nalorphine and Vomiting

Topics: Analgesics; Blood Circulation; Fentanyl; Humans; Intestines; Levallorphan; Meperidine; Methadone; Methotrimeprazine; Morphinans; Morphine; Nalorphine; Narcotic Antagonists; Nausea; Pain; Pentazocine; Psychopharmacology; Respiration; Substance-Related Disorders; Urinary Tract; Vomiting

A randomized and blind experimental design was used to study the effects of naloxone and nalorphine on the development of morphine dependence in monkeys. The results suggest: (a) that significant dose-related differences existed for combined numbers of withdrawal symptoms times frequency of occurrences; (b) that naloxone and nalorphine were qualitatively similar; (c) antagonists are more effective as dependence develops; (d) naloxone is approximately 10 times more potent than nalorphine, and (e) vomiting was the only withdrawal sign with which ED50s could be calculated. Dependence on morphine still increases up to 9 months after the commonly accepted 90-day stabilization period as measured by the ED50 for vomiting for naloxone.

Topics: Animals; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Haplorhini; Humans; Macaca mulatta; Male; Morphine; Morphine Dependence; Nalorphine; Naloxone; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Vomiting

The endogenous opiate-like peptides, beta-endorphin, methionine- and leucine-enkephalin have been investigated in unanaesthetized cats after intracerebroventricular injection. beta-Endorphin produced marked and prolonged psychomotor stimulation (restlessness, apprehension, looking around, vacant stare and impelling locomotion), accompanied by pupillary dilation and tremor which was prevented by nalorphine. In contrast to beta-endorphin, the enkephalins did not cause affective behavioural phenomena. However, the enkephalins evoked transient and inconsistent vomiting which was also prevented by nalorphine. It is apparent, therefore, that morphinomimetic brain peptides are involved in at least two functions in the central nervous system: beta-endorphin subserves the mediation of a long-lasting psychomotor stimulation, while the enkephalins mediate vomiting of a transient character.

Topics: Akathisia, Drug-Induced; Animals; beta-Endorphin; Cats; Endorphins; Enkephalin, Leucine; Enkephalin, Methionine; Enkephalins; Female; Humans; Male; Nalorphine; Receptors, Opioid; Vomiting

Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cyclazocine; Dental Pulp; Dogs; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Drug Tolerance; Electroshock; Hemodynamics; Intestines; Meperidine; Morphine; Muscle Tonus; Muscle, Smooth; Nalorphine; Naloxone; Narcotic Antagonists; Pentazocine; Reflex, Stretch; Respiration; Spinal Cord; Vomiting

Every tenth lever-press of three morphine-dependent rhesus monkeys was reinforced with food. A red light, initially a neutral stimulus, was presented every third or fourth session for 5 min before and 5 min after an intravenous injection of nalorphine, a morphine antagonist that produces an immediate abstinence syndrome in morphine-dependent monkeys. After several pairings, conditioned suppression of lever pressing, heart-rate decrease, vomiting, and excessive salivation were observed during the red-light period before nalorphine injection. No conditioned electrocardiogram, respiration or temperature changes occurred. After 10 red light-nalorphine pairings, morphine administration was completely discontinued and monkeys were then tested monthly for persistence of the conditioned responses. The red light paired with saline injection continued to suppress lever pressing and to produce heart-rate decreases after 60 to 120 days of complete abstinence from morphine. Subsequently, daily presentations of the red light-saline injection complex rapidly extinguished these conditioned responses. Nevertheless, they could be rapidly reinstated by additional nalorphine injections.

Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Brain; Conditioning, Psychological; Feeding Behavior; Female; Haplorhini; Heart Rate; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Morphine Dependence; Nalorphine; Respiratory Function Tests; Reward; Salivation; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Temperature; Vomiting

Three rhesus monkeys Macaca mulatta, formerly dependent on morphine, had increased sensitivity to nalorphine's effect of suppressing operant responding for food, as compared with two monkeys with no history of morphine exposure. Within the dose range employed, nalorphine injections produced emesis, salivation, and hyperirritability in formerly morphine-dependent monkeys but not in controls.

Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Conditioning, Operant; Macaca mulatta; Morphine Dependence; Nalorphine; Narcotic Antagonists; Reinforcement, Psychology; Salivation; Vomiting

Topics: Adult; Aged; Ejaculation; Heroin; Humans; Injections, Intramuscular; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Middle Aged; Nalorphine; Opium; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Substance-Related Disorders; Time Factors; Vomiting

Topics: Adult; Aged; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Blood Pressure; Butyrophenones; Cataract Extraction; Eye Diseases; Glaucoma; Heart; Humans; Levallorphan; Meperidine; Middle Aged; Nalorphine; Nausea; Respiration; Tranquilizing Agents; Vomiting

Three rhesus monkeys, physically dependent on morphine, were trained to press a lever for food on a fixed ratio of 10 responses. A tone, initially a neutral stimulus, was aperiodically presented every third or fourth session, 5 min before and after the intravenous injection of nalorphine, a morphine antagonist which produces an immediate withdrawal syndrome in morphine-dependent monkeys. After several sessions, conditioned suppression of food-lever response rate was observed. Conditioned bradycardia, emesis, and excessive salivation also occurred. In 40 to 45 sessions the conditioned suppression of food-lever response rate and the conditioned autonomic changes were extinguished by presenting pairings of a tone and saline injection. The monkeys were then reconditioned by presenting the tone aperiodically, every third or fourth session, 5 min before and after the intravenous injection of nalorphine. Results were similar to the initial conditioning sessions. Two rhesus monkeys not dependent on morphine were stabilized on a food schedule similar to that used for the first three monkeys. These monkeys showed no change in food-lever response rate during or after nalorphine injections.

Topics: Animals; Bradycardia; Conditioning, Operant; Extinction, Psychological; Female; Food; Haplorhini; Humans; Male; Morphine Dependence; Nalorphine; Reaction Time; Salivation; Sound; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Vomiting