n(6)-cyclopentyladenosine and Hyperthyroidism

The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that inhibition of adenosine deaminase (ADA) enhances the efficiency of signal-transduction of myocardial A1 adenosine receptors in hyperthyroidism. The inotropic response to N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), a selective A1 adenosine receptor agonist resistant to ADA, was investigated in the absence or presence of erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine (EHNA), an ADA and cGMP-stimulated 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE2) inhibitor, or of pentostatin (2'-deoxycoformycin; DCF), an exclusive ADA inhibitor, in left atria isolated from eu- or hyperthyroid guinea pigs. Both ADA inhibitors enhanced the effect of CPA only in hyperthyroid atria. EHNA significantly increased the Emax (mean+/-S.E.M.) from 83.8+/-1.2% to 93.4+/-1.2%, while DCF significantly decreased the logEC50 from -7.5+/-0.07 to -7.83+/-0.07 in hyperthyroid samples. Conversely, EHNA also diminished the logEC50 (from -7.5+/-0.07 to -7.65+/-0.07) and DCF also raised the Emax (from 83.8+/-1.2% to 85.7+/-2%) in hyperthyroidism, but these changes were not significant. In conclusion, ADA inhibition moderately but significantly enhanced the efficiency of A(1) adenosine receptor signaling pathway in the hyperthyroid guinea pig atrium. This suggests that elevated intracellular adenosine level caused by ADA inhibition may improve the suppressed responsiveness to A1 adenosine receptor agonists associated with the hyperthyroid state. Alternatively or in addition, the role of decreased concentration of adenosine degradation products cannot be excluded. Furthermore, in the case of EHNA, inhibition of PDE2 also appears to contribute to the enhanced A1 adenosine receptor signaling in the hyperthyroid guinea pig atrium.

Topics: Adenine; Adenosine; Adenosine A1 Receptor Agonists; Adenosine Deaminase; Adenosine Deaminase Inhibitors; Animals; Benzyl Compounds; Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 2; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enzyme Inhibitors; Guinea Pigs; Heart Atria; Hyperthyroidism; Inosine; Male; Myocardial Contraction; Pentostatin; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; Receptor, Adenosine A1; Signal Transduction; Thyroxine

Adenosine acting on A(1) receptors has been related with neuroprotective and neuromodulatory actions, protection against oxidative stress and decrease of anxiety and nociceptive signaling. Previous studies demonstrated an inhibition of the enzymes that hydrolyze ATP to adenosine in the rat central nervous system after hyperthyroidism induction. Manifestations of hyperthyroidism include increased anxiety, nervousness, high O(2) consumption and physical hyperactivity. Here, we investigated the effects of administration of a specific agonist of adenosine A(1) receptor (N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine; CPA) on nociception, anxiety, exploratory response, locomotion and brain oxidative stress of hyperthyroid rats. Hyperthyroidism was induced by daily intraperitoneal injections of l-thyroxine (T4) for 14 days. Nociception was assessed with a tail-flick apparatus and exploratory behavior, locomotion and anxiety were analyzed by open-field and plus-maze tests. We verified the total antioxidant reactivity (TAR), lipid peroxide levels by the thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) reaction and the free radicals content by the DCF test. Our results demonstrated that CPA reverted the hyperalgesia induced by hyperthyroidism and decreased the exploratory behavior, locomotion and anxiety in hyperthyroid rats. Furthermore, CPA decreased lipid peroxidation in hippocampus and cerebral cortex of control rats and in cerebral cortex of hyperthyroid rats. CPA also increased the total antioxidant reactivity in hippocampus and cerebral cortex of control and hyperthyroid rats, but the production of free radicals verified by the DCF test was changed only in cerebral cortex. These results suggest that some of the hyperthyroidism effects are subjected to regulation by adenosine A(1) receptor, demonstrating the involvement of the adenosinergic system in this pathology.

Topics: Adenosine; Adenosine A1 Receptor Agonists; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Anxiety; Brain; Exploratory Behavior; Hyperthyroidism; Male; Motor Activity; Oxidative Stress; Pain Threshold; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptor, Adenosine A1; Statistics, Nonparametric; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances

The significance of PDE2 on the atrial inotropy was studied in eu- and hyperthyroidism. The contractile force was measured and negative inotropic capacity of N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA) was determined on left atria isolated from 8-day thyroxine- or solvent-treated guinea pigs, in the presence or absence of EHNA (adenosine deaminase and PDE2 inhibitor) or NBTI (nucleoside transporter inhibitor). EHNA was administered to inhibit PDE2, while NBTI was used to model the accumulation of endogenous adenosine. The reduction of the contractile force caused by EHNA was smaller in the thyroxine-treated atria than in the solvent-treated samples. Contrary, NBTI induced a decrease in the contractile force without significant difference between the two groups. In addition, EHNA enhanced the efficiency of CPA in thyroxine-treated atria and did not affect it in solvent-treated samples, while the response to CPA was decreased by NBTI in all atria, especially in hyperthyroidism. On the basis of greater retention of the contractile force and sustained/enhanced responsiveness to CPA in the presence of EHNA we conclude that PDE2's inhibition has a significant positive inotropic effect in guinea pig atria and this effect is proven to be augmented in hyperthyroidism.

Topics: Adenine; Adenosine; Animals; Cardiotonic Agents; Culture Techniques; Cyclic GMP; Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 2; Guinea Pigs; Heart Atria; Hyperthyroidism; Male; Myocardial Contraction; Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; Thioinosine