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n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine and Nervous System Disorders

n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine has been researched along with Nervous System Disorders in 26 studies

N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.

Research Excerpts

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" For future research, challenge studies in animals using dosing regimens adapted to human consumption patterns are needed."2.42The Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology of 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethyl-amphetamine (MDEA). ( Freudenmann, RW; Spitzer, M, 2004)
"Methamphetamine and MDMA as well as similar substituted phenethylamines are toxic to DA and/or 5-HT neurons."2.39Methamphetamine and methylenedioxymethamphetamine neurotoxicity: possible mechanisms of cell destruction. ( Sabol, KE; Seiden, LS, 1996)
" Perhaps as a consequence of this, the toxic effects of MDMA in the monkey involve serotonergic nerve fibers as well as cell bodies, whereas in the rat, only nerve fibers are affected."2.38Studies of MDMA-induced neurotoxicity in nonhuman primates: a basis for evaluating long-term effects in humans. ( Ricaurte, GA, 1989)
"Regulation of neurotoxicants is generally based on setting allowable doses (exposures) by dividing a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) by uncertainty factors that hopefully account for interspecies and intraspecies differences for extrapolations of experimental results obtained in animals to humans."1.28Risk assessment for neurotoxic effects. ( Gaylor, DW; Slikker, W, 1990)
" However, a comparison of the relative toxic effects of MDMA and MBDB indicates that MBDB may be slightly less neurotoxic."1.28Neurotoxic effects of the alpha-ethyl homologue of MDMA following subacute administration. ( Johnson, MP; Nichols, DE, 1989)
" The central monoamine stores of rats were significantly decreased with reserpine (5 mg/kg) prior to toxic injections of MDMA."1.28Reserpine does not prevent 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity in the rat. ( Hekmatpanah, CR; McKenna, DJ; Peroutka, SJ, 1989)

Research

Studies (26)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-19908 (30.77)18.7374
1990's13 (50.00)18.2507
2000's2 (7.69)29.6817
2010's1 (3.85)24.3611
2020's2 (7.69)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Simola, N1
De Luca, MA1
Wolfson, PE1
Andries, J1
Feduccia, AA1
Jerome, L1
Wang, JB1
Williams, E1
Carlin, SC1
Sola, E1
Hamilton, S1
Yazar-Klosinski, B1
Emerson, A1
Mithoefer, MC1
Doblin, R1
Sarkar, S1
Schmued, L1
Freudenmann, RW1
Spitzer, M1
Brodkin, J1
Malyala, A1
Nash, JF1
Seiden, LS1
Sabol, KE1
Yeh, SY1
Virden, TB1
Baker, LE1
Obrocki, J1
Schmoldt, A1
Buchert, R1
Andresen, B1
Petersen, K1
Thomasius, R1
Grob, CS1
Bravo, GL1
Walsh, RN1
Liester, MB1
Steele, TD2
Katz, JL1
Ricaurte, GA2
Brewster, WK1
Johnson, MP2
Nichols, DE2
Yim, GK1
Schmidt, CJ3
Black, CK2
Taylor, VL2
Gaylor, DW1
Slikker, W1
Paris, JM1
Cunningham, KA1
Grob, C1
Bravo, G1
Walsh, R1
Gibb, JW2
Johnson, M2
Hanson, GR2
Stone, DM1
Bush, LG1
Peroutka, SJ2
Hekmatpanah, CR1
McKenna, DJ1
Barnes, DM1
Logan, BJ1
Laverty, R1
Sanderson, WD1
Yee, YB1

Clinical Trials (2)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase 2 Pilot Study of MDMA-Assisted Psychotherapy for Anxiety Associated With a Life-Threatening Illness[NCT02427568]Phase 218 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-05-14Completed
Conscious Dying/Conscious Living: Ketamine-Assisted Psychotherapy (KAP) for Patients at End of Life-A Pilot Study for Palliative and Hospice Care[NCT05214417]Phase 2120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-05-01Not yet recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

Baseline STAI Trait Score

"The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) is a 20-item self-report measure of intensity of anxiety. Each item consists of a 4-point Likert rating scale ranging from 1 ('Not at all') to 4 ('Very Much So'), with higher scores indicating greater anxiety. Items were summed for a total score that ranged from 20 to 80.~The STAI differentiates between State Anxiety, defined as anxiety experienced in reaction to a specific environmental circumstance, and Trait Anxiety, defined as long-standing nervous affect or anxiety disorder. The use of the trait subscale as the primary outcome measure is intended to target those anxiety symptoms that are chronic and pervasive." (NCT02427568)
Timeframe: 3 months post-enrollment

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Placebo With Therapy57.4
MDMA-assisted Therapy (125 mg)62.5

Change in Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) Score From Baseline to Primary Endpoint

The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) is a a 21-item self-reported measure of depression according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV (DSM-IV) criteria. Each item is rated on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 0 to 3. The total score is the sum of 21 items and range from 0 to 63. Score cutoffs indicate: 0-13 minimal depression, 14-19 mild depression, 20-28 moderate depression, and 29-63 severe depression. Higher scores indicate more severe depressive symptoms. (NCT02427568)
Timeframe: Baseline (3 months from enrollment) to Primary Endpoint (one month post-2nd experimental session)

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Placebo With Therapy-14.6
MDMA-assisted Therapy (125 mg)-20.9

Change in Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) Score From Baseline to Primary Endpoint

The Global Assessment of Function (GAF) is a measure of a person's global social functioning made through clinical observation. The GAF consists of a single score, with scores ranging from 0 to 100, with 100 reflecting superior function and zero reflecting serious risk of causing harm to the self or others. (NCT02427568)
Timeframe: Baseline (3 months from enrollment) to Primary Endpoint (one month post 2nd experimental session)

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Placebo With Therapy3.0
MDMA-assisted Therapy (125 mg)6.6

Change in MADRS Score From Baseline to Primary Endpoint

The Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is a 10-item, clinician administered questionnaire used to diagnose the severity of depressive episodes. Each item has a score of 0 to 6. Overall scores are summed and range from 0 to 60. Score cutoffs indicate: 0-6 normal/symptom absent, 7-19 mild depression, 20-34 moderate depression, > 34 severe depression. Higher scores indicate greater severe depression. (NCT02427568)
Timeframe: Baseline (3 months from enrollment) to Primary Endpoint (one month post-2nd experimental session)

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Placebo With Therapy-7.0
MDMA-assisted Therapy (125 mg)-10.5

Change in Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory (PSQI) From Baseline to Primary Endpoint

The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is a measure of self-reported sleep quality over a one month period. It consists of 19 items with possible responses ranging from zero to four on a five-point scale. The PSQI consists of seven sub-scales: sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbance, use of sleeping medications, and daytime dysfunction. These are all summed to produce a single global scale. Global scores can range from 0 to 21, with higher scores reflecting poorer sleep quality, and a score below 5 indicating good sleep quality. (NCT02427568)
Timeframe: Baseline (3 months from enrollment) to Primary Endpoint (one month post-2nd experimental session)

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Placebo With Therapy-0.2
MDMA-assisted Therapy (125 mg)-3.6

Change in Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) From Baseline to Primary Endpoint

The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) is a 21-item self-report measure of perceived growth or benefits occurring after a traumatic event. It contains five subscales; relationship to others, new possibilities, personal strength, spiritual change, and appreciation of life. Questions are answered on a scale from 0 (I did not experience this change) to 5 (I experienced this change to a great degree). Items are added to calculate the total PTGI score which ranges from 0 to 105, with higher scores indicative of greater growth. (NCT02427568)
Timeframe: Baseline (3 months from enrollment) to Primary Endpoint (one month post-2nd experimental session)

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Placebo With Therapy-2.6
MDMA-assisted Therapy (125 mg)12.9

Change in Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) From Baseline to Primary Endpoint

"The Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) is a 26-item self-reported questionnaire that assesses how respondents relate to themselves and treat themselves during difficult or painful experiences. Items are scored along a 5-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1 almost never to 5 almost always. The SCS has six component (subscale) scores: self-kindness, self-judgment, common humanity, isolation, mindfulness, and over-identification. Subscale scores are calculated by computing the mean of subscale item responses.~A total self-compassion score is calculated by the sum of the subscale scores and range from 24 to 120 with higher scores indicating greater self compassion. Higher scores have been found to correlate with positive mental health outcomes, as well as decreased depression and anxiety." (NCT02427568)
Timeframe: Baseline (3 months from enrollment) to Primary Endpoint (one month post-2nd experimental session)

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Placebo With Therapy-0.04
MDMA-assisted Therapy (125 mg)0.4

Change in STAI State Score From Baseline to Primary Endpoint

"The state subscale of the STAI (STAI-S) is a 20-item self-reported scale which assesses subjects' levels of transient, situationally oriented, anxiety. Like the trait subscale, participants respond to each item on the state subscale by selecting a response from a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 4 (Not at all) to 1 (Very much so), with higher scores indicating greater anxiety. Items were summed for a total score that ranged from 20 to 80.~The STAI differentiates between State Anxiety, defined as anxiety experienced in reaction to a specific environmental circumstance, and Trait Anxiety, defined as long-standing nervous affect or anxiety disorder. The use of the trait subscale as the primary outcome measure is intended to target those anxiety symptoms that are chronic and pervasive." (NCT02427568)
Timeframe: Baseline (3 months from enrollment) to Primary Endpoint (one month post-2nd experimental session)

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Placebo With Therapy-6.0
MDMA-assisted Therapy (125 mg)-22.1

Change in State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Trait Score From Baseline to Primary Endpoint

"The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) is a 20-item self-report measure of intensity of anxiety. Each item consists of a 4-point Likert rating scale ranging from 1 ('Not at all') to 4 ('Very Much So'), with higher scores indicating greater anxiety. Items were summed for a total score that ranged from 20 to 80.~The STAI differentiates between State Anxiety, defined as anxiety experienced in reaction to a specific environmental circumstance, and Trait Anxiety, defined as long-standing nervous affect or anxiety disorder. The use of the trait subscale as the primary outcome measure was intended to target those anxiety symptoms that are chronic and pervasive." (NCT02427568)
Timeframe: Baseline (3 months from enrollment) to Primary Endpoint (one month post-2nd experimental session)

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Placebo With Therapy-8.8
MDMA-assisted Therapy (125 mg)-23.5

Primary Endpoint STAI Trait Score

"The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) is a 20-item self-report measure of intensity of anxiety. Each item consists of a 4-point Likert rating scale ranging from 1 ('Not at all') to 4 ('Very Much So'), with higher scores indicating greater anxiety. Items were summed for a total score that ranged from 20 to 80.~The STAI differentiates between State Anxiety, defined as anxiety experienced in reaction to a specific environmental circumstance, and Trait Anxiety, defined as long-standing nervous affect or anxiety disorder. The use of the trait subscale as the primary outcome measure is intended to target those anxiety symptoms that are chronic and pervasive." (NCT02427568)
Timeframe: One month post-2nd experimental session

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Placebo With Therapy48.6
MDMA-assisted Therapy (125 mg)38.9

Change in Death Attitudes Profile (DAP) From Baseline to Primary Endpoint

"The Death Attitudes Profile (DAP) is a 32-item self-reported questionnaire that assesses individual attitudes and beliefs about death and dying. Each item on the scale is rated along a 7-point Likert scale ranging from strongly disagree (score of 1) to strongly agree (score of 7), with higher scores indicating more positive attitudes toward death.~The DAP consists of 5 dimensions: fear of death (7 items summed with total scores ranging from 7 to 49), death avoidance (5 items summed with total scores ranging from 5 to 35), neutral acceptance (5 items summed with total scores ranging from 5 to 35), approach acceptance (10 items summed with total scores ranging from 10 to 70), and escape acceptance (5 items summed with total scores ranging from 5 to 35). For each dimension, a mean scale score can be computed by dividing the total scale score by the number of items forming each scale." (NCT02427568)
Timeframe: Baseline (3 months from enrollment) to Primary Endpoint (one month post-2nd experimental session)

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Fear of deathDeath avoidanceNeutral acceptanceApproach acceptanceEscape acceptance
MDMA-assisted Therapy (125 mg)-0.100.10.30.4
Placebo With Therapy-0.6-1.10.2-0.10

Change in Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy Scale (FACIT) From Baseline to Primary Endpoint

The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy Scale (FACIT-Sp) is a 27-item self-report measure of quality of life issues specifically relevant to individuals with a chronic or life-threatening illness or condition. The core questionnaire consists of four subscales: Physical Well-being, Social/Family Well-being, Emotional Well-being, and Functional Well-being. Responses range from 0 (not at all) to 4 (very much), with higher scores indicating greater well-being. For each subscale, total scores were summed and range from 0 to 16. (NCT02427568)
Timeframe: Baseline (3 months from enrollment) to Primary Endpoint (one month post-2nd experimental session)

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Physical well-beingSocial/ family well-beingEmotional well-beingFunctional well-beingAdditional concerns
MDMA-assisted Therapy (125 mg)1.40.81.64.84.5
Placebo With Therapy2.8-2.01.01.0-0.3

Reviews

5 reviews available for n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine and Nervous System Disorders

ArticleYear
Neurotoxicity of ecstasy (MDMA): an overview.
    Current pharmaceutical biotechnology, 2010, Volume: 11, Issue:5

    Topics: Animals; Brain; Hallucinogens; Humans; Mice; Models, Neurological; N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphet

2010
The Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology of 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethyl-amphetamine (MDEA).
    CNS drug reviews, 2004,Summer, Volume: 10, Issue:2

    Topics: 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine; Animals; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Interactions; Europe; Hal

2004
Methamphetamine and methylenedioxymethamphetamine neurotoxicity: possible mechanisms of cell destruction.
    NIDA research monograph, 1996, Volume: 163

    Topics: Animals; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Hallucinogens; Humans; Methamphetamine; N-Methyl-3,4-met

1996
Acute and long-term neurochemical effects of methylenedioxymethamphetamine in the rat.
    NIDA research monograph, 1989, Volume: 94

    Topics: 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine; Amphetamines; Animals; Brain Chemistry; N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyam

1989
Studies of MDMA-induced neurotoxicity in nonhuman primates: a basis for evaluating long-term effects in humans.
    NIDA research monograph, 1989, Volume: 94

    Topics: 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine; Amphetamines; Animals; Humans; N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine

1989

Trials

3 trials available for n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine and Nervous System Disorders

ArticleYear
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for treatment of anxiety and other psychological distress related to life-threatening illnesses: a randomized pilot study.
    Scientific reports, 2020, 11-24, Volume: 10, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Anxiety; Combined Modality Therapy; Cross-Over Studies; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans;

2020
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for treatment of anxiety and other psychological distress related to life-threatening illnesses: a randomized pilot study.
    Scientific reports, 2020, 11-24, Volume: 10, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Anxiety; Combined Modality Therapy; Cross-Over Studies; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans;

2020
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for treatment of anxiety and other psychological distress related to life-threatening illnesses: a randomized pilot study.
    Scientific reports, 2020, 11-24, Volume: 10, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Anxiety; Combined Modality Therapy; Cross-Over Studies; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans;

2020
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for treatment of anxiety and other psychological distress related to life-threatening illnesses: a randomized pilot study.
    Scientific reports, 2020, 11-24, Volume: 10, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Anxiety; Combined Modality Therapy; Cross-Over Studies; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans;

2020
Specific neurotoxicity of chronic use of ecstasy.
    Toxicology letters, 2002, Feb-28, Volume: 127, Issue:1-3

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Brain; Female; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Glucose; Hallucinogens; Humans; Linear Mod

2002
Second thoughts on 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity.
    Archives of general psychiatry, 1990, Volume: 47, Issue:3

    Topics: 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine; Amphetamines; Animals; Clinical Trials as Topic; Designer Drugs; Huma

1990

Other Studies

18 other studies available for n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine and Nervous System Disorders

ArticleYear
Editorial of special issue - Synthetic psychoactive substances and neurological diseases: Toxic and therapeutic effects.
    Experimental neurology, 2022, Volume: 347

    Topics: Humans; Methamphetamine; N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine; Nervous System Diseases; Psychotrop

2022
Effect of acute monoamine depletion on 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity.
    Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 1993, Volume: 45, Issue:3

    Topics: 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine; alpha-Methyltyrosine; Animals; Axons; Biogenic Monoamines; Brain Chem

1993
Effects of salicylate on 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-induced neurotoxicity in rats.
    Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 1997, Volume: 58, Issue:3

    Topics: Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors; Animals; Biogenic Monoamines; Body Temperature; Brain Chemistry; Free

1997
Disruption of the discriminative stimulus effects of S(+)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) by (+/-)-MDMA neurotoxicity: protection by fluoxetine.
    Behavioural pharmacology, 1999, Volume: 10, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Brain Chemistry; Discrimination, Psychological; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fluoxetin

1999
The MDMA-neurotoxicity controversy: implications for clinical research with novel psychoactive drugs.
    The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 1992, Volume: 180, Issue:6

    Topics: 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine; Animals; Combined Modality Therapy; Designer Drugs; Humans; Mental Di

1992
Evaluation of the neurotoxicity of N-methyl-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane (para-methoxymethamphetamine, PMMA).
    Brain research, 1992, Sep-04, Volume: 589, Issue:2

    Topics: 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine; Amphetamines; Animals; Brain Chemistry; Hallucinogens; Hydroxyindolea

1992
Assessment of the role of alpha-methylepinine in the neurotoxicity of MDMA.
    Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 1991, Volume: 38, Issue:2

    Topics: 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine; Animals; Biogenic Amines; Brain Chemistry; Chromatography, High Press

1991
L-DOPA potentiation of the serotonergic deficits due to a single administration of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, p-chloroamphetamine or methamphetamine to rats.
    European journal of pharmacology, 1991, Oct-02, Volume: 203, Issue:1

    Topics: 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine; Animals; Brain Chemistry; Cerebral Cortex; Corpus Striatum; Dopamine;

1991
Risk assessment for neurotoxic effects.
    Neurotoxicology, 1990,Summer, Volume: 11, Issue:2

    Topics: 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine; Animals; Axons; Designer Drugs; Female; Hippocampus; Hydroxyindoleace

1990
Lack of neurotoxicity after intra-raphe micro-injections of MDMA ("ecstasy").
    NIDA research monograph, 1990, Volume: 105

    Topics: 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine; Animals; Brain Chemistry; Catecholamines; Chromatography, High Pressu

1990
Antagonism of the neurotoxicity due to a single administration of methylenedioxymethamphetamine.
    European journal of pharmacology, 1990, May-31, Volume: 181, Issue:1-2

    Topics: 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine; Amphetamines; Animals; Aromatic Amino Acid Decarboxylase Inhibitors;

1990
Neurochemical basis of neurotoxicity.
    Neurotoxicology, 1990,Summer, Volume: 11, Issue:2

    Topics: 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine; Animals; Biogenic Monoamines; Designer Drugs; Dopamine; Glutamates; M

1990
Glucocorticoids and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-induced neurotoxicity.
    European journal of pharmacology, 1989, Feb-28, Volume: 161, Issue:2-3

    Topics: 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine; Adrenalectomy; Amphetamines; Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Corticosterone

1989
Neurotoxic effects of the alpha-ethyl homologue of MDMA following subacute administration.
    Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 1989, Volume: 33, Issue:1

    Topics: 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine; Amphetamines; Animals; Biogenic Monoamines; Brain Chemistry; Hydroxyi

1989
'Ecstasy': a human neurotoxin?
    Archives of general psychiatry, 1989, Volume: 46, Issue:2

    Topics: 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine; Amphetamines; Humans; N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine; Nervous

1989
Reserpine does not prevent 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity in the rat.
    Neuroscience letters, 1989, Sep-25, Volume: 104, Issue:1-2

    Topics: 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine; Amphetamines; Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Corpus Striatum; Designer Dru

1989
New data intensify the agony over ecstasy.
    Science (New York, N.Y.), 1988, Feb-19, Volume: 239, Issue:4842

    Topics: 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine; Amphetamines; Animals; Brain; Haplorhini; Humans; Legislation, Drug;

1988
Differences between rats and mice in MDMA (methylenedioxymethylamphetamine) neurotoxicity.
    European journal of pharmacology, 1988, Aug-02, Volume: 152, Issue:3

    Topics: 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine; Amphetamines; Animals; Biogenic Monoamines; Dopamine; Male; Methoxyhy

1988