Page last updated: 2024-08-26

nicotine and Allodynia

nicotine has been researched along with Allodynia in 38 studies

Research

Studies (38)

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	1 (2.63)	18.7374
1990's	1 (2.63)	18.2507
2000's	8 (21.05)	29.6817
2010's	18 (47.37)	24.3611
2020's	10 (26.32)	2.80

Authors

Authors	Studies
Matsuura, W; Nakamoto, K; Tokuyama, S	1
Chai, XQ; Chen, DY; Hu, SS; Liu, A; Long, DD; Lou, QQ; Shen, L; Wang, D; Wei, HR; Zhang, YZ	1
Chen, S; Fang, Y; Li, L; Liao, Y; Tang, J; Wang, L; Zhang, T	1
Candiotti, KA; Gitlin, M; Rodriguez-Blanco, YF; Sevilla, A; Su, C; Weller, R; Wu, J; Yang, J; Zhang, Y; Zheng, C	1
Andersen, EOL; Fischer, L; Gaspar, JC; Guilhen, VA; Lazzarim, MK; Polato, JJ; Sardi, NF; Tobaldini, G	1
Barbosa, RI; Cardoso, RB; de Oliveira Guirro, EC; Kuriki, HU; Marcolino, AM; Rodrigues, M	1
Guo, L; Lv, Q; Zhang, Y; Zhang, Z	1
Candiotti, KA; Gitlin, MC; Sevilla, A; Wang, S; Weller, R; Zhang, Y	1
Beeson, MB; Khasabov, SG; Rogness, VM; Simone, DA; Tran, PV; Vulchanova, L; Yuan, LL	1
Li, CJ; Lu, ZJ; Qiu, HB; Shen, L; Wei, K; Xu, HH; Zhao, L; Zhu, CC	1
Bagdas, D; Bigbee, JW; Chen, ZJ; Damaj, MI; Del Fabbro, E; Fang, X; Gewirtz, DA; Kyte, SL; Lichtman, AH; Meade, JA; Schurman, LD; Toma, W	1
De Vita, MJ; Ditre, JW; Kosiba, JD; LaRowe, LR; Zale, EL	1
Alkhlaif, Y; Bagdas, D; Carroll, FI; Damaj, MI; Ditre, JW; Jackson, A	1
Andersen, ML; Berro, LF; Hirotsu, C; Pedroni, MN; Tufik, S	1
George, O; Janda, KD; Kallupi, M; Xue, S; Zhou, B	1
Dai, Y; Hu, J; Liu, WT; Liu, Y; Teng, P; Zhang, H	1
Cohen, A; Edwards, S; George, O; Koob, GF; Leão, RM; Schulteis, G; Treweek, J	1
Baiamonte, BA; Baynes, BB; Gilpin, NW; Roltsch, EA; Sabino, V; Valenza, M; Whitaker, AM	1
Bagdas, D; Damaj, MI; Muldoon, PP; Tyndale, RF; Zhu, AZ	1
Beiersdorf, JW; Huck, S; Ianosi, B; Orr-Urtreger, A; Scholze, P; Thrun, A; Xanthos, DN	1
Carroll, FI; Damaj, MI; Jackson, A; Jackson, KJ	1
Alsharari, SD; Damaj, MI; Jackson, A; Kabbani, N; King, JR; Muldoon, PP; Nordman, JC; Tyndale, RF; Zhu, AZ	1
Ding, Y; Shi, W; Wang, Q; Xie, G; Yu, A; Zhang, Z	1
Carroll, FI; Castro, AH; Damaj, MI; Luetje, CW; Marks, MJ; Mascarella, SW; Navarro, HA; Ondachi, PW; Wageman, CR	1
Ding, Y; Li, C; Wang, Q; Wu, S; Xu, P; Yu, A; Zhang, X; Zhang, Z; Zhu, W	1
Carroll, FI; Damaj, MI; Jackson, KJ; Negus, SS	1
Blough, BE; Carroll, FI; Damaj, MI; Grabus, SD; King, LS; Lukas, RJ; Navarro, HA; Vann, RE; Warner, JA; Wiley, JL	1
Calixto, JB; Cola, M; Costa, R; Manjavachi, MN; Motta, EM	1
Coates, KM; Flood, P; Gong, D; Sonner, JM	1
Rashid, MH; Ueda, H	1
Barron, S; Littleton, JM; Rogers, DT	1
De Biasi, M; Pieri, F; Salas, R	1
Abdin, MJ; Dohi, T; Kitayama, S; Kitayama, T; Morioka, N; Morita, K; Nakashima, T	1
Brett, K; Hayashida, K; Parker, R; Vincler, M; Wittenauer, S; Young, T	1
Hamann, SR; Martin, WR; Parvini, S	1
Emerich, DF; Francis, JM; Frydel, BR; Lindner, MD; McDermott, PE; Plone, MA; Saydoff, JA	1
Gear, RW; Levine, JD; Schmidt, BL; Tambeli, CH	1
Kumar, S; Martin, WR; Sloan, JW	1

Trials

1 trial(s) available for nicotine and Allodynia

Article	Year
Nicotine deprivation increases pain intensity, neurogenic inflammation, and mechanical hyperalgesia among daily tobacco smokers. Journal of abnormal psychology, 2018, Volume: 127, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Hyperalgesia; Male; Middle Aged; Neurogenic Inflammation; Nicotine; Pain Measurement; Pain Perception; Smokers; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Tobacco Use Disorder	2018

Other Studies

37 other study(ies) available for nicotine and Allodynia

Article	Year
Nicotine suppresses central post-stroke pain via facilitation of descending noradrenergic neuron through activation of orexinergic neuron. European journal of pharmacology, 2023, Mar-15, Volume: 943 Topics: Adrenergic Neurons; Animals; Hyperalgesia; Mice; Neuralgia; Nicotine; Orexin Receptors; Orexins	2023
Microglia sustain anterior cingulate cortex neuronal hyperactivity in nicotine-induced pain. Journal of neuroinflammation, 2023, Mar-21, Volume: 20, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Gyrus Cinguli; Hyperalgesia; Mice; Microglia; Neuralgia; Neurons; Nicotine	2023
Nicotine Decreases Nerve Regeneration and Pain Behaviors via PTEN and Downstream Inflammation-Related Pathway in Two Rat Nerve Injury Models. eNeuro, 2023, Volume: 10, Issue:9 Topics: Animals; GAP-43 Protein; Hyperalgesia; Inflammation; Nerve Regeneration; Neuralgia; Nicotine; Rats	2023
The mechanism of chronic nicotine exposure and nicotine withdrawal on pain perception in an animal model. Neuroscience letters, 2020, 01-10, Volume: 715 Topics: Animals; Baclofen; Bicuculline; Disease Models, Animal; Down-Regulation; Endorphins; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Glutamate Decarboxylase; Hyperalgesia; Male; Naloxone; Nicotine; Pain Perception; Pain Threshold; Rats; Receptors, Opioid, mu; Spinal Cord; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Time Factors; Up-Regulation	2020
Pain and stress: functional evidence that supra-spinal mechanisms involved in pain-induced analgesia mediate stress-induced analgesia. Behavioural pharmacology, 2020, Volume: 31, Issue:2&3 Topics: Analgesia; Animals; Capsaicin; Cholinergic Neurons; Hyperalgesia; Male; Mecamylamine; Nicotine; Nociception; Nucleus Accumbens; Pain; Pain Management; Pain Measurement; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Stress, Psychological	2020
Photobiomodulation Decreases Hyperalgesia in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: An Experimental Mouse Model Subjected to Nicotine. Lasers in surgery and medicine, 2020, Volume: 52, Issue:9 Topics: Animals; Chronic Pain; Complex Regional Pain Syndromes; Disease Models, Animal; Hyperalgesia; Mice; Nicotine	2020
Nicotine induces P2X4 receptor, interleukin-1 beta, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in BV2 microglia cells. Neuroreport, 2020, 12-16, Volume: 31, Issue:18 Topics: Animals; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Gene Knock-In Techniques; Gene Knockdown Techniques; Hyperalgesia; Interferon Regulatory Factors; Interleukin-1beta; Mice; Microglia; Nicotine; Nicotinic Agonists; Receptors, Purinergic P2X4; RNA, Messenger	2020
The role of α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in a rat model of chronic nicotine-induced mechanical hypersensitivity. Neuroscience letters, 2021, 01-19, Volume: 743 Topics: alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor; Animals; Chronic Pain; Cytidine Diphosphate Choline; Disease Models, Animal; Hyperalgesia; Male; Nicotine; Nootropic Agents; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord; Touch	2021
The nAChR Chaperone TMEM35a (NACHO) Contributes to the Development of Hyperalgesia in Mice. Neuroscience, 2021, 03-01, Volume: 457 Topics: Animals; Hyperalgesia; Ion Channels; Mice; Molecular Chaperones; Neurons; Nicotine; Receptors, Nicotinic	2021
Nicotine withdrawal induces hyperalgesia via downregulation of descending serotonergic pathway in the nucleus raphe magnus. Neuropharmacology, 2021, 05-15, Volume: 189 Topics: Animals; Down-Regulation; Hyperalgesia; Injections, Spinal; Injections, Subcutaneous; Male; Nicotine; Nucleus Raphe Magnus; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Serotonin; Serotonergic Neurons; Serotonin; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome	2021
Nicotine Prevents and Reverses Paclitaxel-Induced Mechanical Allodynia in a Mouse Model of CIPN. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 2018, Volume: 364, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Bridged-Ring Compounds; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Disease Models, Animal; Hyperalgesia; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Nicotine; Paclitaxel; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases; Receptors, Cholinergic; Taxoids	2018
New insights on the effects of varenicline on nicotine reward, withdrawal and hyperalgesia in mice. Neuropharmacology, 2018, Volume: 138 Topics: Animals; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Hyperalgesia; Male; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Inbred ICR; Mice, Transgenic; Nicotine; Nicotinic Agonists; Receptors, Nicotinic; Reward; Smoking Cessation Agents; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Tobacco Use Disorder; Varenicline	2018
Nicotine and sleep deprivation: impact on pain sensitivity and immune modulation in rats. Scientific reports, 2018, 09-14, Volume: 8, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Hyperalgesia; Immunity; Interleukin-4; Interleukin-6; Male; Mecamylamine; Nicotine; Pain; Pain Measurement; Pain Threshold; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sleep Deprivation; Sleep, REM; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha	2018
An enzymatic approach reverses nicotine dependence, decreases compulsive-like intake, and prevents relapse. Science advances, 2018, Volume: 4, Issue:10 Topics: Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Behavior, Animal; Compulsive Behavior; Conditioning, Operant; Hyperalgesia; Male; Nicotine; Oxidoreductases; Pseudomonas putida; Rats, Wistar; Self Administration; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Tobacco Use Disorder	2018
Nicotine Attenuates Osteoarthritis Pain and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Expression via the α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 2019, 07-15, Volume: 203, Issue:2 Topics: alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor; Animals; Cell Line; Disease Models, Animal; Hyperalgesia; Inflammation; Macrophages; Male; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; NF-kappa B; Nicotine; Osteoarthritis; Pain; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; RAW 264.7 Cells; Signal Transduction; Up-Regulation	2019
Extended access to nicotine leads to a CRF1 receptor dependent increase in anxiety-like behavior and hyperalgesia in rats. Addiction biology, 2015, Volume: 20, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Anxiety; Behavior, Animal; Hyperalgesia; Male; Nicotine; Nicotinic Agonists; Pyrimidines; Rats; Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Tobacco Use Disorder	2015
Nicotine dependence produces hyperalgesia: role of corticotropin-releasing factor-1 receptors (CRF1Rs) in the central amygdala (CeA). Neuropharmacology, 2014, Volume: 77 Topics: Amygdala; Animals; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; Hyperalgesia; Male; Nicotine; Pain Threshold; Pyrimidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Tobacco Use Disorder	2014
Effects of methoxsalen, a CYP2A5/6 inhibitor, on nicotine dependence behaviors in mice. Neuropharmacology, 2014, Volume: 85 Topics: Animals; Anxiety; Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; Conditioning, Psychological; Cytochrome P450 Family 2; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enzyme Inhibitors; Hyperalgesia; Male; Mecamylamine; Methoxsalen; Mice, Inbred ICR; Motor Activity; Nicotine; Nicotinic Agonists; Nicotinic Antagonists; Reward; Severity of Illness Index; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Tobacco Use Disorder	2014
Role of α5-containing nicotinic receptors in neuropathic pain and response to nicotine. Neuropharmacology, 2015, Volume: 95 Topics: Animals; Cold Temperature; Disease Models, Animal; Hot Temperature; Hyperalgesia; Ligation; Male; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Neuralgia; Nicotine; Nicotinic Agonists; Nociception; Pain Threshold; Random Allocation; Receptors, Nicotinic; Sciatic Nerve; Spinal Cord; Thalamus; Touch	2015
Effects of orally-bioavailable short-acting kappa opioid receptor-selective antagonist LY2456302 on nicotine withdrawal in mice. Neuropharmacology, 2015, Volume: 97 Topics: Animals; Anxiety; Benzamides; Conditioning, Psychological; Disease Models, Animal; Hot Temperature; Hyperalgesia; Male; Mice, Inbred ICR; Narcotic Antagonists; Nicotine; Nicotinic Agonists; Pyrrolidines; Receptors, Opioid, kappa; Spatial Behavior; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Tobacco Use Disorder	2015
Effects of Menthol on Nicotine Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacology and Dependence in Mice. PloS one, 2015, Volume: 10, Issue:9 Topics: Animals; Body Temperature; Brain; Female; Hyperalgesia; Hypothermia, Induced; Male; Maze Learning; Menthol; Mice, Inbred ICR; Nicotine; Nociception; Receptors, Nicotinic; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Time Factors; Tobacco Use Disorder	2015
CX3CR1 Mediates Nicotine Withdrawal-Induced Hyperalgesia via Microglial P38 MAPK Signaling. Neurochemical research, 2015, Volume: 40, Issue:11 Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Calcium-Binding Proteins; CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1; Hot Temperature; Hyperalgesia; Injections, Spinal; Macrophage Activation; Male; Microfilament Proteins; Microglia; Nicotine; Nicotinic Agonists; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Chemokine; Signal Transduction; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome	2015
Synthesis, Nicotinic Acetylcholine Binding, and in Vitro and in Vivo Pharmacological Properties of 2'-Fluoro-(carbamoylpyridinyl)deschloroepibatidine Analogues. ACS chemical neuroscience, 2016, 07-20, Volume: 7, Issue:7 Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Body Temperature; Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; Cholinergic Agents; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Hyperalgesia; Locomotion; Mice; Molecular Structure; Nicotine; Protein Binding; Pyridines; Receptors, Nicotinic; Structure-Activity Relationship; Tritium; Xenopus laevis	2016
Spinal microglial P2X4 receptor-brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling regulates nicotine withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia. Neuroreport, 2017, Apr-12, Volume: 28, Issue:6 Topics: Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Animals; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Calcium-Binding Proteins; Disease Models, Animal; Hot Temperature; Hyperalgesia; Male; Microfilament Proteins; Microglia; Minocycline; Nicotine; Nicotinic Agonists; Pain Threshold; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Purinergic P2X4; Spinal Cord; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome	2017
Effect of the selective kappa-opioid receptor antagonist JDTic on nicotine antinociception, reward, and withdrawal in the mouse. Psychopharmacology, 2010, Volume: 210, Issue:2 Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Anxiety; Buprenorphine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Hyperalgesia; Hypothermia; Male; Mice; Morphine; Nicotine; Piperidines; Receptors, Opioid, kappa; Reward; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Tetrahydroisoquinolines	2010
Effects of hydroxymetabolites of bupropion on nicotine dependence behavior in mice. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 2010, Sep-01, Volume: 334, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Anxiety; Behavior, Animal; Bupropion; Conditioning, Operant; Discrimination Learning; Discrimination, Psychological; Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Emotions; Hydroxylation; Hyperalgesia; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Nicotine; Nicotinic Agonists; Reward; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Tobacco Use Disorder	2010
Activation of the alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAchR) reverses referred mechanical hyperalgesia induced by colonic inflammation in mice. Neuropharmacology, 2012, Volume: 63, Issue:5 Topics: Aconitine; alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor; Analgesics; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Benzamides; Bridged Bicyclo Compounds; Colitis; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Antagonism; Hyperalgesia; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Nicotine; Nicotinic Agonists; Nicotinic Antagonists; Pain Threshold; Pain, Referred; Random Allocation; Receptors, Nicotinic	2012
Isoflurane hyperalgesia is modulated by nicotinic inhibition. Anesthesiology, 2002, Volume: 97, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Female; Hyperalgesia; Isoflurane; Mecamylamine; Mice; Nicotine; Nicotinic Antagonists; Receptors, Nicotinic; Receptors, Serotonin; Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3; Recombinant Proteins; Xenopus	2002
Neuropathy-specific analgesic action of intrathecal nicotinic agonists and its spinal GABA-mediated mechanism. Brain research, 2002, Oct-25, Volume: 953, Issue:1-2 Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Hyperalgesia; Injections, Spinal; Mice; Nicotine; Nicotinic Agonists; Pyridines; Sciatic Nerve; Sciatica; Spinal Cord	2002
Neonatal ethanol exposure produces a hyperalgesia that extends into adolescence, and is associated with increased analgesic and rewarding properties of nicotine in rats. Psychopharmacology, 2004, Volume: 171, Issue:2 Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Conditioning, Psychological; Ethanol; Female; Hyperalgesia; Injections, Subcutaneous; Male; Motor Activity; Nicotine; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reaction Time; Reward; Time Factors	2004
Decreased signs of nicotine withdrawal in mice null for the beta4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 2004, Nov-10, Volume: 24, Issue:45 Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; Female; Genotype; Grooming; Hyperalgesia; Infusion Pumps, Implantable; Male; Mastication; Mecamylamine; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Nicotine; Pyridines; Receptors, Nicotinic; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Tremor	2004
Analgesic action of nicotine on tibial nerve transection (TNT)-induced mechanical allodynia through enhancement of the glycinergic inhibitory system in spinal cord. Life sciences, 2006, Dec-03, Volume: 80, Issue:1 Topics: alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor; Analgesics; Animals; Choline; Hyperalgesia; Injections, Spinal; Male; Nicotine; Nicotinic Antagonists; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Glycine; Receptors, Nicotinic; Spinal Cord; Tibial Nerve	2006
Impact of chronic nicotine on sciatic nerve injury in the rat. Journal of neuroimmunology, 2007, Volume: 186, Issue:1-2 Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Constriction; Cytokines; Functional Laterality; Hyperalgesia; Male; Microglia; Nicotine; Nicotinic Agonists; Pain Threshold; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sciatic Neuropathy; Time Factors	2007
Pharmacologic characteristics of a medullary hyperalgesic center. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 1993, Volume: 265, Issue:1 Topics: 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer; Analgesics; Animals; Ethylketocyclazocine; Female; Hyperalgesia; Medulla Oblongata; Morphine; Nicotine; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Opioid, kappa; Receptors, Opioid, mu; Reflex	1993
The analgesic potential of intraventricular polymer-encapsulated adrenal chromaffin cells in a rodent model of chronic neuropathic pain. Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, 2000, Volume: 8, Issue:4 Topics: Adrenal Glands; Analgesics; Animals; Cattle; Cell Transplantation; Chromaffin Cells; Chronic Disease; Disease Models, Animal; Ganglionic Stimulants; Hand Strength; Hot Temperature; Hyperalgesia; Injections, Intraventricular; Male; Nicotine; Pain; Pain Management; Polymers; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Touch	2000
Nicotine withdrawal hyperalgesia and opioid-mediated analgesia depend on nicotine receptors in nucleus accumbens. Neuroscience, 2001, Volume: 106, Issue:1 Topics: Analgesia; Animals; Capsaicin; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Interactions; Drug Tolerance; Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-; Hyperalgesia; Male; Mecamylamine; Morphine; Narcotics; Nicotine; Nicotinic Antagonists; Nucleus Accumbens; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Nicotinic; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Tobacco Use Disorder	2001
Opioid and nicotinic medullary hyperalgesic influences in the decerebrated rat. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 1988, Volume: 29, Issue:4 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Cyclazocine; Cystine; Decerebrate State; Endorphins; Ethylketocyclazocine; Female; Hyperalgesia; Hyperesthesia; Lobeline; Medulla Oblongata; Nicotine; Piperidines; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains	1988