Page last updated: 2024-11-01

nifedipine and Drug Withdrawal Symptoms

nifedipine has been researched along with Drug Withdrawal Symptoms in 47 studies

Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.

Research Excerpts

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"The aim of the present study was to determine whether calcium channel antagonists attenuated hypoxia/hypoglycemia- or glutamate-induced reduction in 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) uptake of hippocampal slices obtained from ethanol withdrawal rats."7.69Calcium channel blockers improve hypoxia/hypoglycemia-induced impairment of rat hippocampal 2-deoxyglucose uptake in vitro after ethanol withdrawal. ( Shibata, S; Shindou, T; Tominaga, K; Watanabe, S, 1995)
"We investigated the effect of abrupt cessation of nifedipine after regular administration (20 mg, four times daily) for 5 weeks in seven patients with stable angina pectoris."7.68Withdrawal phenomenon after abrupt cessation of nifedipine in stable angina pectoris. ( Koutishenko, N; Martsevich, SY; Metelitsa, VI, 1993)
"The contractures were not due to depolarization (membrane potential, Vm, did not change during Cd2+ removal) or to an influx of external Ca2+ (the transient tension increase was recorded when solutions either lacked Ca2+, or contained 2 mM Co2+)."5.31Cadmium withdrawal contractures in rat soleus muscle fibres. ( Dulhunty, AF; Mould, J, 2000)
"Pretreatment with nifedipine partially restores the analgesic action of morphine in morphine-tolerant rats."5.29Reduction of morphine dependence and potentiation of analgesia by chronic co-administration of nifedipine. ( Antkiewicz-Michaluk, L; Michaluk, J; Romańska, I; Vetulani, J, 1993)
"We compared the effects of abrupt cessation of nifedipine and isosorbide dinitrate therapy in patients with stable angina pectoris."5.08Withdrawal effects of antianginal therapy: comparison of isosorbide dinitrate and nifedipine. ( Koutishenko, N; Metelitsa, VI, 1998)
"Reports of acute ischemic events after withdrawal of calcium antagonist therapy in outpatients and during bypass surgery in patients with prior angina at rest prompted the examination of the effect of nifedipine withdrawal in 81 patients who had completed a prospective, double-blind randomized trial of nifedipine versus placebo for rest angina."5.05Acute nifedipine withdrawal: consequences of preoperative and late cessation of therapy in patients with prior unstable angina. ( Achuff, SC; Baughman, KL; Gerstenblith, G; Gottlieb, SO; Mellits, ED; Ouyang, P; Traill, TA; Weisfeldt, ML, 1984)
"The acute effects of nifedipine withdrawal were studied in 81 patients with angina at rest who had completed a prospective, double-blind, randomized trial of nifedipine versus placebo."5.05Safety of acute calcium antagonist withdrawal: studies in patients with unstable angina withdrawn from nifedipine. ( Gerstenblith, G; Gottlieb, SO, 1985)
" Nifedipine, as a calcium channel blocker, can attenuate the development of morphine dependence; however, the role of the HPA axis in this effect has not been elucidated."3.74L-type calcium channel blockade attenuates morphine withdrawal: in vivo interaction between L-type calcium channels and corticosterone. ( Ahmadiani, A; Esmaeili-Mahani, S; Fathi, Y; Hosseinpanah, F; Motamedi, F, 2008)
" In vivo studies have indicated the involvement of dihydropyridine-sensitive (L-type) voltage-gated channels in morphine abuse."3.72Effects of nifedipine on behavioral and biochemical parameters in rats after multiple morphine administration. ( Mitcheva, M; Vitcheva, V, 2004)
"The aim of the present study was to determine whether calcium channel antagonists attenuated hypoxia/hypoglycemia- or glutamate-induced reduction in 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) uptake of hippocampal slices obtained from ethanol withdrawal rats."3.69Calcium channel blockers improve hypoxia/hypoglycemia-induced impairment of rat hippocampal 2-deoxyglucose uptake in vitro after ethanol withdrawal. ( Shibata, S; Shindou, T; Tominaga, K; Watanabe, S, 1995)
"The effect of abrupt discontinuation of nifedipine (N) on exercise tolerance and myocardial ischemia was studied in 7 patients with stable angina pectoris of effort (AP)."3.69[The nifedipine withdrawal syndrome in patients with stable stenocardia of effort]. ( Kutishenko, NP; Martsevich, SIu; Metelitsa, VI, 1995)
"We investigated the effect of abrupt cessation of nifedipine after regular administration (20 mg, four times daily) for 5 weeks in seven patients with stable angina pectoris."3.68Withdrawal phenomenon after abrupt cessation of nifedipine in stable angina pectoris. ( Koutishenko, N; Martsevich, SY; Metelitsa, VI, 1993)
"Nifedipine, in a slow release preparation, was given at a mean daily dosage of 47 +/- 4 mg to 12 patients with severe hypertension in whom arterial pressure was not satisfactorily controlled (mean arterial pressure 132 +/- 4 4 mm Hg) by the combination of a converting enzyme inhibitor and a diuretic."3.67Effect of chronic nifedipine in patients inadequately controlled by a converting enzyme inhibitor and a diuretic. ( Mimran, A; Ribstein, J, 1985)
"The contractures were not due to depolarization (membrane potential, Vm, did not change during Cd2+ removal) or to an influx of external Ca2+ (the transient tension increase was recorded when solutions either lacked Ca2+, or contained 2 mM Co2+)."1.31Cadmium withdrawal contractures in rat soleus muscle fibres. ( Dulhunty, AF; Mould, J, 2000)
"Pretreatment with nifedipine partially restores the analgesic action of morphine in morphine-tolerant rats."1.29Reduction of morphine dependence and potentiation of analgesia by chronic co-administration of nifedipine. ( Antkiewicz-Michaluk, L; Michaluk, J; Romańska, I; Vetulani, J, 1993)
"Nifedipine treatment abolished the signs of abstinence and normalized the hot-plate latencies in morphine-dependent, naloxone-treated rats."1.28Cortical dihydropyridine binding sites and a behavioral syndrome in morphine-abstinent rats. ( Antkiewicz-Michaluk, L; Michaluk, J; Romańska, I; Vetulani, J, 1990)
"Although withdrawal symptoms have been reported following abrupt cessation of therapy with some cardiovascular drugs, there is no detailed report on similar complications of the cessation of therapy with calcium antagonists."1.27Rebound of vasospastic angina after cessation of long-term treatment with nifedipine. ( Gagnon, RM; Lemire, JG; Lette, J; Morissette, M, 1984)

Research

Studies (47)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-199013 (27.66)18.7374
1990's27 (57.45)18.2507
2000's7 (14.89)29.6817
2010's0 (0.00)24.3611
2020's0 (0.00)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
El Ganouni, S1
Hanoun, N1
Boni, C1
Tazi, A1
Hakkou, F1
Hamon, M1
Vitcheva, V1
Mitcheva, M1
Chiladakis, JA1
Alexopoulos, D1
Leventhal, L1
Cosmi, S1
Deecher, D1
Katsura, M1
Torigoe, F1
Hayashida, S1
Honda, T1
Tsujimura, A1
Ohkuma, S1
Esmaeili-Mahani, S1
Fathi, Y1
Motamedi, F1
Hosseinpanah, F1
Ahmadiani, A1
Gottlieb, SO2
Ouyang, P1
Achuff, SC1
Baughman, KL1
Traill, TA1
Mellits, ED1
Weisfeldt, ML1
Gerstenblith, G2
Mysliwiec, M1
Rydzewski, A1
Bulhak, W1
Lette, J1
Gagnon, RM1
Lemire, JG1
Morissette, M1
Kay, R1
Blake, J1
Rubin, D1
Shibata, S1
Shindou, T1
Tominaga, K1
Watanabe, S1
Li, QP1
Rao, MR1
Martsevich, SIu2
Kutishenko, NP2
Metelitsa, VI4
Colombo, G1
Agabio, R1
Lobina, C1
Reali, R1
Melis, F1
Fadda, F1
Gessa, GL1
Zharkovsky, A2
Cebers, G1
Antkiewicz-Michaluk, L4
Michaluk, J4
Romańska, I3
Vetulani, J4
Martsevich, SY1
Koutishenko, N2
Morrone, LA2
Romanelli, L1
Amico, MC1
Valeri, P2
Suzuki, T1
Mizoguchi, H1
Motegi, H1
Awano, H1
Misawa, M1
Mehta, JL1
Subramanian, VB1
Karolewicz, B1
Bouchenafa, O1
Littleton, JM1
Shulman, A1
Jagoda, J1
Laycock, G1
Kelly, H1
Garibova, TL1
Val'dman, EA1
Voronina, TA1
Kraĭneva, VA1
Piepponen, TP1
Kivastik, T1
Ahtee, L1
Mould, J1
Dulhunty, AF1
Beeley, L1
Talbot, J1
Lederballe Pedersen, O1
Mikkelsen, E1
Ross, PJ1
Lewis, MJ1
Henderson, AH1
Muller, JE1
Gunther, SJ1
Silverstone, PH2
Done, C1
Sharp, T1
Schnur, P2
Espinoza, M1
Flores, R1
Ortiz, S1
Vallejos, S1
Wainwright, M1
Attenburrow, MJ1
Robson, P1
Oneglia, C1
Sabatini, T1
Ghizzoni, G1
Rusconi, C1
Martinelli, B1
Severini, C1
Katta, BB1
Yamamoto, M1
Gotoh, Y1
Imaizumi, Y1
Watanabe, M1
Mimran, A1
Ribstein, J1
Bala Subramanian, V1
Sosnowski, M1
Markiewicz, A1
Lough, FC1

Reviews

1 review available for nifedipine and Drug Withdrawal Symptoms

ArticleYear
[A clinical case: coronary vasospasm induced by exercise after stopping nifedipine therapy].
    Minerva cardioangiologica, 1992, Volume: 40, Issue:3

    Topics: Coronary Disease; Coronary Vasospasm; Delayed-Action Preparations; Electrocardiography; Exercise; Ex

1992

Trials

6 trials available for nifedipine and Drug Withdrawal Symptoms

ArticleYear
Acute nifedipine withdrawal: consequences of preoperative and late cessation of therapy in patients with prior unstable angina.
    Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 1984, Volume: 4, Issue:2

    Topics: Angina Pectoris; Angina, Unstable; Blood Pressure; Clinical Trials as Topic; Coronary Artery Bypass;

1984
Calcium channel blocking drugs in the management of drug dependence, withdrawal and craving. A clinical pilot study with nifedipine and verapamil.
    Australian family physician, 1998, Volume: 27 Suppl 1

    Topics: Adult; Calcium Channel Blockers; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nifedipine; Pilot Projects; Subs

1998
Withdrawal effects of antianginal therapy: comparison of isosorbide dinitrate and nifedipine.
    International journal of cardiology, 1998, Apr-01, Volume: 64, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Angina Pectoris; Blood Pressure; Calcium Channel Blockers; Exercise Test; Exercise Tolerance;

1998
Beta-blocker withdrawal syndrome.
    Lancet (London, England), 1979, Apr-21, Volume: 1, Issue:8121

    Topics: Heart Rate; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Nifedipine; Nitrites; Posture; Propranolol; Substance Withdrawa

1979
The calcium channel antagonist nifedipine causes confusion when used to treat opiate withdrawal in morphine-dependent patients.
    International clinical psychopharmacology, 1992, Volume: 7, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Clonidine; Confusion; Double-Blind Method; Humans; Male; Methadone; Morphine Dependence; Nife

1992
Safety of acute calcium antagonist withdrawal: studies in patients with unstable angina withdrawn from nifedipine.
    The American journal of cardiology, 1985, May-17, Volume: 55, Issue:12

    Topics: Angina Pectoris; Angina, Unstable; Coronary Artery Bypass; Coronary Disease; Double-Blind Method; El

1985

Other Studies

40 other studies available for nifedipine and Drug Withdrawal Symptoms

ArticleYear
Prevention of diazepam withdrawal syndrome by nifedipine-behavioural and neurochemical studies.
    Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 2004, Volume: 79, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Base Sequence; Behavior, Animal; Calcium Channel Blockers; Diazepam; D

2004
Effects of nifedipine on behavioral and biochemical parameters in rats after multiple morphine administration.
    Methods and findings in experimental and clinical pharmacology, 2004, Volume: 26, Issue:8

    Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Brain; Calcium Channel Blockers; Cytochrome P-450 Enz

2004
Autonomic antecedents to variant angina exacerbation after beta-blockade withdrawal.
    Journal of electrocardiology, 2005, Volume: 38, Issue:1

    Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Angina Pectoris, Variant; Autonomic Nervous System; Coronary Vasospasm;

2005
Effect of calcium channel modulators on temperature regulation in ovariectomized rats.
    Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 2005, Volume: 80, Issue:3

    Topics: Amines; Animals; Body Temperature Regulation; Calcium Channel Blockers; Calcium Channels; Cyclohexan

2005
Ethanol physical dependence is accompanied by up-regulated expression of L-type high voltage-gated calcium channel alpha1 subunits in mouse brain.
    Brain research, 2005, Mar-28, Volume: 1039, Issue:1-2

    Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Alcoholism; Animals; Brain; Calcium Channel Blockers; Calcium Channels,

2005
L-type calcium channel blockade attenuates morphine withdrawal: in vivo interaction between L-type calcium channels and corticosterone.
    Hormones and behavior, 2008, Volume: 53, Issue:2

    Topics: Adrenalectomy; Animals; Calcium Channel Blockers; Calcium Channels, L-Type; Corticosterone; Drug Int

2008
Calcium antagonist withdrawal syndrome.
    British medical journal (Clinical research ed.), 1983, Jun-11, Volume: 286, Issue:6381

    Topics: Adult; Angina Pectoris; Humans; Male; Nifedipine; Pyridines; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Thrombos

1983
Rebound of vasospastic angina after cessation of long-term treatment with nifedipine.
    Canadian Medical Association journal, 1984, May-01, Volume: 130, Issue:9

    Topics: Adult; Angina Pectoris, Variant; Female; Humans; Isosorbide Dinitrate; Male; Middle Aged; Nifedipine

1984
Possible coronary spasm rebound to abrupt nifedipine withdrawal.
    American heart journal, 1982, Volume: 103, Issue:2

    Topics: Aged; Coronary Vasospasm; Humans; Male; Nifedipine; Pyridines; Recurrence; Substance Withdrawal Synd

1982
Calcium channel blockers improve hypoxia/hypoglycemia-induced impairment of rat hippocampal 2-deoxyglucose uptake in vitro after ethanol withdrawal.
    Brain research, 1995, Mar-06, Volume: 673, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Calcium Channel Blockers; Deoxyglucose; Dizocilpine Maleate; Dose-Response Relationship, Dr

1995
[Effects of calcium antagonists on withdrawal of beta-receptor blockers in rats during left ventricular hypertrophy].
    Yao xue xue bao = Acta pharmaceutica Sinica, 1995, Volume: 30, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Hemodynamics; Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular; Isomerism; Male; Metoprolol; Myocardium; Nifed

1995
[The nifedipine withdrawal syndrome in patients with stable stenocardia of effort].
    Terapevticheskii arkhiv, 1995, Volume: 67, Issue:6

    Topics: Angina Pectoris; Electrocardiography; Exercise Test; Exercise Tolerance; Humans; Myocardial Ischemia

1995
Effects of the calcium channel antagonist darodipine on ethanol withdrawal in rats.
    Alcohol and alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire), 1995, Volume: 30, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Calcium Channel Blockers; Calcium Channels; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ethanol; Male

1995
Effect of Ro 15-4513 and nifedipine on the behaviour and potassium-evoked calcium uptake following withdrawal from chronic ethanol administration in rats.
    Alcohol and alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). Supplement, 1993, Volume: 2

    Topics: Animals; Azides; Behavior, Animal; Benzodiazepines; Calcium; Calcium Channels; Cerebral Cortex; Etha

1993
Differential involvement of voltage-dependent calcium channels in apomorphine-induced hypermotility and stereotypy.
    Psychopharmacology, 1994, Volume: 113, Issue:3-4

    Topics: Animals; Apomorphine; Calcium Channel Blockers; Calcium Channels; Electrophysiology; Electroshock; M

1994
Reduction of morphine dependence and potentiation of analgesia by chronic co-administration of nifedipine.
    Psychopharmacology, 1993, Volume: 111, Issue:4

    Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Drug Interactions; Drug Tolerance; Male; Morphine; Morphine De

1993
Withdrawal phenomenon after abrupt cessation of nifedipine in stable angina pectoris.
    International journal of cardiology, 1993, Dec-31, Volume: 42, Issue:3

    Topics: Angina Pectoris; Exercise Test; Exercise Tolerance; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Myocardial Ischemia;

1993
Withdrawal contractures of guinea-pig isolated ileum after acute activation of kappa-opioid receptors.
    British journal of pharmacology, 1993, Volume: 109, Issue:1

    Topics: 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer; Analgesics

1993
Effects of nifedipine on physical dependence on barbital or diazepam in rats.
    The Journal of toxicological sciences, 1995, Volume: 20, Issue:4

    Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Barbital; Body Weight; Calcium Channel Blockers; Calcium Channels; Di

1995
Calcium blockers and risk of myocardial infarction and coronary heart disease mortality.
    Circulation, 1996, Apr-01, Volume: 93, Issue:7

    Topics: Antihypertensive Agents; Calcium Channel Blockers; Clinical Trials as Topic; Coronary Disease; Hemod

1996
Differences between haloperidol- and pimozide-induced withdrawal syndrome: a role for Ca2+ channels.
    European journal of pharmacology, 1995, Dec-29, Volume: 294, Issue:2-3

    Topics: Animals; Antipsychotic Agents; Apomorphine; Calcium Channels; Haloperidol; Male; Motor Activity; Nif

1995
[The possibility of the development of isosorbide dinitrate and nifedipine withdrawal syndromes in patients with stable stenocardia of effort].
    Terapevticheskii arkhiv, 1997, Volume: 69, Issue:9

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Angina Pectoris; Exercise Tolerance; Humans; Isosorbide Dinitrate; Male; Middle Aged; N

1997
Expression of c-Fos protein immunoreactivity in rat brain during ethanol withdrawal is prevented by nifedipine.
    Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.), 1998, Volume: 15, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Brain; Calcium Channel Blockers; Cerebral Cortex; Corpus Striatum; Ethanol; Hippocampus; Im

1998
[Effect of calcium channel blocker nifedipine on anxiety and seizure manifestations of abstinence syndrome in rats after withdrawal of long-term diazepam administration].
    Biulleten' eksperimental'noi biologii i meditsiny, 1998, Volume: 125, Issue:5

    Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Calcium Channel Blockers; Calcium

1998
Effects of morphine in rats withdrawn from repeated nifedipine administration.
    European journal of pharmacology, 1999, Jan-22, Volume: 365, Issue:2-3

    Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Body Temperature; Brain; Calcium Channel Blockers; Catalepsy; Dihydropyri

1999
Cadmium withdrawal contractures in rat soleus muscle fibres.
    Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology, 2000, Volume: 440, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Cadmium; Calcium; Calcium Channel Blockers; Calcium Channels, L-Type; Cobalt; Contracture;

2000
Beta-blocker withdrawal syndrome?
    Lancet (London, England), 1979, Feb-17, Volume: 1, Issue:8112

    Topics: Angina Pectoris; Humans; Metoprolol; Nifedipine; Propanolamines; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome

1979
Beta-blocker withdrawal syndrome.
    Lancet (London, England), 1979, Mar-10, Volume: 1, Issue:8115

    Topics: Humans; Metoprolol; Nifedipine; Propanolamines; Propranolol; Pyridines; Substance Withdrawal Syndrom

1979
Nifedipine therapy for Prinzmetal's angina.
    Circulation, 1978, Volume: 57, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Angina Pectoris; Angina Pectoris, Variant; Coronary Disease; Humans; Male; Myocardial Infarct

1978
Clonidine but not nifedipine prevents the release of noradrenaline during naloxone-precipitated opiate withdrawal: an in vivo microdialysis study in the rat.
    Psychopharmacology, 1992, Volume: 109, Issue:1-2

    Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Clonidine; Male; Microdialysis; Morphine Dependence; Naloxone; Nifedipine

1992
Blocking naloxone-precipitated withdrawal in rats and hamsters.
    Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 1992, Volume: 43, Issue:4

    Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Clonidine; Cricetinae; Drug Implants; Mesocricetus; Morphine Dependence;

1992
Morphine withdrawal in the hamster.
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1992, Jun-28, Volume: 654

    Topics: Animals; Clonidine; Cricetinae; Morphine; Naloxone; Nifedipine; Stereotyped Behavior; Substance With

1992
Reproducible withdrawal contractions of isolated guinea-pig ileum after brief morphine exposure: effects of clonidine and nifedipine.
    The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, 1990, Volume: 42, Issue:2

    Topics: 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl e

1990
Nifedapine for protracted withdrawal syndrome.
    Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie, 1991, Volume: 36, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Alcoholism; Combined Modality Therapy; Ethanol; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Nifedipine;

1991
Cortical dihydropyridine binding sites and a behavioral syndrome in morphine-abstinent rats.
    European journal of pharmacology, 1990, May-03, Volume: 180, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Brain Chemistry; Calcium Channel Blockers; Calcium Channels; Cerebral Cor

1990
Mechanisms of long-lasting effects of benidipine on Ca current in guinea-pig ventricular cells.
    British journal of pharmacology, 1990, Volume: 100, Issue:4

    Topics: Animals; Calcium Channel Blockers; Calcium Channels; Cells, Cultured; Dihydropyridines; Evoked Poten

1990
Effect of chronic nifedipine in patients inadequately controlled by a converting enzyme inhibitor and a diuretic.
    Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology, 1985, Volume: 7 Suppl 1

    Topics: Adult; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Blood Pressure; Captopril; Creatinine; Dipeptides;

1985
Clinical and research applications of ambulatory Holter ST-segment and heart rate monitoring.
    The American journal of cardiology, 1986, Aug-15, Volume: 58, Issue:4

    Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Aged; Angina Pectoris; Angina Pectoris, Variant; Blood Pressure; Corona

1986
[Withdrawal syndrome after discontinuation of calcium channel blockers].
    Polski tygodnik lekarski (Warsaw, Poland : 1960), 1988, Oct-31, Volume: 43, Issue:44

    Topics: Coronary Disease; Coronary Vasospasm; Humans; Nifedipine; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Verapamil

1988
Intraoperative coronary artery spasm.
    The Annals of thoracic surgery, 1985, Volume: 39, Issue:3

    Topics: Coronary Artery Bypass; Coronary Vasospasm; Humans; Intraoperative Complications; Male; Middle Aged;

1985