natriuretic-peptide--brain and Snoring

Nocturnal enuresis is usually diagnosed and treated by a primary paediatrician or family practitioner; if there is any doubt, the children may be referred to a paediatric urologist. Obstructive sleep-disordered breathing is a complex, multifactorial disorder. Adenotonsillar hypertrophy is considered an important factor associated with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. Enuresis and obstructive sleep-disordered breathing are both frequent problems of sleep in childhood. We conducted an electronic search in Medline, Scopus and the ISI Web of Science to look for published material and identify a putative link between nocturnal enuresis and obstructive sleep-disordered breathing. A total number of 98 documents were found, but 24 of these had to be excluded after an attentive reading of the title, abstract or full text because the information therein was not suitable for the aims of our search. Studies have found that children with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome frequently also have nocturnal enuresis. Both disorders have an underlying sleep disturbance characterised by an altered arousal response and sleep fragmentation. The pathophysiology of enuretic events is seemingly linked to nocturnal obstructive events, causing increased intra-abdominal pressure and altered systemic blood pressure that induces natriuresis and polyuria by altering levels of antidiuretic hormone, and atrial and brain natriuretic peptides. We found 17 studies regarding the urological outcome of treatment for obstructive sleep-disordered breathing in children with enuresis. Although a vast amount of information is now available regarding the relationship between nocturnal enuresis and obstructive sleep-disordered breathing, many of the published studies were uncontrolled, retrospective or prospective cohort studies (grade C recommendation). Resolution of enuresis after medical or surgical treatment for obstructive sleep-disordered breathing has been emphasised. Consequently, symptoms such as snoring, sleep apnoeas and restless sleep should be sought for all children with enuresis. Confirmed obstructive sleep-disordered breathing should be treated promptly; subsequently, the persistence of enuresis requires treatment following the standard protocol.

Topics: Child; Humans; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; Nocturnal Enuresis; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive; Snoring

We tested the hypotheses that in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) and sleep disordered breathing (SDB) auto-servoventilation (ASV) improves cardiac function and quality of life. Between March 2007 and September 2009, patients with stable CHF (left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤ 40%) and SDB (apnoea/hypopnoea index ≥ 20 events · h(-1)) were randomised to receive either ASV (BiPAP ASV (Philips Respironics, Murrysville, PA, USA), n=37) and optimal medical management, or optimal medical management alone (n=35). Outcomes were assessed at baseline and 12 weeks. The apnoea/hypopnoea index assessed with polysomnography scored in one core laboratory was significantly more reduced in the ASV group (-39 ± 16 versus -1 ± 13 events · h(-1); p<0.001) with an average use of 4.5 ± 3.0 h · day(-1). Both groups showed similar improvements of the primary end-point LVEF (+3.4 ± 5 versus +3.5 ± 6%; p=0.915) assessed with echocardiography. In the ASV group, reduction of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) was significantly greater (-360 ± 569 versus +135 ± 625 ng · mL(-1); p=0.010). No differences were observed between the groups in subjective quality of life. In patients with CHF and SDB, ASV reduced NT-proBNP levels, but improvement of LVEF or quality of life was not greater than in the control group. The data support that such patients can be randomised in large-scale, long-term trials of positive airway pressure therapy versus control to determine effects on cardiovascular outcome.

Topics: Aged; Algorithms; Continuous Positive Airway Pressure; Echocardiography; Electrocardiography; Electroencephalography; Female; Heart Failure; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; Peptide Fragments; Pilot Projects; Polysomnography; Positive-Pressure Respiration; Quality of Life; Sleep Apnea Syndromes; Snoring; Tidal Volume; Treatment Outcome; Ventricular Function, Left

Sleep-related breathing disorders (SRBD) are related to cardiovascular outcomes in patients with chronic coronary syndrome (CCS). Whether SRBD-related symptoms are associated with prognostic biomarkers in patients with CCS is not established.. EDS was associated (geometric mean ratio, 95% confidence interval) with increased levels of IL-6 (often 1.07 [1.03-1.10], always 1.15 [1.10-1.21]), GDF-15 (often 1.03 [1.01-1.06], always 1.07 [1.03-1.11]), NT-proBNP (always 1.22 [1.12-1.33]), and hs-cTnT (always 1.07 [1.01-1.12]). MT was associated with increased levels of IL-6 (often 1.05 [1.01-1.09], always 1.09 [1.04-1.15]), and GDF-15 (always 1.06 [1.03-1.10]). All symptoms were to some degree associated with higher levels of hs-CRP and loud snoring was also associated with decreased levels of NT-proBNP and hs-cTnT.. In patients with CCS, stepwise increased frequency of SRBD-related symptoms, such as EDS and MT, were associated with gradually higher levels of IL-6 and GDF-15, each reflecting distinct pathophysiological pathways.

Topics: Biomarkers; C-Reactive Protein; Cross-Sectional Studies; Disorders of Excessive Somnolence; Growth Differentiation Factor 15; Humans; Interleukin-6; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; Peptide Fragments; Prognosis; Snoring; Syndrome; Troponin T

We analyzed the outcome of nocturnal enuresis after adenotonsillectomy in children with sleep disordered breathing. We also evaluated differences in demographic, clinical, laboratory and polysomnography parameters between responders and nonresponders after adenotonsillectomy.. We prospectively evaluated children 5 to 18 years old diagnosed with sleep disordered breathing (snoring or obstructive sleep apnea syndrome) on polysomnography and monosymptomatic primary nocturnal enuresis requiring adenotonsillectomy to release upper airway obstruction. Plasma antidiuretic hormone and brain natriuretic peptide were measured preoperatively and 1 month postoperatively.. Sleep studies were done in 46 children and 32 also underwent blood testing preoperatively and postoperatively. Mean ± SD patient age was 8.79 ± 2.41 years and the mean number of wet nights weekly was 6.39 ± 1.26. Polysomnography revealed obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in 71.7% of patients and snoring in 28.3%. After adenotonsillectomy 43.5% of patients became dry. Preoperative polysomnography findings indicated that responders, who were dry, had significantly more arousals and obstructive apnea episodes but fewer awakenings than nonresponders, who were wet. Significant increases in plasma antidiuretic hormone and significant decreases in plasma brain natriuretic peptide were seen in all children with no difference between responders and nonresponders. No difference between the groups was noted in age, gender, race, body mass index, constipation, preoperative number of wet nights weekly or type of sleep disordered breathing.. Nocturnal enuresis resolved after adenotonsillectomy in almost half of the children with sleep disordered breathing. Those who became dry had more frequent arousal episodes caused by apnea events than those who remained wet.

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Comorbidity; Female; Humans; Hypertrophy; Male; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; Nocturnal Enuresis; Palatine Tonsil; Polysomnography; Prospective Studies; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive; Snoring; Tonsillectomy; Vasopressins

Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with decreased R-R interval length and overall R-R interval variability in the electrocardiogram along with increased morning brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) blood levels. These findings indicate enhanced sympathetic tone and cardiac strain. In this study, it was hypothesized that adenotonsillectomy (AT) in children with sleep apnea is accompanied by improvement in polysomnography indices, increase in length and variability of R-R interval, and reduction in BNP levels.. Polysomnography and measurements of morning BNP levels were performed before and 4-6months after AT. Mean and standard deviation of R-R interval were calculated from polysomnography electrocardiogram recordings.. Twenty-one children were studied. Apnea-hypopnea index and log-transformed BNP levels decreased postoperatively from 8.4±7.6 episodes/h and 2.2±0.7, to 1.8±1.4 episodes/h and 1.9±0.3, respectively (p<0.05). Mean R-R interval increased from 703.2±137.4ms (Stage 2), 699.3±135.8ms (Stage 3), 707.4±128.9ms (Stage 4) and 660.5±140.1ms (Stage REM), to 773.5±122.7ms (Stage 2), 765.7±73.7ms (Stage 3), 771.2±71.6ms (Stage 4), and 738.6±81.7ms (Stage REM), respectively (p<0.05 for comparisons pre- vs. post-operatively). Standard deviation of R-R in Stage 2 increased from 88.5±29.6 to 122.7±67ms (p=0.045).. Increase in nocturnal length of R-R interval and decrease in BNP levels after AT for sleep apnea may reflect postoperative reduction in sympathetic tone and cardiac strain.

Topics: Adenoidectomy; Child; Electrocardiography; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; Pilot Projects; Polysomnography; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive; Snoring; Sympathetic Nervous System; Tonsillectomy

Habitual snoring and obstructive sleep apnea have been associated with bed-wetting in children, and effective obstructive sleep apnea treatment may improve enuresis.. The purpose of this work was to assess whether habitual snoring is associated with increased incidence of enuresis and whether severity of obstructive sleep apnea correlates with enuretic frequency and to evaluate brain natriuretic peptide levels.. Parental surveys of 5- to 7-year-old children were reviewed for habitual snoring and enuresis. Enuresis was also assessed in a cohort of 378 children with habitual snoring undergoing overnight polysomnographic evaluation, and brain natriuretic peptide plasma levels were determined in 20 children with obstructive sleep apnea, 20 with habitual snoring without obstructive sleep apnea, and 20 nonsnoring children, matched for enuresis.. There were 17,646 surveys completed (50.6% boys; 18.3% black). A total of 1976 (11.2%) of these children were habitual snoring (53% boys; 25.2% black). A total of 531 habitual snoring children also had enuresis (26.9%), with a predominant representation of boys (472 boys [87.5%]). Among the 15670 nonsnoring children, enuresis was reported in 1821 children (11.6%), of whom 88.8% were boys. However, enuresis among 378 children with habitual snoring did not correlate with the magnitude of sleep respiratory disturbances. Indeed, enuresis was reported in 33 of 149 children with obstructive sleep apnea (obstructive apnea hypopnea index: >2 per hour of total sleep time; 53% boys) as compared with 36 habitual snoring children with enuresis (62% boys) and obstructive apnea hypopnea index <2 per hour of total sleep time. Brain natriuretic peptide levels were elevated among children with enuresis and were marginally increased among children with obstructive sleep apnea.. Habitual snoring is associated with increased prevalence of enuresis, and brain natriuretic peptide levels are increased in enuretic children with further increases with obstructive sleep apnea. However, the prevalence of enuresis is not modified by severity of sleep disturbance. Even mild increases in sleep pressure because of habitual snoring may raise the arousal threshold and promote enuresis, particularly among prone children, that is, those with elevated brain natriuretic peptide levels.

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Circadian Rhythm; Female; Humans; Male; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; Nocturnal Enuresis; Polysomnography; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive; Snoring

Obstructive sleep-disordered breathing is accompanied by episodic increases in left ventricle afterload due to large negative swings in intrathoracic pressure and repetitive surges in arterial pressure. Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is released by ventricular myocytes in response to pressure and volume overload. It was hypothesized that in children with snoring, overnight change in BNP levels is correlated with severity of disturbance in respiration.. Evening and morning plasma levels of BNP were measured in children with snoring referred for polysomnography.. A sleep disorders laboratory in a university hospital.. Twenty-two children with apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) > or = 5/h (mean +/- SD age, 6.4 +/- 2.5 years), 60 children with AHI < 5/h (mean age, 7 +/- 2.9 years), and 27 control subjects without snoring (mean age, 7.8 +/- 3.7 years) were recruited.. Overnight change in BNP (log-transformed ratio of morning-to-evening levels) was larger in children with AHI > or = 5/h, compared to those with AHI < 5/h or to control subjects (0.1 +/- 0.19 vs 0.01 +/- 0.14 vs - 0.06 +/- 0.18; p < 0.05). Children with AHI > or = 5/h had an odds ratio of 4.33 (95% confidence interval, 1.34 to 14) for change in peptide levels > 0.15 relatively to subjects with AHI < 5/h. AHI and oxygen saturation of hemoglobin nadir were significant predictors of overnight change in peptide levels.. In children with snoring, overnight increase in BNP levels is correlated with severity of disturbance in respiration during sleep, which may indicate presence of nocturnal cardiac strain.

Topics: Adolescent; Case-Control Studies; Child; Child, Preschool; Circadian Rhythm; Female; Heart Ventricles; Humans; Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular; Linear Models; Male; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; Polysomnography; Severity of Illness Index; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive; Snoring

In patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), sleep disordered breathing (SDB)--including obstructive and central sleep apnoea as well as periodic breathing--is a common condition and is believed to increase the risk of mortality. Treatment of SDB is considered important in the management of CHF. Improvements in SDB have a positive effect on cardiac output, measured with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF); on neurohormonal activity, measured as brain natriuretic peptide (BNP); and on the quality of life. Continuous positive airway pressure has been the traditional method used to treat SDB in patients with CHF, but compliance and tolerability are poor. A mandibular advancement device (MAD) is a dental device recommended for the treatment of sleep apnoea, but the method has never been evaluated in patients with CHF. The aims of the present studies were to evaluate the practical use of the MAD for the treatment of SDB in patients with CHF and to test the hypothesis that this intervention increases the dimensions of the pharyngeal airway (PAW), reduces SDB and BNP, and improves LVEF and the quality of life. Patients with mild to moderate CHF and SDB were evaluated using a portable polysomnographic device, lateral radiographs, cardiological and odontological examinations, and quality of life measures prior to and following intervention with an custom-made MAD. At the short-term follow-up 4-6 weeks after habituation with the MAD, the severity of SDB according to the apnoea-hypopnoea index had decreased from 25.1 +/- 9.4 (mean +/- SD) to 14.7 +/- 9.7 (p = 0.003). An increase in the inferior region of the PAW (7 +/- 5 mm) was observed on radiographs (p = 0.0001). However, no correlation between the effect of the MAD on the dimensions of the PAW and its effect on SDB was found. At the 6-month follow-up, the sleep apnoea-related symptoms had decreased by 31% (p = 0.003). Quality of life remained stable. BNP were reduced from 195.8 +/- 180.5 pg/ml to 148.1 +/- 139.9 pg/ml (p = 0.035). LVEF, however, remained unchanged. At the 12-month follow-up, 64 % of the patients were still using the MAD. Three patients withdrew from the study because of discomfort with the MAD. In most patients, MAD treatment had no severe side effect on the signs or symptoms of temporomandibular disorders. However, dental complications were observed. In conclusion, in patients with stable CHF who are experiencing problems with SDB, MAD intervention appears to reduce the severity of SD

Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Heart Failure; Humans; Male; Mandibular Advancement; Middle Aged; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; Patient Satisfaction; Pharynx; Polysomnography; Quality of Life; Radiography; Sleep Apnea Syndromes; Sleep Stages; Snoring; Stroke Volume; Survival Rate; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders