naphthoquinones and Dermatitis--Contact

Contact urticaria (CU) defines the weal-and-flare reaction that occurs after external cutaneous contact with a causative agent. These reactions often cause discomfort for patients, affect their quality of life, and in severe cases may be life-threatening. Some dyes are known to be urticariogens. Many people have daily exposure to these urticariogens, because of the widespread use of dyes, for example in textiles, cosmetics and foods. We reviewed industrial and cosmetic dyes such as hair dyes, basic blue 99 dye, patent blue dyes, henna, red dyes, curcumin and reactive dyes, which can potentially cause CU. Overall, the reported cases of CU lacked appropriate controls. Hair-dye constituents such as preservatives and intensifiers may play an important role as causative agents of CU. We recommend appropriate protection guidelines to reduce the incidence of CU in high-risk groups such as hairdressers, dye-factory workers or workers in dye-related industries.

Topics: Coloring Agents; Cosmetics; Curcumin; Dermatitis, Contact; Humans; Naphthoquinones; Patch Tests; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Time Factors; Urticaria

Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Coloring Agents; Dermatitis, Contact; Emergency Nursing; Female; Hair Dyes; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Male; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines; Tattooing

Topics: Animals; Cats; Chemical Industry; Dermatitis, Contact; Dermatitis, Occupational; Dogs; Eye Diseases; Guinea Pigs; Hematologic Diseases; Humans; Hydroquinones; Maximum Allowable Concentration; Mice; Naphthoquinones; Quinones; Rabbits; Rats; Water Pollution, Chemical

Topics: Allergens; Child; Coloring Agents; Cosmetics; Dermatitis, Contact; Exanthema; Humans; Hypersensitivity, Delayed; Male; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines; Tattooing

Topics: Administration, Topical; Adult; Coloring Agents; Dermatitis, Contact; Diagnosis, Differential; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Male; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines; Skin Cream; Tattooing; Treatment Outcome

Allergic contact dermatitis from nonpermanent black henna tattoos has been frequently reported, particularly in children. Contamination or adulteration of the dyes with para-phenylendiamine has been identified as major cause of active sensitization and elicitation of severe allergic contact dermatitis. Sequelae include permanent sensitization, hyper- or hypopigmentation, scarring, keloids, and hypertrichosis. We report a rare case of irritant dermatitis to an unknown ingredient in a black henna tattoo with consecutive hypopigmentation. Sensitization to para-phenylendiamine and other para-compounds was excluded by patch test evaluation. This is relevant for future exposure to consumer products such as hair dyes or in occupational settings. Generally, black henna tattoos, particularly if done with dyes of unknown composition, should be strongly discouraged.

Topics: Child; Coloring Agents; Dermatitis, Contact; Humans; Hypopigmentation; Immunization; Male; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines; Tattooing

Topics: Adolescent; Dermatitis, Contact; Female; Humans; Naphthoquinones; Tattooing

Topics: Dermatitis, Contact; Female; Humans; Naphthoquinones; Skin Diseases, Vesiculobullous; Tattooing; Young Adult

Henna (Lawsonia inermis, family Lythraceae) is a shrub cultivated in India, Sri Lanka and North Africa and contains the active dye lawsone (2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone). Henna dye is obtained from the dried leaves, which are powdered and mixed with oil or water and are used to prepare hair and body dyes. Temporary henna tattoos are readily available worldwide, last on the skin for several weeks and offer a self-limited, convenient alternative to a permanent tattoo. The addition of para-phenylenediamine (PPD), which is widely recognised as a sensitizer, increases the risk of allergic contact dermatitis from henna tattoo mixtures, and a number of cases have been reported. We examined 15 henna samples available in Korea for the presence of PPD and heavy metals such as nickel, cobalt, chromium, lead and mercury using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), mercury analyser and inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy. PPD, nickel and cobalt were detected in 3, 11 and 4 samples, respectively.

Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cobalt; Dermatitis, Contact; Humans; Naphthoquinones; Nickel; Phenylenediamines; Spectrophotometry, Atomic; Tattooing

Juglone is the active ingredient of the green flesh of walnuts and is known to be a strong irritant. We report the first two paediatric cases of contact pigmentation and acute irritant contact dermatitis due to the juice of green walnut husks in two young nursery-school playmates.

Topics: Child, Preschool; Dermatitis, Contact; Humans; Juglans; Male; Naphthoquinones

A case of contact dermatitis resulting from temporary tattooing with henna is described. The skin was stained using a dye described as 'black' henna. This is produced by the addition of paraphenylenediamine (PPD) to traditional henna dye in order to make temporary skin tattoos appear darker. Sensitisation to PPD may also cause sensitivity to printers' inks, clothing dyes, hair dyes, local anaesthetics, sulphonamides, and para-aminosalicylic acid. The case of contact dermatitis described responded to application of topical steroid with no sequelae; however patients may be left with hypo- or hyper-pigmentation of the skin or even permanent scarring.

Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Betamethasone Valerate; Dermatitis, Contact; Humans; Male; Naphthoquinones; Tattooing

Henna is used as a hair dye and to make temporary tattoos on the skin. It is usually mixed with p-phenylendiamine (PPD) to increase colour intensity and to reduce the time of fixation on the skin proteins. PPD can cross react with azoic dyes which are used as textile dyes. We studied a patient with skin eczema in the area of a henna temporary tattoo. The epicutaneous tests performed with the standard Trolab and Chemotecnique hair dressing and textile batteries, showed positive results to PPD, p-toluendiamine, 5-4aminophenol, Yellow 3, Orange Red and Red 1, and negative results to three types of henna. The eczema in this patient was due to sensitisation to PPD on a henna tattoo with cross reaction to azoic dyes. The recent fashion of applying temporal tattoos in occidental countries may produce an increase in the frequency of contact dermatitis due to henna mixtures with cross- reaction to related compounds and possibly producing permanent skin changes.

Topics: Adult; Coloring Agents; Cross Reactions; Dermatitis, Contact; Humans; Male; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines; Tattooing; Time Factors

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Coloring Agents; Dermatitis, Contact; Humans; Male; Naphthoquinones; Tattooing

A woman developed widespread contact dermatitis after temporary tattooing with henna, caused by paraphenylenediamine (PPD) which had been added to the henna as an enhancer. The patient recovered after treatment; a week later an acute generalized rebound occurred after she wore dark clothing (black chador). Patch tests revealed type-IV allergy to PPD, along with multiple sensitisations to other textile dyes (disperse orange 3, para-aminoazobenzole, Bismark brown R). Temporary henna tattoos are not always harmless holiday souvenirs. The addition of color enhancers such as PPD into henna may lead to multiple contact allergies to other textile dyes.

Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Coloring Agents; Cross Reactions; Dermatitis, Contact; Female; Humans; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines; Recurrence; Skin Tests; Tattooing

Topics: Back; Child; Coloring Agents; Dermatitis, Contact; Humans; Male; Naphthoquinones

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Coloring Agents; Dermatitis, Contact; Female; Humans; Lichenoid Eruptions; Male; Naphthoquinones; Time Factors

Four patients developed contact dermatitis to black henna tattoos on holiday in the Middle East and Asia. Two to ten days after skin painting an itchy, reddish swelling developed at the site of the tattoo exactly following its sharply demarcated borders. Histological investigation of the lesions revealed spongiotic dermatitis with dense lymphohistiocytic infiltrates. Patch testing in all patients showed a strong reaction to p-phenylenediamine (PPD). The other tests, including standard series and henna powder, were all negative. Healing time after application of topical class III and IV steroids was prolonged. These reports show an impressive side effect of temporary tattoos with possible long-term damage. Rather than henna, the causative agent in the pastes used for temporary tattoos appears to be PPD, a widely used dye that is added to the pastes in high concentrations to produce a darker shade. The growing incidence of this complication requires close observation, while practitioners should be aware of this sensitisation and of possible subsequent allergic reactions, especially after hair colouring with dyes based on PPD.

Topics: Adult; Coloring Agents; Dermatitis, Contact; Female; Humans; Male; Naphthoquinones; Phenylenediamines; Tattooing

Contact dermatitis to henna are rarely reported. Most of the time, they are related to additives, especially scented oils or paraphenylene diamine. This latter substance is added to shorten the time of application and to enhance the darkness of the color. We report one case of an allergic contact dermatitis to henna skin tattoo, probably related to a paraphenylene diamine derivative.. A 25-year-old woman developed an allergic contact dermatitis at the site of application of two henna skin tattoos on her right arm. She never dyed her hair and wore dark clothing without problems. Epicutaneous tests were positive for henna paste, paraphenylene diamine, N-isopropyl-N'phenylparaphenylene diamine and five chemical dyes, probably related to cross- reactions between paraphenylene diamine and these dyes. Epicutaneous test with henna powder was negative, confirming the absence of allergy to henna. Fluorescence analysis detected the presence of a primary amine in henna paste but high performance liquid chromatography analysis did not reveal the presence of paraphenylene diamine or any suspect dye. An another allergen, related compound of paraphenylene diamine, was probably present but we failed to identify it with precision.. Labile henna skin tattoos are in fashion at the moment in western European countries. They can be a secrete source of paraphenylene diamine, or one of its related compounds, sensitization.

Topics: Adult; Coloring Agents; Dermatitis, Contact; Female; Humans; Naphthoquinones; Tattooing

Topics: Child, Preschool; Cicatrix; Coloring Agents; Dermatitis, Contact; Humans; Keloid; Male; Naphthoquinones; Tattooing

Topics: Adult; Coloring Agents; Cosmetics; Dermatitis, Contact; Drug Eruptions; Female; Hand Dermatoses; Humans; Middle Aged; Naphthoquinones

Topics: Adult; Coloring Agents; Dermatitis, Contact; Female; Humans; Nails; Naphthoquinones

Topics: Aged; Dermatitis, Contact; Female; Hair Dyes; Humans; Naphthoquinones; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Urticaria

Topics: Cosmetics; Dermatitis, Contact; Female; Hair Dyes; Hair Preparations; Humans; Middle Aged; Naphthoquinones; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

Chimaphilin is a yellow naphthoquinone which occurs naturally in various chimaphila and Pyrola species. In Chimaphila umbellata (winter green) and C. maculata, it is a major constituent. Folk medicine recommends the leaves of Chimaphila species as a topical application to treat skin diseases. Since 1887, winter green is claimed to have caused dermatitis and to have been responsible for "idiosyncrasy". Experimental sensitization using the open epicutaneous as well as Freund's complete adjuvant technique has now revealed that chimaphilin is a moderate contact sensitizer.

Topics: Animals; Dermatitis, Contact; Female; Freund's Adjuvant; Guinea Pigs; Immunization; Irritants; Naphthoquinones; Skin Tests

Topics: Adult; Coloring Agents; Dermatitis, Contact; Humans; Male; Naphthoquinones

Topics: Adolescent; Dermatitis, Contact; Female; Humans; Naphthoquinones

Topics: Allergens; Dermatitis, Contact; Humans; Molecular Conformation; Naphthoquinones; Plants; Wood; X-Ray Diffraction

Topics: Animals; Crystallization; Dermatitis, Contact; Guinea Pigs; Models, Molecular; Molecular Conformation; Naphthoquinones; Plants

Experimental studies on the sensitization capacity of naturally occurring naphthoquinones derived from plants and woods have been carried out with 6 compounds. With 4 of these substances (desoxylapachol, menadione, lapachenole andmacassar quinone) guinea pigs could be sensitized. Desoxylapachol, sensitizer from teak wood, and lapachenole, sensitizer from perobawood proved to be the most effective ones. Experiments with macassar quinone (oxidation product of a naphthalene constituent of macassar ebony) still demonstrate that even ortho-naphthoquinones are capable to induce contact allergy. Allergic cross reactions could be obtained with 9 out of 14 different napthoquinones. In animals sensitized with desoxylapachol menadione and lapachol showed the strongest eliciting effect. Furthermore the study demonstrated that the sensitizing effect of naphthoquinones depends on the length and position of the side chain attached to the quinoid ring as well as on the substitution of the carbon atom adjacent to the side chain bearing C-atom. With compounds substituted at this C-atom (e.g. position 3 of lapachol or didimethylallylnaphthoquinone) sensitization could not be obtained.

Topics: Allergens; Animals; Cross Reactions; Dermatitis, Contact; Guinea Pigs; Male; Naphthalenes; Naphthoquinones; Plants; Skin Tests; Structure-Activity Relationship; Vitamin K; Wood

Topics: Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Dermatitis, Contact; Dermatitis, Occupational; Drug Hypersensitivity; Humans; Naphthoquinones; Occupations; Skin Tests; Wood

Topics: Dermatitis; Dermatitis, Contact; Eczema; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Naphthoquinones; Occupational Diseases; Skin Tests; Toxicology; Trees; Wood