Page last updated: 2024-08-24

n-acetylaspartic acid and Demyelinating Diseases

n-acetylaspartic acid has been researched along with Demyelinating Diseases in 38 studies

Research

Studies (38)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-19902 (5.26)18.7374
1990's14 (36.84)18.2507
2000's11 (28.95)29.6817
2010's11 (28.95)24.3611
2020's0 (0.00)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Alger, J; Asarnow, RF; Babbitt, C; Babikian, T; Dennis, EL; Giza, CC; Jin, Y; Johnson, J; Mink, R; Olsen, A; Rashid, F; Thompson, PM; Villalon-Reina, JE1
Cho, SH; Choi, CG; Kim, DY; Kim, EJ; Kim, HS; Kim, SJ; Lim, YM; Lu, SS1
Nave, KA; Werner, HB1
Berneman, Z; Daans, J; Guglielmetti, C; Hens, N; Kara, F; Orije, J; Ponsaerts, P; Praet, J; Santermans, E; Van der Linden, A; Verhoye, M1
Takanashi, J1
Denic, A; Rodriguez, M; Warrington, AE; Watzlawik, JO; Wootla, B1
Aksu, AO; Anlar, B; Haspolat, S; Karabulut, E; Kurne, A; Kurul, S; Oguz, KK; Senbil, N; Serdaroglu, A; Teber, S1
Cerqueira, J; Ferreira, C; Machado, A; Ribeiro, M; Rodrigues, M; Soares-Fernandes, J1
Bieber, A; Denic, A; Macura, S; Mishra, PK; Rodriguez, M; Warrington, A1
Chi, JG; Hong, JM; Kim, HS; Kim, JH; Kim, SH; Ko, YJ; Moon, SY; Sohn, SY1
Chatterjee, S; Kesavadas, C; Saini, J; Thomas, B1
Francis, JS; Leone, P; Markov, V; Strande, L1
Archelos, JJ; Bachmaier, G; Blankenstein, MA; Enzinger, C; Fazekas, F; Fuchs, S; Khalil, M; Koel-Simmelink, MJ; Langkammer, C; Mader, A; Ropele, S; Teunissen, CE; Trentini, A; Vane, ML; Wallner-Blazek, M1
Fukazawa, Y; Mito, Y; Tajima, Y; Yanai, M1
Cha, S; Knopp, EA; Law, M; Saindane, AM; Xue, X; Zagzag, D1
Brockmann, K; Dechent, P; Frahm, J; Hanefeld, F; Haupt, M; Meins, M; Sperner, J; Stephani, U1
Anhuf, D; Häusler, M; Möller-Hartmann, W; Ramaekers, VT; Schüler, H; Thron, A; Zerres, K1
Hattingen, E; Kieslich, M; Lanfermann, H; Pilatus, U; Porto, L; Schwabe, D; Yan, B; Zanella, FE1
Cianfoni, A; Imbesi, SG; Niku, S1
Cohen, JA; Dousset, V; Gonzalez-Scarano, F; Grossman, RI; Hiehle, JF; Lenkinski, RE; Ramer, KN; Schnall, MD1
Antel, JP; Arnold, DL; De Stefano, N; Francis, G; Matthews, PM; Preul, M1
Arnold, DL; De Stefano, N; Matthews, PM1
Chabrol, B; Confort-Gouny, S; Cozzone, PJ; Nicoli, F; Vion-Dury, J1
Gonzalez-Scarano, F; Grossman, RI; Kimura, H; Lenkinski, RE1
Frahm, J; Hanefeld, F; Hunneman, DH; Jost, W; Korenke, GC; Krasemann, E; Pouwels, PJ; Stoeckler, S1
Engelbrecht, V; Gärtner, J; Kahn, T; Mödder, U; Rassek, M1
Brown, MS; Cagnoni, PJ; Jones, RB; Sheeder, JL; Simon, JH; Stears, JC; Stemmer, SM1
Duhaime, AC; Gripp, KW; Molloy, PT; Muenke, M; Rorke, LB; Schut, L; Tucker, SH; Wang, ZJ; Zackai, EH; Zimmerman, RA1
Bitsch, A; Brück, W; Bruhn, H; Frahm, J; Lassmann, H; Stringaris, A; Vougioukas, V1
Engelke, UF; Feikema, W; Jakobs, C; Pouwels, PJ; Struys, EA; Valk, J; van der Knaap, MS; Verhoeven, NM; Wevers, RA1
Blüml, S; Hwang, JH; Moreno, A; Ross, BD1
Bisaga, GN; Odinak, MM; Pozdniakov, AV; Tiutin, LA1
Bodensteiner, JB; Espay, AJ; Patel, H1
den Hollander, JA; Luyten, PR; Nauta, JJ; Valk, J; van der Grond, J; van der Knaap, MS1
Antel, JP; Arnold, DL; Francis, GS; Matthews, PM; O'Connor, J1
Bogdan, AR; Caro, PA; Detre, JA; Gusnard, DA; Marks, HG; Wang, ZY; Zimmerman, RA1
Amir, N; Elpeleg, ON; Glick, B; Gross-Tzur, V; Tamiri, Z; Zelnik, N1
Divry, P; Dumont, C; Gay, C; Gilly, R; Macabeo, V1

Reviews

3 review(s) available for n-acetylaspartic acid and Demyelinating Diseases

ArticleYear
Myelination of the nervous system: mechanisms and functions.
    Annual review of cell and developmental biology, 2014, Volume: 30

    Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Aspartic Acid; Axons; Central Nervous System; Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease; Cytoskeleton; Demyelinating Diseases; Glucose; Humans; Inflammation; Leukoencephalopathies; Mice; Microscopy, Electron; Myelin Proteins; Myelin Sheath; Neuronal Plasticity; Oligodendroglia; Peripheral Nervous System; Schwann Cells; Synaptic Transmission

2014
Neurochemistry of Hypomyelination Investigated with MR Spectroscopy.
    Magnetic resonance in medical sciences : MRMS : an official journal of Japan Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 2015, Volume: 14, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Aspartic Acid; Brain Chemistry; Choline; Creatine; Demyelinating Diseases; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Mice; Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease; Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

2015
Antibody-Mediated Oligodendrocyte Remyelination Promotes Axon Health in Progressive Demyelinating Disease.
    Molecular neurobiology, 2016, Volume: 53, Issue:8

    Topics: Animals; Antibodies; Aspartic Acid; Axons; Brain Stem; Cardiovirus Infections; Demyelinating Diseases; Mice; Oligodendroglia; Remyelination; Spinal Cord; Theilovirus

2016

Trials

1 trial(s) available for n-acetylaspartic acid and Demyelinating Diseases

ArticleYear
Assessment of citrullinated myelin by 1H-MR spectroscopy in early-onset multiple sclerosis.
    AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology, 2009, Volume: 30, Issue:4

    Topics: Adolescent; Age of Onset; Aspartic Acid; Child; Child, Preschool; Choline; Citrulline; Creatine; Demyelinating Diseases; Female; Humans; Inositol; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Male; Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting; Myelin Basic Protein; Myelin Sheath; Protons; Young Adult

2009

Other Studies

34 other study(ies) available for n-acetylaspartic acid and Demyelinating Diseases

ArticleYear
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of fiber tracts in children with traumatic brain injury: A combined MRS - Diffusion MRI study.
    Human brain mapping, 2018, Volume: 39, Issue:9

    Topics: Adolescent; Anisotropy; Aspartic Acid; Brain Damage, Chronic; Brain Injuries, Traumatic; Child; Choline; Cognition Disorders; Demyelinating Diseases; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Female; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Male; Multimodal Imaging; Neuroimaging; White Matter

2018
Utility of proton MR spectroscopy for differentiating typical and atypical primary central nervous system lymphomas from tumefactive demyelinating lesions.
    AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology, 2014, Volume: 35, Issue:2

    Topics: Aspartic Acid; Biomarkers; Brain Neoplasms; Choline; Demyelinating Diseases; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Lymphoma; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Male; Protons; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity

2014
Cuprizone-induced demyelination and demyelination-associated inflammation result in different proton magnetic resonance metabolite spectra.
    NMR in biomedicine, 2015, Volume: 28, Issue:4

    Topics: Animals; Aspartic Acid; Brain Chemistry; Choline; Creatine; Cuprizone; Demyelinating Diseases; Dipeptides; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Gliosis; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neuroimaging; Oligodendroglia; Phosphocreatine; Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

2015
Alcohol abuse and acute behavioural disturbances in a 24-year-old patient. Diagnosis: Marchiafava-Bignami disease (MBD).
    Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia, 2009, Volume: 16, Issue:6

    Topics: Alcohol-Induced Disorders, Nervous System; Alcoholism; Aspartic Acid; Choline; Corpus Callosum; Creatine; Demyelinating Diseases; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Marchiafava-Bignami Disease; Mental Disorders; Nerve Fibers, Myelinated; Neural Pathways; Predictive Value of Tests; Prognosis; Spectrum Analysis; Young Adult

2009
Brainstem 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy: marker of demyelination and repair in spinal cord.
    Annals of neurology, 2009, Volume: 66, Issue:4

    Topics: Animals; Aspartic Acid; Biomarkers; Brain Stem; Demyelinating Diseases; Friend murine leukemia virus; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Mice; Protons; Spinal Cord Injuries

2009
A case of pigmentary orthochromatic leukodystrophy with findings of proton MR spectroscopy and serial brain MRIs.
    Journal of the neurological sciences, 2010, Aug-15, Volume: 295, Issue:1-2

    Topics: Adult; Antigens, CD; Aspartic Acid; Brain; Brain Diseases; Brain Mapping; Creatine; Demyelinating Diseases; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Male

2010
Conventional and advanced magnetic resonance imaging in tumefactive demyelination.
    Acta radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987), 2011, Dec-01, Volume: 52, Issue:10

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aspartic Acid; Brain; Brain Mapping; Child; Choline; Contrast Media; Demyelinating Diseases; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gadolinium DTPA; Glutamic Acid; Glutamine; Humans; Image Enhancement; Lactic Acid; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Male; Middle Aged; Multiple Sclerosis; Young Adult

2011
Aspartoacylase supports oxidative energy metabolism during myelination.
    Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 2012, Volume: 32, Issue:9

    Topics: Amidohydrolases; Animals; Aspartic Acid; Biomarkers; Canavan Disease; Cells, Cultured; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Demyelinating Diseases; Dependovirus; Energy Metabolism; Glucose; Immunohistochemistry; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mutation; Myelin Sheath; Oligodendroglia; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress

2012
CSF neurofilament and N-acetylaspartate related brain changes in clinically isolated syndrome.
    Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England), 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:4

    Topics: Adult; Aspartic Acid; Biomarkers; Brain; Demyelinating Diseases; Female; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Neurofilament Proteins

2013
Unusual basal ganglia lesions in a diabetic uraemic patient proven to be demyelination: first pathological observation.
    BMJ case reports, 2012, Sep-03, Volume: 2012

    Topics: Aspartic Acid; Basal Ganglia; Basal Ganglia Diseases; Demyelinating Diseases; Diabetic Nephropathies; Diagnosis, Differential; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Japan; Macrophages; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Male; Middle Aged; Myelinolysis, Central Pontine; Neurologic Examination; Parkinson Disease; Putamen; Shock, Septic; Uremia

2012
Proton MR spectroscopy of tumefactive demyelinating lesions.
    AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology, 2002, Volume: 23, Issue:8

    Topics: Adult; Aspartic Acid; Brain; Brain Neoplasms; Creatine; Demyelinating Diseases; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Glioma; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Male; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies

2002
Cerebral proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in infantile Alexander disease.
    Journal of neurology, 2003, Volume: 250, Issue:3

    Topics: Alexander Disease; Aspartic Acid; Brain; Child; Child, Preschool; Demyelinating Diseases; Disease Progression; Female; Gliosis; Humans; Infant; Inositol; Lactic Acid; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Male; Nerve Degeneration; Radiography

2003
White-matter disease in 18q deletion (18q-) syndrome: magnetic resonance spectroscopy indicates demyelination or increased myelin turnover rather than dysmyelination.
    Neuroradiology, 2005, Volume: 47, Issue:1

    Topics: Aspartic Acid; Brain Diseases; Choline; Chromosome Deletion; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18; Demyelinating Diseases; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Glutamic Acid; Humans; Infant; Inositol; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Myelin Sheath

2005
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in childhood brainstem lesions.
    Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery, 2007, Volume: 23, Issue:3

    Topics: Adolescent; Amino Acids; Aspartic Acid; Brain Chemistry; Brain Diseases; Brain Stem; Brain Stem Neoplasms; Child; Child, Preschool; Choline; Creatine; Demyelinating Diseases; Diagnosis, Differential; Encephalitis; Female; Glioma; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Male; Neurofibromatoses; Protons

2007
Metabolite findings in tumefactive demyelinating lesions utilizing short echo time proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
    AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology, 2007, Volume: 28, Issue:2

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aspartic Acid; Brain; Brain Neoplasms; Choline; Creatine; Demyelinating Diseases; Diagnosis, Differential; Echo-Planar Imaging; Female; Glutamic Acid; Humans; Lactic Acid; Male; Middle Aged; Multiple Sclerosis; Protons

2007
Correlation of spectroscopy and magnetization transfer imaging in the evaluation of demyelinating lesions and normal appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis.
    Magnetic resonance in medicine, 1994, Volume: 32, Issue:3

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aspartic Acid; Brain; Choline; Cohort Studies; Creatine; Demyelinating Diseases; Humans; Hydrogen; Image Enhancement; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Middle Aged; Multiple Sclerosis; Phosphocreatine; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted

1994
Chemical pathology of acute demyelinating lesions and its correlation with disability.
    Annals of neurology, 1995, Volume: 38, Issue:6

    Topics: Adult; Aspartic Acid; Brain Chemistry; Choline; Demyelinating Diseases; Disability Evaluation; Female; Humans; Inositol; Lactates; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Male

1995
Reversible decreases in N-acetylaspartate after acute brain injury.
    Magnetic resonance in medicine, 1995, Volume: 34, Issue:5

    Topics: Acute Disease; Aspartic Acid; Brain; Demyelinating Diseases; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; MELAS Syndrome

1995
Localised proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.
    Neuroradiology, 1995, Volume: 37, Issue:7

    Topics: Adolescent; Adrenoleukodystrophy; Adult; Aspartic Acid; Brain; Child; Creatine; Demyelinating Diseases; Fatty Acids; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Phosphocreatine; Sex Chromosome Aberrations; X Chromosome

1995
Proton MR spectroscopy and magnetization transfer ratio in multiple sclerosis: correlative findings of active versus irreversible plaque disease.
    AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology, 1996, Volume: 17, Issue:8

    Topics: Adult; Aspartic Acid; Brain; Brain Diseases; Brain Edema; Choline; Chronic Disease; Creatine; Demyelinating Diseases; Encephalitis; Female; Humans; Image Enhancement; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Male; Middle Aged; Multiple Sclerosis; Protons

1996
Arrested cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy: a clinical and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study in three patients.
    Pediatric neurology, 1996, Volume: 15, Issue:2

    Topics: Aspartic Acid; Brain; Brain Diseases, Metabolic; Child; Choline; Demyelinating Diseases; Female; Humans; Inositol; Lactic Acid; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Male; Peroxisomal Disorders; Sex Chromosome Aberrations; X Chromosome

1996
The value of new MRI techniques in adrenoleukodystrophy.
    Pediatric radiology, 1997, Volume: 27, Issue:3

    Topics: Adolescent; Adrenoleukodystrophy; Aspartic Acid; Brain; Child; Child, Preschool; Choline; Demyelinating Diseases; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

1997
White matter disease induced by high-dose chemotherapy: longitudinal study with MR imaging and proton spectroscopy.
    AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology, 1998, Volume: 19, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Aspartic Acid; Brain; Brain Diseases; Breast Neoplasms; Carmustine; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; Cisplatin; Combined Modality Therapy; Creatine; Cyclophosphamide; Demyelinating Diseases; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Prospective Studies

1998
Imaging studies in a unique familial dysmyelinating disorder.
    AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology, 1998, Volume: 19, Issue:7

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aspartic Acid; Brain; Canavan Disease; Cerebellar Diseases; Cerebral Cortex; Choline; Creatine; Demyelinating Diseases; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Genes, Dominant; Humans; Hydrocephalus; Infant; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Male; Middle Aged

1998
Inflammatory CNS demyelination: histopathologic correlation with in vivo quantitative proton MR spectroscopy.
    AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology, 1999, Volume: 20, Issue:9

    Topics: Adult; Aspartic Acid; Axons; Biopsy, Needle; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain; Cell Division; Choline; Demyelinating Diseases; Diagnosis, Differential; Dominance, Cerebral; Female; Gliosis; Humans; Inositol; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Male; Multiple Sclerosis; Neuroglia

1999
Leukoencephalopathy associated with a disturbance in the metabolism of polyols.
    Annals of neurology, 1999, Volume: 46, Issue:6

    Topics: Adolescent; Aspartic Acid; Carbohydrate Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Choline; Creatine; Demyelinating Diseases; Humans; Inositol; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Male; Parietal Lobe; Ribitol; Sugar Alcohols

1999
Novel peak assignments of in vivo (13)C MRS in human brain at 1.5 T.
    Journal of magnetic resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997), 2000, Volume: 143, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Aspartic Acid; Bicarbonates; Brain; Carbon Isotopes; Child, Preschool; Creatine; Demyelinating Diseases; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; Female; Glucose; Glutamic Acid; Glutamine; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Inositol; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Male; Occipital Lobe; Taurine

2000
[Proton magnetic-resonance spectroscopy in remitting and secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis].
    Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova, 2001, Volume: 101, Issue:4

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aspartic Acid; Brain; Choline; Creatine; Demyelinating Diseases; Female; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Glutamic Acid; Humans; Inositol; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Male; Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive; Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting; Phosphocreatine; Severity of Illness Index

2001
Episodic coma in a new leukodystrophy.
    Pediatric neurology, 2002, Volume: 26, Issue:2

    Topics: Aspartic Acid; Ataxia; Brain; Child; Choline; Coma; Creatine; Demyelinating Diseases; Epilepsy, Post-Traumatic; Head Injuries, Closed; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Male; Muscle Spasticity; Neurologic Examination; Quadriplegia

2002
1H and 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain in degenerative cerebral disorders.
    Annals of neurology, 1992, Volume: 31, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Aspartic Acid; Atrophy; Brain; Brain Diseases; Child; Creatine; Demyelinating Diseases; Humans; Hydrogen; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Nerve Degeneration; Neurons; Phosphorus Isotopes

1992
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging for metabolic characterization of demyelinating plaques.
    Annals of neurology, 1992, Volume: 31, Issue:3

    Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Aspartic Acid; Biopsy; Brain Chemistry; Brain Neoplasms; Choline; Creatine; Demyelinating Diseases; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Glioma; Humans; Lactates; Lactic Acid; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Multiple Sclerosis; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

1992
Use of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and localized 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy in Canavan's disease: a case report.
    Annals of neurology, 1991, Volume: 30, Issue:1

    Topics: Amidohydrolases; Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Aspartic Acid; Brain Diseases, Metabolic; Child, Preschool; Choline; Demyelinating Diseases; Female; Humans; Lactates; Lactic Acid; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Mitochondria; Occipital Lobe; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

1991
[Organic aciduria in Canavan disease].
    Harefuah, 1989, Dec-01, Volume: 117, Issue:11

    Topics: Acids; Aspartic Acid; Demyelinating Diseases; Female; Humans; Infant; Lipidoses; Male

1989
[N-acetylaspartic aciduria: a new form of demyelinating encephalopathy].
    Presse medicale (Paris, France : 1983), 1988, Jan-30, Volume: 17, Issue:3

    Topics: Acids; Aspartic Acid; Consanguinity; Demyelinating Diseases; Encephalitis; Humans

1988