muramidase and Wounds-and-Injuries

Topics: Animals; Avitaminosis; Bronchoscopy; Burns; Central Nervous System Diseases; Chick Embryo; Child; Crystallization; Ear Diseases; Eye Diseases; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Genital Diseases, Female; Humans; Liver Diseases; Mouth Diseases; Muramidase; Nose Diseases; Postoperative Complications; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Typhus, Epidemic Louse-Borne; Vascular Diseases; Wounds and Injuries

Low Mr dextran has been utilized as a prophylactic therapy in treatment of coagulopathy. There is evidence that monocyte dysfunctions are important contributors to hypercoagulability episodes, as well as to immunoincompetence post-trauma. Dextran is a known monocyte modulator. Consequently, we evaluated the efficacy of dextran infusion in moderating immune dysfunction, monocyte aberrations, and hypercoagulability episodes. Twenty-eight trauma patients were randomly divided into two groups. One group of 15 received dextran at 1 g/kg wt/24 hr for 5 days in addition to standard resuscitation and treatment. The control or nontreated patient group received only standard treatment. Trauma patients in the two groups were retrospectively matched by injury severity score (ISS) to ensure comparability. Blood samples were collected daily for some studies and at 3-day intervals for other assays. In vivo coagulation status was evaluated by assessing the changes in intravascular fibrinopeptide A (FPA). Immune reactivity to the mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was also evaluated. Both monocyte production of plasminogen activator (PA) and monocyte production of procoagulant activity (PCA) have been shown to correspond to and be augmented by monocyte-T lymphocyte interactions. Consequently, monocyte production of plasminogen activator and procoagulant activity were assessed as measures of monocyte immune activity as well as indicators of monocyte function in controlling the balance between fibrinolysis and coagulation. Only patients with ISS of greater than 25 experienced significant immune, coagulation, or monocyte aberrations. Of those having an injury severity score (ISS) score of 25-35, all of the control and two of the dextran patients had significant perturbations in their immune and monocyte functions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Blood Coagulation; Dextrans; Erythrocyte Aggregation; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Immunotherapy; Mitosis; Monocytes; Muramidase; Phytohemagglutinins; Plasminogen Activators; Wounds and Injuries

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been shown to be associated with altered glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activity. We studied the expression and functional properties of the receptor in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from non-traumatized healthy individuals (healthy controls; n=85), and war trauma-exposed individuals with current PTSD (n=113), with life-time PTSD (n=61) and without PTSD (trauma controls; n=88). The aim of the study was to distinguish the receptor alterations related to PTSD from those related to trauma itself or to resilience to PTSD.. Functional status of the receptor was assessed by radioligand binding and lysozyme synthesis inhibition assays. The level of GR gene expression was measured by quantitative PCR and immunoblotting.. Current PTSD patients had the lowest, while trauma controls had the highest number of glucocorticoid binding sites (Bmax) in PBMCs. Hormone-binding potential (Bmax/KD ratio) of the receptor was diminished in the current PTSD group in comparison to all other study groups. Correlation between Bmax and KD that normally exists in healthy individuals was decreased in the current PTSD group. Contrasting Bmax data, GR protein level was lower in trauma controls than in participants with current or life-time PTSD.. Current PTSD is characterized by reduced lymphocyte GR hormone-binding potential and by disturbed compensation between Bmax and hormone-binding affinity. Resilience to PTSD is associated with enlarged fraction of the receptor molecules capable of hormone binding, within the total receptor molecule population in PBMCs.

Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Blotting, Western; Dexamethasone; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Glucocorticoids; Hormones; Humans; Kinetics; Lymphocytes; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Radioligand Assay; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Receptors, Glucocorticoid; Serbia; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Warfare; Wounds and Injuries

Lesions ranging from surface wounds to deep tissue wounds caused by cormorant predation were observed on several species of the farmed fish in Pohořelice, Czech Republic. Two-year-old stocked common carp Cyprinus carpio harvested in late March were examined for ectoparasites and endoparasites, injuries extent, and lysozyme concentration in skin mucus. Additionally, three body condition indices were measured. Endoparasite infection occurred only scarcely. Wounded fish were more susceptible to the ectoparasites Gyrodactylus spp. and Dactylogyrus spp. (Monogenea), and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ciliophora). The intensity of infection of other ectoparasites Eudiplozoon nipponicum (Monogenea), Argulus spp. (Branchiura) and trichodinids (Ciliophora) did not significantly differ between wounded and control groups of fish. Lysozyme concentration in fish mucus was significantly higher in wounded fish and was positively associated with both the extent of damaged epithelium and Gyrodactylus spp. abundance. There were no differences in Fulton's condition factor and lipid content in muscle and liver tissues between wounded and non-wounded fish. Higher values of spleen-somatic index in wounded fish corresponded to increased intensity of parasite infection, most likely reflecting changes in immune system of infected fish. Although our results did not show any significant effect of cormorant attacks on fish condition, the wounded fish had significantly higher parasite numbers which could impact the growth or survival of the fish throughout the production season.

Topics: Animals; Aquaculture; Birds; Carps; Czech Republic; Disease Susceptibility; Ectoparasitic Infestations; Fish Diseases; Fresh Water; Linear Models; Muramidase; Predatory Behavior; Seasons; Wounds and Injuries

Acute renal failure (ARF) related to crush syndrome is usually treated with hemodialysis. Continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH) has seldom been adopted in this situation due to the main drawback of continuous anticoagulation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA)-CVVH in two crush syndrome patients following the Wenchaun earthquake.. Two victims from the Wenchuan earthquake in Southwest China were admitted to our hospital on May 23, 2008, 11 days after their injury. The total entrapment time under the rubble was 5.5 and 22.5 hrs respectively. They remained oliguric on admission, in spite of vigorous treatment in the local hospital including aggressive fluid infusion, fasciotomy and intermittent hemodialysis. On admission, their serum myoglobin levels were 765 and 829 ng/mL, respectively. Further debridement and drainage were performed. RCA-CVVH was conducted; the citrate containing substitution fluid was infused in a pre-dilution manner at a rate of 4 l/h; calcium was infused through a separate access to the venous inlet of the double lumen catheter. The infusion rate was adjusted according to the serum ionized calcium and whole blood activated clotting time (WBACT). A low dose of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) was infused at the rate of 150 approximately 300 U/h simultaneously for anticoagulation after anemia had been corrected and their wounds were stable. RCA-CVVH was substituted by conventional CVVH and LMWH anticoagulation when case 2 complicated with hypoxia.. RCA-CVVH was well tolerated, hemodynamic status was stable, and no complications related with RCA-CVVH were noted. The body temperature and WBC decreased to normal range, while anemia and hypoalbuminia were corrected. The levels of serum myoglobin and creatine phosphokinase were also decreased to normal range. Their urine volume increased after 20 and 22 days of oliguria and the tubular function of the patients recovered well. Although the second case encountered acute cholecystitis and acute lung injury in the hospital, both the patients recuperated and neither of them underwent amputation.. The present two crush patients have been successfully treated, but due to the limits of the small sample, it is difficult to generalize whether RCA-CVVH is safe enough for crush syndrome with a high risk of bleeding diathesis. Additional investigation with a larger number of patients is required. Fluid equilibrium, nutritional support, prevention of bleeding and infection are fundamental in this situation.

Topics: Acetylglucosamine; Adult; Body Temperature; China; Complement C3; Creatinine; Crush Syndrome; Earthquakes; Female; Humans; Kidney Function Tests; Kidney Tubules; Male; Muramidase; Retinol-Binding Proteins; Treatment Outcome; Wounds and Injuries

To determine the ability of 149 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from burns, other wounds and environmental isolates to adhere to immobilized proteins.. The ability to bind to immobilized fibrinogen, fibronectin, laminin, collagen, IgG and lysozyme was studied using a microtitre plate assay. The strains were very diverse. Binding to fibrinogen was most frequent, followed by fibronectin, collagen and laminin. Binding to IgG and lysozyme was weak and few strains showed strong binding. Numerical analysis showed that 65% of the strains infecting burns had similar properties and bound to fibrinogen, fibronectin, collagen and IgG. The strains infecting other wounds had more variable characteristics.. The ability to adhere to proteins is important in wound infection, but clinical isolates were diverse in their ability to bind to the proteins tested. Burn wounds were more likely to be infected with strains showing multiple binding characteristics.. The study confirms the importance of adhesins in clinical infection.

Topics: Bacterial Adhesion; Burns; Collagen; Fibrinogen; Fibronectins; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Laminin; Muramidase; Protein Binding; Proteins; Staphylococcus aureus; Wound Infection; Wounds and Injuries

In 1928, while investigating variant strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Alexander Fleming found that a fungus growing near the edge of a culture of S. aureus produced a substance which had diffused into the medium, lysed the nearest organisms and thus produced a clear area immediately surrounding the fungus. Further away was a zone of transparent, degenerate colonies, while those in the outer zone appeared healthy. This culture plate was one of several left on his laboratory bench at room temperature while he was away on holiday. On his return, he noticed the difference on this plate from the usual contaminated plate. He cultivated the fungus, Penicillium notatum, which he was initially informed was P. rubrum, and called the soluble extract penicillin. It cured local infections but, at the time, could not be purified to treat systemic infections. Many authors have criticized apparent failings in Fleming. This paper catalogs the criticisms and provides evidence to refute them.

Topics: Bacteriology; History, 20th Century; Humans; London; Muramidase; Penicillins; Warfare; Wounds and Injuries

Fluid from a post-operative wound, six leg ulcers and a large blister were collected and analysed by biochemical, microbiological and immunological techniques. The results were compared with those from sera. All samples were lyophilized and extracted twice with 60% aqueous acetonitrile containing 1% trifluoroacetic acid. The pooled supernatants were lyophilized, redissolved, and the fluid extracts were characterized by six techniques (the blister exudate only with three): reverse-phase HPLC, Edman degradation, mass spectrometry, Western blot analysis, inhibition zone assay on plates with Bacillus megaterium (anti-Bm activity) and zone clearing on plates with cell walls from Micrococcus luteus (a lysozyme assay). The material corresponding to HPLC peaks of the wound fluid extract was identified as: histone H2B fragments 1-11,1-15 and 1-16, intact thymosin beta-4, defensins HNP1, 2 and 3, lysozyme and the peptide antibiotic FALL-39 and its precursor(s). The HPLC-separated blister fluid was extremely rich in anti-Bm activity (mainly defensins) and lysozyme. It may also contain factors not identified before. The plate assays scored 50-fold differences in anti-Bm activities and more than 10-fold differences in lysozyme, factors which together with thymosin could be active in wound healing. It is concluded that analysis of wound fluid yields peptide and activity patterns with novel fragments of important peptides, and quantitative differences, that can be useful to understand molecular mechanisms of wound healing further.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Amino Acid Sequence; Bacillus megaterium; Blister; Blotting, Western; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Female; Humans; Male; Micrococcus luteus; Middle Aged; Molecular Sequence Data; Muramidase; Peptides; Wounds and Injuries

The distribution of the proteinase inhibitors alpha-1-antichymotrypsin (alpha 1-act), alpha-2-macroglobulin (alpha-2-m) and lysozyme was analysed immunohistochemically in 27 intravitally acquired wounds, 3 postmortem skin lacerations and 9 specimens of undamaged skin. Intravitally acquired wounds demonstrated distinct positive reactions for all antibodies examined (alpha-1-act 66.6%; alpha-2-m 51.9%; lysozyme 25.9%). However the undamaged skin margins opposite the wound margins also gave positive reactions (alpha-1-act 51.8%; alpha-2-m 37.0%; lysozyme 25.9%). Nearly half of the control cases (specimens of undamaged skin) exhibited weak positive reactions for all 3 antibodies. These could be easily distinguished from the strong positive reactions observed in intravitally acquired wounds. False positive reactions were observed due to contamination resulting from contact with serum components, in cases of advanced autolysis of specimens, and as a result of fixation and drying artefacts. Even though immunohistochemical studies of alpha-1-act, alpha-2-m and lysozyme give some indications concerning wound vitality, they cannot be considered as proof because irrefutable differentiation of true positive and false positive reactions is not possible in all cases.

Topics: alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin; alpha-Macroglobulins; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Multiple Trauma; Muramidase; Postmortem Changes; Skin; Wounds and Injuries; Wounds, Gunshot; Wounds, Stab

Anti-infectious resistance factors and microflora in the focus of inflammation have been studied over the course of chronic posttraumatic osteomyelitis in adults. This disease is associated with elevated levels of leukocytes, lymphocytes, IgG, normal or elevated levels of IgA and lysozyme in the peripheral blood. The data obtained in the immunological examination of chronic osteomyelitis patients indicate that such patients fall into two groups: with and without pronounced IgM deficiency. Changes in microbiological and immunological characteristics vary in different groups. A detailed characterization of microflora in the focus of inflammation over the course of the disease in all patients and in individual groups of patients is presented, and the dynamics of anti-infectious resistance factors is shown to reflect changes in microflora in the focus of lesion, which is manifested by changes in immunoglobulin levels corresponding to primary (the initial IgM level being normal) and secondary (a low IgM level) immune response.

Topics: Adult; B-Lymphocytes; Bacteria; Chronic Disease; Complement System Proteins; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Immunoglobulins; Leukocyte Count; Muramidase; Osteomyelitis; Rosette Formation; T-Lymphocytes; Wounds and Injuries

An in vitro model was developed to investigate the inflammatory response to tissue damage. Human fibroblasts were heat killed and incubated with serum. Complement studies showed activation of the alternative pathway proportional to the number of dead cells; C3 was fixed on dead cells, and C5a was generated. Neutrophils (PMNLs) adhered to killed fibroblasts, a process requiring fresh serum. After adhering to killed fibroblasts in the presence of serum, PMNLs exhibited depressed chemotactic responsiveness to activated serum and reduced bactericidal activity against preopsonized Staphylococcus aureus. These data suggest that thermally killed cells activate and fix complement, a process generating cleavage products that, in turn, recruit PMNLs and bind them to the inflammatory site. Thus, in our model, dead tissue activates humoral mechanisms and inflammatory cells; this process results in depressed in situ host-defense function upon subsequent local challenge with microbes.

Topics: Blood Bactericidal Activity; Cell Adhesion; Cells, Cultured; Chemotaxis, Leukocyte; Complement Activation; Complement Pathway, Alternative; Fibroblasts; Humans; Male; Muramidase; Neutrophils; Phagocytosis; Staphylococcus aureus; Superoxides; Wounds and Injuries

Topics: Fractures, Open; Humans; Muramidase; Staphylococcal Infections; Surgical Wound Infection; Wound Infection; Wounds and Injuries

Continuing the research--started in 1973--on the influence of wounds contamination by copper ore minerals upon the living organism the authors conducted experiments on 30 animals. The experiments covered: phagocytic and metabolic activity of peripheral blood phagocytes, oxidoreductase activity of granulocytes, lysosyme level in sera of the examined animals and total hemolytic activity of the complement. The experiments demonstrated--since the 20th day after their start--a considerable decrease in phagocytic and metabolic activity of peripheral blood granulocytes in the animals with wounds contaminated by copper ore minerals. Those disturbances may decrease nonspecific cellular immunity of the organism, which entails organism's susceptibility to infections.

Topics: Animals; Calcium Carbonate; Complement System Proteins; Copper; Granulocytes; Magnesium; Male; Minerals; Muramidase; Phagocytosis; Rabbits; Wound Healing; Wound Infection; Wounds and Injuries

Topics: Cell Communication; Humans; Lymphocyte Activation; Monocytes; Muramidase; Phagocytes; Phytohemagglutinins; Plasminogen Activators; Splenectomy; T-Lymphocytes; Thromboplastin; Wounds and Injuries

Topics: Clinical Enzyme Tests; Humans; Muramidase; Prognosis; Wounds and Injuries; Wounds, Gunshot

Topics: Animals; Chickens; Escherichia coli; Infections; Methods; Muramidase; Muscles; Staphylococcus; Time Factors; Wound Healing; Wounds and Injuries

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Humans; Muramidase; Wounds and Injuries

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Dermatologic Agents; Granulation Tissue; Muramidase; Wounds and Injuries