niclosamide has been researched along with Bilharziasis in 55 studies
Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48)
niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.
Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
---|---|---|
"Schistosomiasis is one of the most important public health problems in many developing countries." | 5.32 | Polymeric controlled release formulations of niclosamide for control of Biomphalaria alexandrina, the vector snail of schistosomiasis. ( Kenawy, el-R; Rizk, el-S, 2004) |
"A paper published in 1990 by Webbe and El Hag described the progress being made in the control of schistosomiasis with the introduction of a new medicine 'Praziquantel' to treat infected individuals, and the use of a molluscicide 'niclosamide', with which to kill the intermediate host snails." | 3.91 | Egypt's schistosomiasis control programme in the 1980s prepared the ground for the global elimination of schistosomiasis by 2030. ( Fenwick, A, 2019) |
"Some representative Oncomelania snail environments of schistosomiasis endemic regions were selected as study areas in Heqing County, Yunnan Province and 26% MNSC and 50% wettable powder of niclosamide ethanolamine salt (WPN) were used to kill the snails with the mechanical spraying and sprinkler spraying methods respectively." | 3.78 | [Molluscicidal effect of suspension concentrate of metaldehyde and niclosamide in fields of mountainous areas in Yunnan Province]. ( Dong, XQ; Dong, Y; Feng, XG; Gao, LP; Li, BG; Li, P; Li, WB; Mu, LX; Shao, ZT; Tian, SH; Wu, MS; Xiong, K, 2012) |
"Laboratory studies were conducted to assess the conditions under which the use of malathion in ricelands of Cameroon may impact the transmission of schistosomiasis." | 3.68 | Toxicity evaluation of Bayluscide and malathion to three developmental stages of freshwater snails. ( Englande, AJ; Malek, EA; Tchounwou, PB, 1991) |
"Although mollusciciding can be a cost-effective method of controlling schistosomiasis transmission, only one organic molluscicide, niclosamide, is now being produced commercially, and only a few compounds are at present being tested in the laboratory." | 3.66 | Molluscicides in schistosomiasis control. ( Christie, JD; Duncan, J; Gayral, P; McCullough, FS, 1980) |
"The naphthoquinones were found to have molluskicide properties." | 1.72 | Molluskicidal activity of 3-aryl-2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinones against Biomphalaria glabrata. ( do Amaral E Silva, NA; Dos Santos, JAA; Faria, RX; Ferreira, VF; Martins, DL; Rangel, LDS, 2022) |
" Soil pasting mixed with niclosamide was carried on, and the dosage was 0 g/m2, 4 g/m2, 6 g/m2, 8 g/m2 and 10 g/m2 respectively." | 1.35 | [Snail control by using soil pasting mixed with niclosamide]. ( Gao, GB; Ma, CH; Mao, Y; Qiu, DC; Tan, BF; Tang, M; Wang, SZ; Wang, TG; Wu, ZS; Xie, MK; Xu, FS; Xu, L; Yihuo, WL; Zhang, XS; Zhong, B, 2008) |
"Schistosomiasis is one of the most important public health problems in many developing countries." | 1.32 | Polymeric controlled release formulations of niclosamide for control of Biomphalaria alexandrina, the vector snail of schistosomiasis. ( Kenawy, el-R; Rizk, el-S, 2004) |
"Niclosamide was used to interrupt transmission of Schistosoma haematobium by Bulinus senegalensis in seasonal rainwater pools for a period of three years." | 1.27 | Dynamics of schistosoma haematobium infection in a Gambian community. II. The effect on transmission of the control of Bulinus senegalensis by the use of niclosamide. ( Goll, PH; Marshall, TF; Wilkins, HA, 1984) |
"Urinary schistosomiasis is highly prevalent along the shores of the Volta Lake in Ghana, where transmission occurs focally in man-water contact sites." | 1.26 | Trials of ecological and chemical measures for the control of Schistosoma haematobium transmission in a Volta Lake village. ( Chu, KY, 1978) |
Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
---|---|---|
pre-1990 | 27 (49.09) | 18.7374 |
1990's | 6 (10.91) | 18.2507 |
2000's | 7 (12.73) | 29.6817 |
2010's | 13 (23.64) | 24.3611 |
2020's | 2 (3.64) | 2.80 |
Authors | Studies |
---|---|
Socolsky, C | 1 |
Borkosky, SA | 1 |
Asakawa, Y | 1 |
Bardón, A | 1 |
Martins, DL | 1 |
do Amaral E Silva, NA | 1 |
Ferreira, VF | 1 |
Rangel, LDS | 1 |
Dos Santos, JAA | 1 |
Faria, RX | 1 |
Allan, F | 2 |
Ame, SM | 1 |
Tian-Bi, YT | 2 |
Hofkin, BV | 1 |
Webster, BL | 1 |
Diakité, NR | 2 |
N'Goran, EK | 2 |
Kabole, F | 1 |
Khamis, IS | 1 |
Gouvras, AN | 1 |
Emery, AM | 1 |
Pennance, T | 1 |
Rabone, M | 1 |
Kinung'hi, S | 1 |
Hamidou, AA | 1 |
Mkoji, GM | 1 |
McLaughlin, JP | 1 |
Kuris, AM | 1 |
Loker, ES | 1 |
Knopp, S | 2 |
Rollinson, D | 2 |
Ouattara, M | 1 |
Coulibaly, JT | 1 |
Hürlimann, E | 1 |
Webster, B | 1 |
Meïté, A | 1 |
Konan, CK | 1 |
Utzinger, J | 1 |
Fenwick, A | 1 |
Zhou, Y | 1 |
Wang, ZM | 1 |
Zhang, B | 1 |
Xie, DB | 1 |
Mei, ZZ | 1 |
Jia, TW | 1 |
Hong, QB | 3 |
Sun, LP | 3 |
Jiang, T | 1 |
Zhu, T | 1 |
Wang, ZJ | 1 |
Wang, YJ | 1 |
Wang, JM | 1 |
Zhang, ZQ | 1 |
Ma, YC | 1 |
Gao, Y | 1 |
Lu, B | 1 |
Wang, FB | 1 |
Zhang, J | 1 |
Chen, Q | 1 |
Wang, W | 3 |
Yang, K | 2 |
Liang, YS | 3 |
Dai, JR | 3 |
Coelho, P | 1 |
Caldeira, RL | 1 |
Wu, ZS | 1 |
Wang, TG | 1 |
Zhang, XS | 1 |
Zhong, B | 2 |
Xu, L | 1 |
Gao, GB | 1 |
Tan, BF | 1 |
Mao, Y | 1 |
Tang, M | 1 |
Xie, MK | 1 |
Yihuo, WL | 1 |
Wang, SZ | 1 |
Ma, CH | 1 |
Xu, FS | 1 |
Qiu, DC | 1 |
Coles, GC | 1 |
Pereira, AR | 1 |
McCue, CF | 1 |
Gerwick, WH | 1 |
Zhu, HQ | 1 |
Zhang, GR | 1 |
Tang, SG | 1 |
Cao, CL | 1 |
Zhang, XD | 1 |
Jia, B | 1 |
Zhang, Y | 1 |
Li, JG | 1 |
Fu, T | 1 |
Chen, L | 1 |
Lu, D | 1 |
Bao, ZP | 1 |
Yang, H | 1 |
Zuo, JM | 1 |
Yang, MX | 1 |
Bi, WZ | 1 |
Yang, GJ | 1 |
Zhu, HR | 1 |
Gao, Q | 1 |
Zhou, XN | 1 |
Li, BG | 1 |
Li, WB | 1 |
Feng, XG | 1 |
Dong, Y | 1 |
Wu, MS | 1 |
Shao, ZT | 1 |
Mu, LX | 1 |
Tian, SH | 1 |
Li, P | 1 |
Gao, LP | 1 |
Xiong, K | 1 |
Dong, XQ | 1 |
Lu, J | 1 |
Xiao, XL | 1 |
Xu, CM | 1 |
Li, YB | 1 |
Tian, JP | 1 |
Xu, QC | 1 |
GILLET, J | 1 |
BRUAUX, P | 1 |
NANNAN, P | 1 |
LUKALI, G | 1 |
DAWOOD, IK | 1 |
FAROOQ, M | 1 |
UNRAU, GO | 1 |
MIGUEL, LC | 1 |
DAZO, BC | 1 |
MEYLING, AH | 1 |
SCHUTTE, CH | 2 |
PITCHFORD, RJ | 1 |
Kenawy, el-R | 1 |
Rizk, el-S | 1 |
Lowe, D | 1 |
Xi, J | 1 |
Meng, X | 1 |
Wu, Z | 1 |
Qiu, D | 1 |
Spear, R | 1 |
Radwan, MA | 1 |
El-Zemity, SR | 1 |
Mohamed, SA | 1 |
Sherby, SM | 1 |
Takougang, I | 2 |
Meli, J | 1 |
Wabo Poné, J | 1 |
Angwafo, F | 1 |
Li, HJ | 1 |
Guan, XH | 1 |
Zhu, YC | 1 |
Goll, PH | 2 |
Wilkins, HA | 1 |
Marshall, TF | 1 |
Evans, AC | 2 |
Lemma, A | 1 |
Duncan, J | 2 |
Mazengia, B | 1 |
McCullough, FS | 1 |
Gayral, P | 1 |
Christie, JD | 2 |
Trussell, RR | 1 |
Beeley, L | 1 |
Barnish, G | 3 |
Jordan, P | 3 |
Bartholomew, RK | 3 |
Grist, E | 3 |
Prentice, MA | 1 |
Ottolenghi, A | 1 |
Larsh, JE | 1 |
Weatherly, NF | 1 |
Gebremedhin, G | 1 |
Adewunmi, CO | 2 |
Becker, W | 1 |
Agbedahunsi, JM | 1 |
Dörfler, G | 1 |
Greer, GJ | 1 |
Tchounwou, PB | 2 |
Monkiedje, A | 1 |
Pammenter, MD | 1 |
Cooppan, RM | 1 |
Pretorius, SJ | 1 |
Joubert, PH | 1 |
Gouws, E | 1 |
Jooste, PL | 1 |
Badenhorst, CJ | 1 |
Joubert, JJ | 1 |
Badran, RA | 1 |
Jobin, WR | 1 |
Katz, M | 1 |
Chu, KY | 2 |
Shiff, CJ | 1 |
Coutts, WC | 1 |
Yiannakis, C | 1 |
Holmes, RW | 1 |
Ayad, N | 1 |
Jaffe, JJ | 1 |
Ghandour, AM | 1 |
Webbe, G | 1 |
Englande, AJ | 1 |
Malek, EA | 1 |
Cherfas, J | 1 |
Sturrock, RF | 1 |
Knight, R | 1 |
Schultz, MG | 1 |
Hoskins, DW | 1 |
Marsden, PD | 1 |
Technau, G | 1 |
Sturrock, R | 1 |
Upatham, ES | 1 |
Zaki, AA | 1 |
Massoud, J | 1 |
Arfaa, F | 1 |
Ammann, R | 1 |
Filippini, L | 1 |
5 reviews available for niclosamide and Bilharziasis
Article | Year |
---|---|
Snail-Related Contributions from the Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation Program Including Xenomonitoring, Focal Mollusciciding, Biological Control, and Modeling.
Topics: Animals; Astacoidea; Biological Control Agents; Biological Monitoring; Cote d'Ivoire; Decapoda; Dise | 2020 |
Critical analysis of molluscicide application in schistosomiasis control programs in Brazil.
Topics: Animals; Biomphalaria; Brazil; Communicable Disease Control; Molluscacides; Niclosamide; Schistosoma | 2016 |
Prescribing in pregnancy. Infestations.
Topics: Animals; Anthelmintics; Antiprotozoal Agents; Bephenium Compounds; Cestode Infections; Female; Fetus | 1981 |
Nucleoside analogs as antiparasitic agents.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antimalarials; Ascaris; Cestode Infections; Deoxyadenosines; Humans; | 1975 |
Intestinal parasites.
Topics: Animals; Anthelmintics; Antimony; Chloroquine; Coccidiosis; Diphyllobothriasis; Dysentery, Amebic; E | 1973 |
1 trial available for niclosamide and Bilharziasis
Article | Year |
---|---|
Interrupting seasonal transmission of Schistosoma haematobium and control of soil-transmitted helminthiasis in northern and central Côte d'Ivoire: a SCORE study protocol.
Topics: Adult; Albendazole; Animals; Anthelmintics; Child; Child, Preschool; Cluster Analysis; Cote d'Ivoire | 2018 |
49 other studies available for niclosamide and Bilharziasis
Article | Year |
---|---|
Molluscicidal Phloroglucinols from the Fern Elaphoglossum piloselloides.
Topics: Animals; Argentina; Biomphalaria; Disease Vectors; Ferns; Molecular Structure; Molluscacides; Phloro | 2009 |
Molluskicidal activity of 3-aryl-2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinones against Biomphalaria glabrata.
Topics: Animals; Biomphalaria; Humans; Naphthoquinones; Niclosamide; Schistosoma mansoni; Schistosomiasis; S | 2022 |
Egypt's schistosomiasis control programme in the 1980s prepared the ground for the global elimination of schistosomiasis by 2030.
Topics: Africa; Animals; Anthelmintics; Child; Disease Vectors; Egypt; Humans; International Cooperation; Mo | 2019 |
[Field evaluation of a novel plant molluscicide "Luo-wei" against the snail Oncomelania hupensis III molluscicidal effect by spraying method in hilly regions].
Topics: Animals; Humans; Molluscacides; Niclosamide; Population Density; Saponins; Schistosomiasis; Snails | 2013 |
[Effects of molluscicides at different environments on Oncomelania hupensis snail control in Danyang City].
Topics: Animals; China; Communicable Disease Control; Molluscacides; Niclosamide; Rivers; Schistosomiasis; S | 2014 |
[Integration and demonstration of key techniques in the surveillance and forecast of schistosomiasis in Jiangsu Province II Molluscicidal effect of 5% niclosamide ethanolamine granules in large-scale settings].
Topics: Animals; China; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ethanolamines; Molluscacides; Niclosamide; Schisto | 2015 |
[Snail control by using soil pasting mixed with niclosamide].
Topics: Animals; Molluscacides; Niclosamide; Pest Control; Schistosomiasis; Snails; Soil | 2008 |
Toxicity of a novel suspension concentrate of niclosamide against Biomphalaria glabrata.
Topics: Animals; Anticestodal Agents; Biomphalaria; Niclosamide; Schistosomiasis; Toxicity Tests | 2010 |
Cyanolide A, a glycosidic macrolide with potent Molluscicidal activity from the Papua New Guinea cyanobacterium Lyngbya bouillonii.
Topics: Animals; Glucosides; Lyngbya Toxins; Macrolides; Molecular Structure; Molluscacides; Niclosamide; Nu | 2010 |
[Molluscicidal effect of film on ditches in mountainous schistosomiasis endemic regions].
Topics: Animals; China; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Endemic Diseases; Molluscacides; Niclosamide; Pest | 2011 |
[Effect of snail control of niclosamide by soil mixing and spraying methods in high dam of terrace].
Topics: Animals; Antinematodal Agents; Communicable Disease Control; Niclosamide; Schistosomiasis; Snails; S | 2012 |
Optimizing molluscicide treatment strategies in different control stages of schistosomiasis in the People's Republic of China.
Topics: Animals; China; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Disease Reservoirs; Humans; Linear Models; Logistic Models; M | 2012 |
[Molluscicidal effect of suspension concentrate of metaldehyde and niclosamide in fields of mountainous areas in Yunnan Province].
Topics: Acetaldehyde; Animals; China; Humans; Molluscacides; Niclosamide; Pest Control; Rural Population; Sc | 2012 |
[Molluscicidal effect of LDS in field in marshland areas].
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; China; Disease Reservoirs; Humans; Molluscacides; Niclosamide; Pes | 2012 |
[Study in the field with the new molluscocide "Bayer 73"].
Topics: Animals; Coloring Agents; Humans; Niclosamide; Pesticides; Schistosomiasis; Snails | 1961 |
FIELD TRIALS IN EGYPT WITH ICI 24223, BAYLUSCIDE AND SODIUM PENTABHLOROPHENATE MOLLUSCICIDES.
Topics: Egypt; Molluscacides; Niclosamide; Schistosomiasis; Sodium; Toxicology | 1965 |
Some laboratory investigations on Bayer 73 and ICI 24223 as molluscicides.
Topics: Animals; Niclosamide; Pesticides; Schistosomiasis; Snails; Sodium Chloride, Dietary | 1962 |
Polymeric controlled release formulations of niclosamide for control of Biomphalaria alexandrina, the vector snail of schistosomiasis.
Topics: Animals; Biomphalaria; Disease Vectors; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Carriers; Epoxy Compo | 2004 |
Transport of Schistosoma japonicum cercariae and the feasibility of niclosamide for cercariae control.
Topics: Animals; Biological Assay; Mice; Molluscacides; Niclosamide; Schistosoma japonicum; Schistosomiasis; | 2005 |
Potential of some monoterpenoids and their new N-methyl carbamate derivatives against Schistosomiasis snail vector, Biomphalaria alexandrina.
Topics: Acyclic Monoterpenes; Animals; Biomphalaria; Carbamates; Copper Sulfate; Cymenes; Disease Vectors; E | 2008 |
Community acceptability of the use of low-dose niclosamide (Bayluscide), as a molluscicide in the control of human schistosomiasis in Sahelian Cameroon.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Cameroon; Consumer Behavior; Disease Reservoirs; Disease Vectors; Dose-R | 2007 |
A novel molluscicidal formulation of niclosamide.
Topics: Animals; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; China; Molluscacides; Niclosamide; Schistosomiasis; Snails; Toxi | 2008 |
Dynamics of schistosoma haematobium infection in a Gambian community. II. The effect on transmission of the control of Bulinus senegalensis by the use of niclosamide.
Topics: Bulinus; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Gambia; Humans; Infant; Male; Niclosamide; Parasite Egg Co | 1984 |
Control of schistosomiasis in large irrigation schemes by use of niclosamide. A ten-year study in Zimbabwe.
Topics: Animals; Child; Child, Preschool; Costs and Cost Analysis; Humans; Molluscacides; Niclosamide; Schis | 1983 |
Control of schistosomiasis in Adwa, Ethiopia, using the plant molluscicide endod (Phytolacca dodecandra).
Topics: Animals; Biomphalaria; Child; Child, Preschool; Christianity; Ethiopia; Female; Fresh Water; Humans; | 1983 |
Molluscicides in schistosomiasis control.
Topics: Drug Resistance; Humans; Molluscacides; Niclosamide; Plants, Medicinal; Schistosomiasis; Trialkyltin | 1980 |
Routine focal mollusciciding after chemotherapy to control Schistosoma mansoni in Cul de Sac valley, Saint Lucia.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Biomphalaria; Child; Child, Preschool; Costs and Cost Analysis; Humans; | 1982 |
Reduction in transmission of Schistosoma mansoni by a four-year focal mollusciciding programme against Biomphalaria glabrata in Saint Lucia.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Biomphalaria; Child; Child, Preschool; Costs and Cost Analysis; Female; Humans; M | 1981 |
Phospholipase B levels in fecal pellets from mice infected with Trichinella spiralis, Hymenolepis nana, and Schistosoma mansoni.
Topics: Animals; Feces; Hymenolepiasis; Lysophospholipase; Male; Mice; Niclosamide; Niridazole; Phospholipas | 1980 |
Hirudinicidal activities of some natural molluscicides used in schistosomiasis control.
Topics: Animals; Anopheles; Artemia; Biomphalaria; Bufonidae; Hydra; Larva; Leeches; Molluscacides; Niclosam | 1994 |
Field tests of a village-based mollusciciding programme for the control of snail hosts of human schistosomes in Cameroon.
Topics: Animals; Cameroon; Disease Vectors; Feasibility Studies; Humans; Molluscacides; National Health Prog | 1996 |
Epidemiology and control of schistosomiasis mansoni in communities living on the Cuando River floodplain of East Caprivi, Namibia.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Animals; Antiplatyhelmintic Agents; Case-Control Studies; Cattl | 1995 |
The interactive effect of some molluscicides on the inermediate host of human bilharziasis and their associated zoosporic fungi in the river Nile, Egypt.
Topics: Animals; Biomphalaria; Bulinus; Copper Sulfate; Disease Vectors; Egypt; Fungi; Molluscacides; Niclos | 1996 |
Cost of snail control.
Topics: Animals; Brazil; Child; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Egypt; Humans; Iran; Mice; Molluscacides; Niclosamide | 1979 |
Parasitic infections.
Topics: Amebicides; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antimalarials; Ascariasis; Benzenesulfonates; Cestode Infectio | 1975 |
Evaluation of an experimental mollusciciding programme to control Schistosoma mansoni transmission in St Lucia.
Topics: Animals; Biomphalaria; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Molluscacides; Niclosamide; Schistosoma mansoni; | 1978 |
Trials of ecological and chemical measures for the control of Schistosoma haematobium transmission in a Volta Lake village.
Topics: Animals; Bulinus; Ghana; Humans; Molluscacides; Niclosamide; Schistosoma haematobium; Schistosomiasi | 1978 |
Seasonal patterns in the transmission of Schistosoma haematobium in Rhodesia, and its control by winter application of molluscicide.
Topics: Adolescent; Animals; Biomphalaria; Bulinus; Child; Humans; Niclosamide; Schistosoma; Schistosoma hae | 1979 |
Snail control and some significant control projects, review.
Topics: Animals; Copper; Egypt; Herbicides; Humans; Molluscacides; Morpholines; Niclosamide; Niridazole; Pen | 1976 |
The effect of sublethal concentrations of the molluscicide niclosamide on the infectivity of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Molluscacides; Niclosamide; Schistosoma mansoni; Schistosomiasis; Skin | 1975 |
Toxicity evaluation of Bayluscide and malathion to three developmental stages of freshwater snails.
Topics: Animals; Biomphalaria; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Malathion; Molluscacides; Niclosamide; Schi | 1991 |
Subchronic exposure of Biomphalaria glabrata eggs to aridanin and niclosamide.
Topics: Animals; Biomphalaria; Disease Vectors; Female; Molluscacides; Niclosamide; Oleanolic Acid; Ovum; Sc | 1991 |
New weapon in the war against schistosomiasis.
Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Animals; Developing Countries; Haplorhini; Humans; Mice; Military Personn | 1989 |
Persistence of the molluscicide Bayluscide (clonitralide) emulsifiable concentrate on mud surfaces in the tropics.
Topics: Animals; Biological Assay; Biomphalaria; Disease Vectors; Ethanolamines; Molluscacides; Niclosamide; | 1974 |
[Bilharziasis--a solvable problem].
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Africa; Agriculture; Animals; Asia; Biomphalaria; Bulinus; Child, Preschool; Dise | 1974 |
Snail findings from an experimental mollusciciding programme to control Schistosoma mansoni transmission on St. Lucia.
Topics: Animals; Biomphalaria; Costs and Cost Analysis; Fresh Water; Geography; Mice; Molluscacides; Niclosa | 1974 |
The effect of systematic application of bayluscide on controlling bilharziasis.
Topics: Age Factors; Anthelmintics; Bulinus; Child; Egypt; Humans; Molluscacides; Niclosamide; Salicylamides | 1971 |
Field trials of Bayluscide, sodium pentachlorophenate and copper sulphate in standing waters in Iran.
Topics: Anthelmintics; Copper; Disease Reservoirs; Ecology; Iran; Molluscacides; Niclosamide; Phenols; Salic | 1969 |
Modern treatment of intestinal parasitic infections.
Topics: Ancylostomiasis; Anthelmintics; Ascariasis; Cestode Infections; Humans; Intestinal Diseases, Parasit | 1968 |