nabam and Body-Weight

This study was conducted to evaluate the cymoxanil-mancozeb (CM) toxicity and investigate the ameliorative effect of resveratrol (Res) against cymoxanil-mancozeb toxicity. Forty rats were divided into four groups; the first group was used as a control group, the second group was exposed to Res only at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight for 4 weeks, and the third group was administered CM only at a dose of 799 mg/kg body weight for 4 weeks, The fourth group was co-treated with Res+CM for 4 weeks. Blood samples were analyzed for hematological and biochemical parameters. The comet assay was done on liver and blood specimens and histopathological examinations of the liver and intestine. The results demonstrated that CM exposure caused a significant increase in WBCs, lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes ALT, AST, ALP, and GGT, and total cholesterol and triglycerides levels accompanied by a decrease in HGB, HCT, RBCs and MCV, MCH, MCHC, HDL and glucose levels with no significant DNA damage in liver and blood. CM mixture induced severe pathological changes in small intestine and liver. Co-treatment of Res with CM improved hematological picture, lipid and glucose profiles also liver enzymes and decreased changes in the architecture of the liver and intestine.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Glucose; Liver; Rats; Resveratrol

The cross regulation between neuroendocrine system, particularly Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid (HPT) axis and immune system during embryonic/early neonatal developmental stages shapes the functional attribute of immune response throughout the life. Thus, disruption of immune system was anticipated on exposure to thyroid disrupting pesticides (TDPs) mancozeb (MCZ) and fipronil (FPN) during critical windows of early postnatal days (PND) development.. Mice were exposed to MCZ and FPN as individual (0.5% LD 50 each) and as mixtures (0.25% and 0.5% LD 50 each) from PND 31 (initiation phase of immune response) till PND 60 (Maturation phase). Thyroxine (T4) supplementation was given from PND 51 to PND 60. Assessment was done at PND 61 as well as at PND 91 (adults).. Plasma level of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) was reduced but pituitary hormone (TSH) increased till adulthood on exposure to mixture pesticides but not on individual exposure. Mixture pesticides also increased body weight gain and reduced survival rate in adults. Exposure of individual pesticides exert immunotoxicity but more pronounced immune suppression was observed in mixture pesticides exposed group as reflected in reduced relative weight and cellularity in spleen and thymus, reduced in vitro mitogenic (Con A/LPS) response of splenocytes and thymocytes (reduced proliferative index and increased apoptotic/necrotic death). T4 supplementation ameliorated thyroid disruptive and immunotoxic effect of pesticides.. The additive/synergistic toxicity as well as hypothyroidism induced by mixture pesticides has produced pronounced immune suppression that reflected till adulthood. Supplementation of T4 prevented thyroid axis disruption mediated immunosuppression.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Endocrine Disruptors; Female; Fungicides, Industrial; Immune System; Insecticides; Male; Maneb; Mice; Organ Size; Pesticides; Pyrazoles; Spleen; Survival Analysis; Thymus Gland; Thyroxine; Zineb

Thyroid is an important homeostatic regulator of metabolic activities as well as endocrine mechanisms including those of reproduction. Present investigation elucidated the thyroid disrupting potential of a neonicotinoid imidacloprid and a dithiocarbamate mancozeb in a seasonally breeding wildlife bird, Red Munia (Amandava amandava) who is vulnerable to these two pesticides through diet (seed grains and small insects). Adult male birds were exposed to 0.5% LD50 mgkg(-1)bwd(-1) of both the pesticides through food for 30days during the preparatory and breeding phases. Weight, volume and histopathology of thyroid gland were distinctly altered. Disruption of thyroid follicles reflected in nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio (N/C) in epithelial and stromal cells, epithelial cell hypertrophy and altered colloid volume. Impairment of thyroid axis was pesticide and phase specific as evident from the plasma levels of thyroid (T4 and T3) and pituitary (TSH) hormones. In preparatory phase, plasma TSH was increased in response to decrease of T4 on mancozeb exposure showing responsiveness of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis to feedback regulation. On imidacloprid exposure, however, plasma levels of both T4 and TSH were decreased indicating non-functioning of negative feedback mechanism. Increased plasma T3 in response to both the pesticides exposure might be due to synthesis from non-thyroidal source(s) in a compensatory response to decrease level of T4. In breeding phase, impairment of HPT axis was more pronounced as plasma T4, T3 and TSH were significantly decreased in response to both mancozeb and imidacloprid. Thus, low dose pesticide exposure could affect the thyroid homeostasis and reproduction.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cell Nucleus Size; Environmental Exposure; Environmental Monitoring; Epithelial Cells; Fungicides, Industrial; Imidazoles; Male; Maneb; Neonicotinoids; Nitro Compounds; Organ Size; Passeriformes; Pituitary Gland; Stromal Cells; Thyroid Gland; Thyroid Hormones; Thyrotropin; Zineb

Pesticides acting as endocrine disrupting chemicals disrupt the homeostasis of body metabolism. The present study elucidated that the low dose coexposure of thyroid disrupting dithiocarbamate fungicide mancozeb (MCZ) and neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid (IMI) during lactation increased the risk of body weight gain in mice later in life. Body weight gain has been linked to pesticide-induced hypothyroidism and hyperprolactinemia and alteration of lipid profiles. In vivo results were substantiated with in silico molecular docking (MD) analysis that predicted the binding affinity of pesticides with thyroid hormone receptors (TRα and TRβ) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), the major nuclear receptors of peripheral fat metabolism. Binding potency of MCZ and IMI was compared with that of T3, and its antagonist ethylene thiourea (ETU) as well as PPARγ agonist (rosiglitazone) and antagonist (HL005). MD simulation predicted that both MCZ and IMI may compete with T3 for binding with TRs. Imidazole group of IMI formed hydrogen bonds with TRs like that of ETU. MCZ may compete with rosiglitazone and HL005 for PPARγ, but IMI showed no affinity. Thus while both MCZ and IMI could disrupt the TRs functioning, MCZ alone may affect PPARγ. Coexposure of pesticides decreased the plasma thyroid hormones and increased the cholesterol and triglyceride. Individual pesticide exposure in low dose might not exert the threshold response to affect the receptors signaling further to cause hormonal/metabolic impairment. Thus, cumulative response of the mixture of thyroid disrupting pesticides can disrupt metabolic regulation through several pathways and contribute to gain in body weight.

Topics: Animals; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Computer Simulation; Feeding Behavior; Female; Hormones; Imidazoles; Lipid Metabolism; Lipids; Male; Maneb; Metabolism; Mice; Molecular Docking Simulation; Neonicotinoids; Nitro Compounds; Pesticides; PPAR gamma; Receptors, Thyroid Hormone; Signal Transduction; Zineb

The reproduction toxicity of lead acetate and 80% mancozeb containing fungicide formulation (Dithane M-45) were studied on rats. The lead acetate was applied in diet at the following dose groups: Control-1,000-5,000-10,000 mg/kg. Three treatment and a control groups were applied, 4,500 mg/kg Dithane M-45 was administered in all the dose levels simultaneously in diet. The basis of the method was the OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals No. 415. Clinical symptoms and mortality were not found in the parent generation. The body weight of female animals diminished significantly before the pregnancy period. This tendency was also seen on males after the combination treatment. Remarkable body weight growth of female animals was observed during lactation period at the two high dose levels. Diminished body weight data of offsprings were measured after treatment at the end of the lactation period. The histological examination showed a general tubulonephrosis in the trial. Summing up, it can be established the administration of fungicide Dithane M-45 did not increase the toxicity of lead acetate.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Fungicides, Industrial; Lead; Male; Maneb; Organometallic Compounds; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reproduction; Zineb

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Body Weight; Hyperplasia; Hypertrophy; Iodide Peroxidase; Male; Maneb; Organ Size; Rats; Thyroid Gland; Thyroxine; Zineb

Mancozeb, a polymeric complex of ethylene bis (dithiocarbamate) manganese with zinc salt is a protective fungicide. In the present study complete carcinogenic activity of mancozeb, has been observed following topical application on dorsal mouse skin. Female Swiss albino mice were exposed to mancozeb at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight dissolved in 100 microliters dimethyl sulfoxide 3 times per week. Development of tumours was observed after 31 weeks (217 days) of mancozeb application. A high rate of mortality was observed after 54 weeks (378 days) of mancozeb application due to its toxicity and the study was terminated after 60 weeks. On histological examination, these tumours were found mostly to be benign in nature, e.g., squamous cell papillomas and keratoacanthomas.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Body Weight; Fungicides, Industrial; Maneb; Mice; Papilloma; Skin Neoplasms; Survival Analysis; Zineb

The effects of Mancozeb and Zineb, two dithiocarbamate fungicides used to protect vegetables, on rat thyroid and liver function were studied in an acute and a chronic trial. These compounds may be spontaneously or metabolically transformed to ethylene thiourea, a goitrogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic molecule. Sex linked differences in sensitivity and the possibility that toxicity might be potentiated through induction of the microsomal drug metabolising system by phenobarbitone were investigated. When compared with the findings of Ugazio et al. (1985) on the toxicity of ethylene thiourea, the results obtained in this study, bearing in mind the doses employed and the fact that no potentiation by phenobarbitone was observed, suggest that the risks associated with exposure to these two fungicides are less severe than had been supposed.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Drug Synergism; Female; Liver; Male; Maneb; Phenobarbital; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sex Factors; Thiocarbamates; Thyroid Gland; Thyroxine; Triglycerides; Triiodothyronine; Zineb

Crl:CD rats were exposed (whole body) to mancozeb by inhalation at 0, 1, 17, 55, 110, 890, or 1890/500 mg/m3 for 6 hr/day from Day 6 through 15 of gestation (sperm-positive vaginal smear considered Day 1). Dams were killed 1 day prior to natural delivery and fetuses were examined externally, viscerally, and skeletally for any alterations. Maternal toxicity, as evidenced by significantly decreased body weight gain, hindlimb paralysis, general debilitation, and death or termination in extremis, was noted among rats exposed to mancozeb at concentrations of 500 to 1890 mg/m3. Dams from the 55 and 110 mg/m3 groups exhibited decreased body weight gain and hindlimb weakness. There was no maternal toxicity for dams exposed at a concentration of 17 mg/m3. Embryofetal toxicity, as evidenced by a significantly increased incidence of totally resorbed litters, external hemorrhage, and wavy ribs, was noted at concentrations of 55 mg/m3 and above. The embryofetal toxicity occurred only at concentrations toxic to the dam. Among the groups exposed to mancozeb, the incidence of major malformations was not dose related. Hence, under the test conditions of this study, mancozeb was not found to be teratogenic and produced no toxicity unique to the conceptus.

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Atmosphere Exposure Chambers; Body Weight; Female; Fetal Resorption; Fetus; Maneb; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Particle Size; Pregnancy; Rats; Teratogens; Zineb

With the object of studying a possible toxical potentialization between a food pollutent and the diet compoundings, rats fed on a diet with variable protein amounts, were administered a pesticide belonging to the Dithiocarbamate family : Nabam. Animals have been fed for 28 days after they have been weaned with diets containing 0-3.5 - 9 - 26 and 81% proteins in casein form. DL50 is significantly lowered in rats fed 0 - 3,5 and 81% protein diets compared with DL50 estimations in rats normally fed. Toxical clinical signs are fundamentally the same ones in all rats of the six groups : stimulation followed by a depression of the central nervous system, severe inflammation of the gastro-intestinal tractus, significant renal necroses. The intertime between poisoning and death seems not to be influenced by the diet protein amounts and is only due to the Nabam dose.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Dietary Proteins; Ethylenebis(dithiocarbamates); Fungicides, Industrial; Herbicides; Lethal Dose 50; Male; Organ Size; Rats; Thiocarbamates; Time Factors