R; Cuzzocrea, S; Di Paola, R; Esposito, E; Genovese, T; Malleo, G; Mazzon, E, 2008)
"Infection is a microbial phenomenon characterized by an inflammatory response to the presence of microorganism."1.32Relationships of circulating nitrite/nitrate levels to severity and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in systemic inflammatory response syndrome. ( Hirata, Y; Hirokawa, M; Imai, T; Mitaka, C; Nosaka, T; Wakimoto, H; Yokoyama, K, 2003)
"Although sepsis is the major cause of mortality and morbidity in the critically ill, precise mechanism(s) causing multiorgan dysfunction remain unclear."1.32Mitochondrial dysfunction in a long-term rodent model of sepsis and organ failure. ( Brealey, D; Jacques, TS; Karyampudi, S; Novelli, M; Singer, M; Smolenski, RT; Stidwill, R; Taylor, V, 2004)
"Gram-positive septic shock was induced by coadministration of LTA (3 mg/kg i."1.31Membrane-permeable radical scavenger, tempol, reduces multiple organ injury in a rodent model of gram-positive shock. ( Cuzzocrea, S; Foster, SJ; Olbrich, A; Thiemermann, C; Zacharowski, K, 2000)
"To produce a rat model of brain death, we inflated a subdurally placed balloon catheter."1.31No evidence of NO-induced damage in potential donor organs after brain death. ( Fukuyama, N; Halejcio-Delophont, P; Hoshiai, K; Nakazawa, H, 2001)
"The incidence of sepsis and septic shock due to gram-positive organisms has increased dramatically over the last two decades."1.31A cell wall component from pathogenic and non-pathogenic gram-positive bacteria (peptidoglycan) synergises with endotoxin to cause the release of tumour necrosis factor-alpha, nitric oxide production, shock, and multiple organ injury/dysfunction in the ra ( Foster, SJ; Hinds, CJ; Thiemermann, C; Wray, GM, 2001)
"To determine in children with sepsis syndrome and septic shock the time course of nitric oxide metabolites: nitrate and nitrite (nitrogen oxides)."1.30Activation of the L-arginine nitric oxide pathway in severe sepsis. ( Duke, T; South, M; Stewart, A, 1997)

Research

Studies (41)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's19 (46.34)18.2507
2000's17 (41.46)29.6817
2010's5 (12.20)24.3611
2020's0 (0.00)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Al-Chalabi, A1
Matevossian, E1
V Thaden, AK1
Luppa, P1
Neiss, A1
Schuster, T1
Yang, Z1
Schreiber, C1
Schimmel, P1
Nairz, E1
Perren, A1
Radermacher, P1
Huber, W1
Schmid, RM1
Kreymann, B1
Shen, HH1
Lam, KK1
Cheng, PY1
Kung, CW1
Chen, SY1
Lin, PC1
Chung, MT1
Lee, YM1
Mazzon, E7
Esposito, E3
Di Paola, R4
Impellizzeri, D2
Bramanti, P3
Cuzzocrea, S9
Paterniti, I1
Galuppo, M1
Nocentini, G1
Ronchetti, S1
Riccardi, L1
Bruscoli, S1
Riccardi, C1
Mitaka, C1
Hirata, Y1
Yokoyama, K1
Wakimoto, H1
Hirokawa, M1
Nosaka, T1
Imai, T1
Carcillo, JA5
Doughty, L4
Kofos, D1
Frye, RF1
Kaplan, SS3
Sasser, H2
Burckart, GJ1
Brealey, D1
Karyampudi, S1
Jacques, TS1
Novelli, M1
Stidwill, R1
Taylor, V1
Smolenski, RT1
Singer, M1
Chiao, CW1
Lee, SS1
Wu, CC1
Su, MJ1
Maybauer, DM1
Maybauer, MO1
Traber, LD1
Westphal, M1
Nakano, YY1
Enkhbaatar, P1
Morita, N1
Herndon, DN1
Traber, DL1
Kikuchi, M1
Endo, S4
Inada, K4
Inoue, Y2
Wakabayashi, G3
Ishikura, H1
Tanaka, T1
Malleo, G1
Genovese, T1
Caminiti, R1
Hwang, WS1
Chen, SH1
Lin, CH1
Chang, HK1
Chen, WC1
Lin, MT1
Doughty, LA1
Takakuwa, T2
Kasai, T2
Yamada, Y3
Niimi, M2
Suzuki, T1
Taniguchi, S2
Groeneveld, PH1
Kwappenberg, KM1
Langermans, JA1
Nibbering, PH1
Curtis, L1
Duke, T1
South, M1
Stewart, A1
Harper, R1
Parkhouse, N1
Green, C1
Martin, R1
Kan, H1
Finkel, MS1
Kaplan, S2
Janosky, J2
Burgner, D1
Rockett, K1
Wray, GM4
Millar, CG1
Hinds, CJ3
Thiemermann, C5
Koike, S1
Endo, Y1
Leach, M1
Hamilton, LC1
Olbrich, A2
Wang, Y1
Lawson, JA1
Jaeschke, H1
Kamei, Y1
Minato, T1
Yokoyama, M2
Nakae, H1
Ogawa, M1
de Sarro, G1
Costantino, G3
Laurà, R1
Ciriaco, E1
de Sarro, A1
Caputi, AP4
Zingarelli, B1
Sottile, A1
Teti, D1
Yamashita, T1
Kawashima, S1
Ohashi, Y1
Ozaki, M1
Ueyama, T1
Ishida, T1
Inoue, N1
Hirata, K1
Akita, H1
Satoi, S1
Kamiyama, Y1
Kitade, H1
Kwon, AH1
Takahashi, K1
Wei, T1
Inoue, T1
Takahashi, H1
Zacharowski, K1
Foster, SJ2
Papathanassoglou, ED1
Moynihan, JA1
Vermillion, DL1
McDermott, MP1
Ackerman, MH1
Halejcio-Delophont, P1
Hoshiai, K1
Fukuyama, N1
Nakazawa, H1
Dugo, L1
Barbera, A1
Centorrino, T1
Ciccolo, A1
Fonti, MT1
Green, J1
Yang, F1
Comtois, AS1
Fang, L1
Hartman, NG1
Blaise, G1
Fink, MP1

Clinical Trials (1)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
The Critical Illness Stress-induced Immune Suppression Prevention Trial[NCT00395161]Phase 3293 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-04-30Terminated (stopped due to Terminated for futility on 11/30/09 based on the recommendation of the DSMB)
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

All-cause 28-day Mortality Rate.

(NCT00395161)
Timeframe: 28 days after admission to the PICU

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Enteral Zinc, Selenium, Glutamine, and IV Metoclopramide15
Enteral Whey Protein, IV Saline8

Antibiotic-free Days

(NCT00395161)
Timeframe: 48 hours after admission until PICU discharge

InterventionDays (Median)
Enteral Zinc, Selenium, Glutamine, and IV Metoclopramide1
Enteral Whey Protein, IV Saline2

Incidence of Prolonged Lymphopenia (Absolute Lymphocyte Count Less Than or Equal to 1,000/mm³ for > or Equal to 7 Days)

What is reported is the number of participants with counts qualifying as lymphopenia. (NCT00395161)
Timeframe: from time of PICU admission till discharge from PICU

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Enteral Zinc, Selenium, Glutamine, and IV Metoclopramide5
Enteral Whey Protein, IV Saline12

Rate of Nosocomial Infection or Clinical Sepsis Per 100 Study Days

(NCT00395161)
Timeframe: 48 hours after PICU admission till discharge from PICU

InterventionMean number of events per 100 study days (Mean)
Daily Nutriceutical Supplementation4.99
Whey Protein4.83

The Primary Endpoint of This Study is the Median Time Between Admission to the PICU and Occurrence of Nosocomial Infection or Clinical Sepsis in PICU Patients Who Have Endotracheal Tubes, Central Venous Catheters, or Urinary Catheters.

(NCT00395161)
Timeframe: 48 hours after admission until 5 days after discharged from the PICU

InterventionDays (Median)
Daily Nutriceutical Supplementation12.1
Whey Protein13.2

Trials

2 trials available for nitrates and MODS

ArticleYear
Nuclear matrix protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and nitrite/nitrate levels in patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.
    Research communications in molecular pathology and pharmacology, 1998, Volume: 100, Issue:1

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antigens, Nuclear; Apoptosis; Biomarkers; Enzyme-Linked

1998
Nitric oxide production and hepatic dysfunction in patients with postoperative sepsis.
    Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology, 2000, Volume: 27, Issue:3

    Topics: Aged; Female; Humans; Ketone Bodies; Liver Diseases; Male; Mitochondria, Liver; Multiple Organ Failu

2000

Other Studies

39 other studies available for nitrates and MODS

ArticleYear
Evaluation of the Hepa Wash® treatment in pigs with acute liver failure.
    BMC gastroenterology, 2013, May-13, Volume: 13

    Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Blood Pressure; Cardiac Output; Creatinine; Dialysis; Disease Models, Animal; Fema

2013
Alpha-lipoic acid prevents endotoxic shock and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome induced by endotoxemia in rats.
    Shock (Augusta, Ga.), 2015, Volume: 43, Issue:4

    Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Antithrombins; Aorta; Caspase 3; Disulfides; Endotoxemia; Enzyme Activation;

2015
Olprinone, a specific phosphodiesterase (PDE)-III inhibitor, reduces the development of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in mice.
    Pharmacological research, 2011, Volume: 64, Issue:1

    Topics: Alanine Transaminase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Amylases; Animals; Apoptosis; Ascitic Fluid; Aspartate A

2011
Effect of NADPH-oxidase inhibitors in the experimental model of zymosan-induced shock in mice.
    Free radical research, 2011, Volume: 45, Issue:7

    Topics: Acetophenones; Animals; Apoptosis; Cytokines; Enzyme Inhibitors; Male; Mice; Multiple Organ Failure;

2011
GITR gene deletion and GITR-FC soluble protein administration inhibit multiple organ failure induced by zymosan.
    Shock (Augusta, Ga.), 2011, Volume: 36, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Cell Adhesion Molecules; Gene Deletion; Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR-Related Protein; Immuno

2011
Relationships of circulating nitrite/nitrate levels to severity and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in systemic inflammatory response syndrome.
    Shock (Augusta, Ga.), 2003, Volume: 19, Issue:4

    Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; APACHE; Female; Humans; Infections; Male; Middle Aged; Multiple Organ Failu

2003
Cytochrome P450 mediated-drug metabolism is reduced in children with sepsis-induced multiple organ failure.
    Intensive care medicine, 2003, Volume: 29, Issue:6

    Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Analysis of Variance; Antipyrine; Case-Control Studies; Child; Child, Presc

2003
Mitochondrial dysfunction in a long-term rodent model of sepsis and organ failure.
    American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology, 2004, Volume: 286, Issue:3

    Topics: Adenosine Monophosphate; Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Biomarkers; Blood Pressure; Blood Urea Nit

2004
Thaliporphine increases survival rate and attenuates multiple organ injury in LPS-induced endotoxaemia.
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology, 2005, Volume: 371, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Aorta; Aporphines; Blood Glucose; Endotoxemia; Hemodynamics; In Vitro Techniques; Interleuk

2005
Effects of severe smoke inhalation injury and septic shock on global hemodynamics and microvascular blood flow in sheep.
    Shock (Augusta, Ga.), 2006, Volume: 26, Issue:5

    Topics: Animals; Blood Pressure; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Heart Rate; Lung; Microcirculation; Multipl

2006
Assessment of inflammatory mediators in patients with generalized peritonitis.
    Journal of medicine, 1999, Volume: 30, Issue:3-4

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cytokines; Endotoxins; Female; Group IV Phospholipases A2; Humans; I

1999
Absence of endogenous interleukin-10 enhanced organ dysfunction and mortality associated to zymosan-induced multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.
    Cytokine, 2008, Volume: 41, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Gene Deletion; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-1beta; Kidney; Lipid Peroxidation; Liver; Mice;

2008
Human umbilical cord blood-derived CD34+ cells can be used as a prophylactic agent for experimental heatstroke.
    Journal of pharmacological sciences, 2008, Volume: 106, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Antigens, CD34; Basal Ganglia; Cerebrovascular Disorders; Cord Blood Stem Cell Transplantat

2008
Inflammatory cytokine and nitric oxide responses in pediatric sepsis and organ failure.
    Critical care medicine, 1996, Volume: 24, Issue:7

    Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Interleukin-10; Interl

1996
Nitrite/nitrate (NOx) and sFas antigen levels in patients with multiple organ failure.
    Research communications in molecular pathology and pharmacology, 1996, Volume: 92, Issue:2

    Topics: fas Receptor; Humans; Multiple Organ Failure; Nitrates; Nitrites; Sepsis

1996
Nitric oxide (NO) production correlates with renal insufficiency and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in severe sepsis.
    Intensive care medicine, 1996, Volume: 22, Issue:11

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biomarkers; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Multiple Organ Failur

1996
Activation of the L-arginine nitric oxide pathway in severe sepsis.
    Archives of disease in childhood, 1997, Volume: 76, Issue:3

    Topics: Adolescent; Arginine; Biomarkers; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Multiple Or

1997
Nitric oxide production in burns: plasma nitrate levels are not increased in patients with minor thermal injuries.
    The Journal of trauma, 1997, Volume: 43, Issue:3

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Burns; Case-Control Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Multiple Organ Failure;

1997
Is the answer NO?
    Critical care medicine, 1998, Volume: 26, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Bacteremia; Child; Humans; Multiple Organ Failure; Nitrates; Nitrites; Rabbits

1998
Plasma nitrite and nitrate concentrations and multiple organ failure in pediatric sepsis.
    Critical care medicine, 1998, Volume: 26, Issue:1

    Topics: Adolescent; Bacteremia; Child; Child, Preschool; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn;

1998
Nitric oxide and severe sepsis.
    Archives of disease in childhood, 1997, Volume: 77, Issue:5

    Topics: Child; Diet; Humans; Multiple Organ Failure; Nitrates; Nitric Oxide; Sepsis

1997
Selective inhibition of the activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase prevents the circulatory failure, but not the organ injury/dysfunction, caused by endotoxin.
    Shock (Augusta, Ga.), 1998, Volume: 9, Issue:5

    Topics: Amidines; Animals; Benzylamines; Enzyme Inhibitors; Escherichia coli; Hemodynamics; Kidney; Lipopoly

1998
The compensatory anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 response in pediatric sepsis-induced multiple organ failure.
    Chest, 1998, Volume: 113, Issue:6

    Topics: Adolescent; Blood Cells; Cells, Cultured; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn;

1998
Effects of inhibitors of the activity of cyclo-oxygenase-2 on the hypotension and multiple organ dysfunction caused by endotoxin: a comparison with dexamethasone.
    British journal of pharmacology, 1998, Volume: 124, Issue:3

    Topics: 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha; Animals; Celecoxib; Cyclooxygenase 2; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; Cyc

1998
Effects of inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase activity on hypotension and multiple organ dysfunction caused by endotoxin.
    Shock (Augusta, Ga.), 1998, Volume: 10, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Benzamides; Endotoxemia; Enzyme Inhibitors; Hemodynamics; Hypotension; Isoquinolines; Kidne

1998
Differential effect of 2-aminoethyl-isothiourea, an inhibitor of the inducible nitric oxide synthase, on microvascular blood flow and organ injury in models of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion and endotoxemia.
    Shock (Augusta, Ga.), 1998, Volume: 10, Issue:1

    Topics: Alanine Transaminase; Animals; beta-Aminoethyl Isothiourea; Blood Circulation; Blood Pressure; Endot

1998
Plasma levels of type II phospholipase A2 and nitrite/nitrate in patients with burns.
    Burns : journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries, 1998, Volume: 24, Issue:6

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Biomarkers; Burns; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Group II Phospholipases A

1998
Role of interleukin-6 in a non-septic shock model induced by zymosan.
    European cytokine network, 1999, Volume: 10, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Ascites; Ascitic Fluid; DNA Damage; Energy Metabolism; Injections,

1999
Protective effect of N-acetylcysteine on multiple organ failure induced by zymosan in the rat.
    Critical care medicine, 1999, Volume: 27, Issue:8

    Topics: Acetylcysteine; Animals; Body Weight; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Free Rad

1999
Protective effect of poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase inhibition on multiple organ failure after zymosan-induced peritonitis in the rat.
    Critical care medicine, 1999, Volume: 27, Issue:8

    Topics: Animals; Benzamides; Body Weight; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Male; Multip

1999
Resistance to endotoxin shock in transgenic mice overexpressing endothelial nitric oxide synthase.
    Circulation, 2000, Feb-29, Volume: 101, Issue:8

    Topics: Animals; Aorta; Blood Pressure; Cyclic GMP; Edema; Female; Granulocytes; Hypotension; Immunity, Inna

2000
Membrane-permeable radical scavenger, tempol, reduces multiple organ injury in a rodent model of gram-positive shock.
    Critical care medicine, 2000, Volume: 28, Issue:6

    Topics: Animals; Blood Pressure; Cyclic N-Oxides; Free Radical Scavengers; Kidney; Lipopolysaccharides; Live

2000
Soluble fas levels correlate with multiple organ dysfunction severity, survival and nitrate levels, but not with cellular apoptotic markers in critically ill patients.
    Shock (Augusta, Ga.), 2000, Volume: 14, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Apoptosis; Biomarkers; Critical Illness; Diagnosis-Related Groups; F

2000
No evidence of NO-induced damage in potential donor organs after brain death.
    The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation, 2001, Volume: 20, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Brain Death; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Heart Transplantation; Hemod

2001
A cell wall component from pathogenic and non-pathogenic gram-positive bacteria (peptidoglycan) synergises with endotoxin to cause the release of tumour necrosis factor-alpha, nitric oxide production, shock, and multiple organ injury/dysfunction in the ra
    Shock (Augusta, Ga.), 2001, Volume: 15, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Bacillus subtilis; Blood Pressure; Cell Wall; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Synerg

2001
Inducible nitric oxide synthase knockout mice exhibit resistance to the multiple organ failure induced by zymosan.
    Shock (Augusta, Ga.), 2001, Volume: 16, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Enzyme Inhibitors; Exudates and Transudates; Guanidines; Lipid Peroxidation; Liver; Lung; M

2001
The tissue factor and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 response in pediatric sepsis-induced multiple organ failure.
    Thrombosis and haemostasis, 2002, Volume: 87, Issue:2

    Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Cytokines; Endothelium, Vascular; Female; Fibrinolysis; Humans;

2002
Nitric oxide-derived nitrate anion contributes to endotoxic shock and multiple organ injury/dysfunction.
    Critical care medicine, 2002, Volume: 30, Issue:3

    Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Cell Membrane Permeability; Endotoxemia; Hemodynamics; Lipopolysaccha

2002
Is nitrate anion a mediator of organ system injury in rats injected with lipopolysaccharide?
    Critical care medicine, 2002, Volume: 30, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Lipopolysaccharides; Multiple Organ Failure; Nitrates; Nitric Oxide; Rats; Shock, Septic

2002