muramidase and Proteinuria

Lysozyme amyloidosis is a rare hereditary systemic amyloidosis with amyloid deposits in various tissues leading to progressive organ failure. It has been mainly reported in developed countries since 1993. Here we report a lysozyme amyloidosis family with variant lysozyme p.Trp82Arg in a Chinese family.. The main clinical manifestation of this case was dominant kidney involvement presenting with proteinuria and decreased renal function. Biopsy of the kidney showed massive amyloid deposits in the glomerular mesangium and subendothelium. Immunohistochemistry and mass spectrometry of renal tissue confirmed the lysozyme nature of the amyloid. DNA sequencing of the peripheral blood leukocytes revealed a single base-pair transition from T to C (TGG/ CGG) of codon 82, leading to the replacement of tryptophan by arginine in the mature protein (p.Trp82Arg). The affected patients in this family also presented with dominant kidney involvement, one of them has been confirmed by IHC and mass spectrometry on his renal biopsy and gene testing as well. As there is no radical therapy for lysozyme amyloidosis, patients were given symptomatic treatment such as antihypertensive drugs and antibiotics. To our knowledge, this is the first report of lysozyme amyloidosis in a Chinese family.. Hereditary amyloidosis with a variant lysozyme of p.Trp82Arg presented with dominant kidney involvement was firstly reported in a Chinese family.

Topics: Adult; Amino Acid Substitution; Amyloid; Amyloidosis, Familial; Biopsy; China; Exons; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Male; Muramidase; Mutation; Pedigree; Proteinuria; Sequence Analysis, Protein

Low molecular weight proteins are of interest in children because their increased urinary excretion is a sign of renal tubular disease and their increased plasma concentration is inversely related to glomerular filtration rate. These proteins include beta 2-microglobulin (B2M), retinol-binding protein (RBP), alpha 1-microglobulin (A1M) and lysozyme. B2M is unstable in acid urine, in contrast to RBP and A1M which are more stable. Any increase in the urinary excretion of B2M or RBP is highly specific for tubular disease, whereas increased excretion of A1M may be seen with glomerular proteinuria. Areas of clinical application include tubular and glomerular diseases, detection of drug toxicity, reflux nephropathy, birth asphyxia and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Methods of sample collection and analysis of these proteins are discussed.

Topics: Alpha-Globulins; beta 2-Microglobulin; Child, Preschool; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Reference Values; Retinol-Binding Proteins; Retinol-Binding Proteins, Plasma; Serum Globulins; Specimen Handling

The increasing environmental and occupational exposure of populations to cadmium creates the need for biological indicators of cadmium exposure and toxicity. The advantages and disadvantages of monitoring blood cadmium, urinary, fecal, hair, and tissue cadmium, serum creatine, beta 2-microglobulin, alpha 1-anti-trypsin and other proteins, and urinary amino acids, enzymes, total proteins, glucose, beta 2-microglobulin, retinol-binding protein, lysozyme, and metallothionein are discussed. It is concluded that urinary cadmium, metallothionein and beta 2-microglubulin may be used together to assess cadmium exposure and toxicity.

Topics: alpha 1-Antitrypsin; Amino Acids; beta 2-Microglobulin; Blood Proteins; Cadmium Poisoning; Creatinine; Environmental Exposure; Enzymes; Feces; Glycosuria; Hair; Humans; Metallothionein; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Retinol-Binding Proteins

The increasing environmental and occupational exposure of populations to cadmium creates the need for biological indicators of cadmium exposure and toxicity. The advantages and disadvantages of monitoring blood cadmium, urinary, fecal, hair, and tissue cadmium, serum creatinine, beta 2-microglobulin, alpha 1-antitrypsin and other proteins, and urinary amino acids, enzymes, total proteins, glucose, beta 2-microglobulin, retinol-binding protein, lysozyme, and metallothionein are discussed. It is concluded that urinary cadmium, metallothionein and beta 2-microglobulin may be used together to assess cadmium exposure and toxicity.

Topics: Alkaline Phosphatase; alpha 1-Antitrypsin; Amino Acids; Animals; Aspartate Aminotransferases; beta 2-Microglobulin; Blood Proteins; Body Burden; Cadmium; Cadmium Poisoning; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Creatinine; Environmental Exposure; Feces; Glycosuria; Hair; Humans; Kidney; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Metallothionein; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Retinol-Binding Proteins

Aminoglycoside-induced proteinuria may result from general renal damage or may reflect alterations in specific steps in the renal handling of proteins. To differentiate between the two possibilities, experiments were designed to quantify the effects of nephrotoxic doses of gentamicin, tobramycin and netilmicin in the intact rat, isolated perfused rat kidney (IPK) and kidney slices using the cationic low molecular weight protein lysozyme as a model protein. Each aminoglycoside was administered IP to male Wistar rats (15 or 30 mg/kg/day) for 5 or 7 days. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy indicated that gentamicin and tobramycin induced a decrease in the number and diameter of endothelial fenestrae and degranulation of the myoepithelioid cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Concurrently, gentamicin and tobramycin decrease the glomerular sieving coefficient of lysozyme from 0.8 to 0.6 and 0.5, respectively. Netilmicin did not affect the percentage reabsorption of lysozyme whereas gentamicin and tobramycin induced a 50% decrease in lysozyme reabsorption by the IPK. Gentamicin and tobramycin decreased equally lysozyme degradation by the IPK; this decrease was time- and dose-dependent when evaluated in slices from renal cortex. Perfusion of rat kidneys with gentamicin induced a dose-dependent decrease in reabsorption and catabolism of lysozyme. In conclusion, these studies demonstrate that polycationic aminoglycosides alter ultrastructure and glomerular permeability, tubular reabsorption and intracellular digestion of proteins.

Topics: Absorption; Acetylglucosaminidase; Aminoglycosides; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biotransformation; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Kidney; Kidney Tubules; Lysosomes; Male; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Rats

Topics: Adult; Animals; Bence Jones Protein; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Calcium; Carcinoma; Electrolytes; Fanconi Syndrome; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Leukemia; Lymphoma; Multiple Myeloma; Muramidase; Neoplasms; Nephrotic Syndrome; Phosphorus; Potassium; Proteinuria; Sodium

Topics: Antibodies, Heterophile; Antibody Formation; Blood Coagulation; Cell Migration Inhibition; Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic; Graft Rejection; Humans; Immune Adherence Reaction; Immunity, Cellular; Inflammation; Kidney Transplantation; Lymphocyte Activation; Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Transplantation, Homologous

Topics: Age Factors; Body Surface Area; Child; Child, Preschool; Creatinine; Edetic Acid; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Kidney Concentrating Ability; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Function Tests; Kidney Tubules, Distal; Kidney Tubules, Proximal; Male; Mathematics; Muramidase; Osmolar Concentration; Potassium; Proteinuria; Serum Albumin; Sodium

Topics: Aminopeptidases; Amylases; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Catalase; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Deoxyribonucleases; Diuresis; Enzyme Activation; Enzyme Inhibitors; Enzymes; Esterases; Fibrinolytic Agents; Glycoside Hydrolases; Humans; Kallikreins; Kidney Diseases; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Muramidase; Myocardial Infarction; Pepsinogens; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Proteinuria; Rats; Ribonucleases; Sulfatases; Transaminases; Water-Electrolyte Balance

Topics: Bence Jones Protein; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulins; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Plasma Cell; Lymphoma; Multiple Myeloma; Muramidase; Proteins; Proteinuria; Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia

Forty-one patients with urinary tract infections were randomly assigned to receive for six days gentamicin, amikacin, sisomicin or netilmicin. The dose for each patient was calculated according to creatinine clearance and lean body mass in order to avoid overdosages. Urinary enzymes (alpha-glucosidase, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase and muramidase), serum creatinine and creatinine clearance, proteinuria and urinary sediment were evaluated for nephrotoxicity. None of the patients developed nephrotoxicity, but urinary enzymes rose significantly in all. The statistical analysis of enzymuria during the treatment permitted the definition of a rank order of the nephrotoxic potential of the aminoglycosides studied.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; alpha-Glucosidases; Amikacin; Creatinine; Female; gamma-Glutamyltransferase; Gentamicins; Glucosidases; Humans; Kanamycin; Kidney; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Netilmicin; Proteinuria; Sisomicin; Urinary Tract Infections

Karyomegalic interstitial nephropathy (KIN) has been reported as an incidental finding in patients with childhood cancer treated with ifosfamide. It is defined by the presence of tubular epithelial cells (TECs) with enlarged, irregular, and hyperchromatic nuclei. Cellular senescence has been proposed to be involved in kidney fibrosis in hereditary KIN patients. We report that KIN could be diagnosed 7-32 months after childhood cancer diagnosis in 6/6 consecutive patients biopsied for progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD) of unknown cause between 2018 and 2021. The morphometry of nuclear size distribution and markers for DNA damage (γH2AX), cell-cycle arrest (p21+, Ki67-), and nuclear lamina decay (loss of lamin B1), identified karyomegaly and senescence features in TECs. Polyploidy was assessed by chromosome fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). In all six patients the number of p21-positive TECs far exceeded the typically small numbers of truly karyomegalic cells, and p21-positive TECs contained less lysozyme, testifying to defective resorption, which explains the consistently observed low-molecular-weight (LMW) proteinuria. In addition, polyploidy of TEC was observed to correlate with loss of lysozyme staining. Importantly, in the five patients with the largest nuclei, the percentage of p21-positive TECs tightly correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate loss between biopsy and last follow-up (R

Topics: Biopsy; Cellular Senescence; Child; Humans; Ifosfamide; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; Kidney; Muramidase; Neoplasms; Nephritis, Interstitial; Polyploidy; Proteinuria; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic

A 2-year-old, female German Shepherd Dog with facial nerve paralysis was diagnosed with acute myelomonocytic leukemia based on clinical, cytologic, and immunologic findings. Proteinuria (urine proteincreatinine ratio = 1.5) occurred in the absence of renal failure. Qualitative assessment of proteinuria by sodium dodecyl sulfate-agarose gel electrophoresis revealed a broad band with a molecular weight of approximately 15 kDa that was compatible with lysozyme (LZM). A diagnosis of tubular proteinuria was made, and a chemical evaluation of LZM in serum and urine samples was performed using a turbidimetric assay. The LZM concentrations were 24.5 mg/l (reference interval: 2.5-8.0 mg/l) and 274.5 mg/l (reference interval: <2 mg/l) in serum and urine, respectively.

Topics: Animals; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Muramidase; Proteinuria

A simple and sensitive method was conducted for the determination of trace amounts of proteins with benzeneazo-8-acetylamino-1-naphthol-3,6-disulfonic acid sodium salt (azophloxine, AP) using a Rayleigh light-scattering (RLS) technique. At pH 2.60 and in the presence of an emulsifier OP microemulsion, the RLS of AP can be greatly enhanced by proteins, owing to the interaction between AP and protein. The enhanced intensity is proportional to the concentration of proteins. Four proteins, including bovine serum albumin (BSA), human serum albumin (HSA), lysozyme (Lys) and gamma globulin (gamma-G) have been tested. For example, the linear range of BSA was 0 - 0.06 microg mL(-1) with detection limits of 2.38 ng mL(-1). The method was applied to the analysis of protein in human urine and penicillin samples with satisfactory results. The relative standard deviation was in all instances less than 4.0%, and the recovery was in the range of 97.5 - 104%.

Topics: Azo Compounds; Benzaldehydes; Buffers; gamma-Globulins; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Light; Micelles; Models, Chemical; Muramidase; Naphthalenesulfonates; Penicillins; Proteins; Proteinuria; Scattering, Radiation; Serum Albumin; Urinalysis

In previous studies, we have demonstrated that the low molecular weight protein lysozyme can be used as a renal-selective drug carrier for delivery of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor captopril. Typically, such macromolecular drug-targeting preparations are administered intravenously. In the present study, we investigated the fate of captopril-lysozyme following subcutaneous administration, a convenient route for long-term treatment. The absorption from the subcutaneous injection site and renal uptake of lysozyme were determined by gamma scintigraphy in rats. Bioavailability, renal accumulation, and stability of the captopril-lysozyme conjugate were evaluated by high performance liquid chromatography analysis and by ACE activity measurements. Lysozyme was absorbed gradually and completely from the subcutaneous injection site within 24 h and accumulated specifically in kidneys. After subcutaneous injection of the captopril-lysozyme conjugate, higher renal captopril levels and lower captopril-lysozyme levels in urine indicated the improved renal accumulation in comparison with intravenous administration of the conjugate, as well as its stability at the injection site. After both treatments, captopril-lysozyme conjugate effectuated renal ACE inhibition, whereas plasma ACE was not inhibited. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that we can use the subcutaneous route to administer drug delivery preparations like the captopril-lysozyme conjugate.

Topics: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Animals; Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; Captopril; Doxorubicin; Drug Delivery Systems; Injections, Subcutaneous; Kidney; Male; Muramidase; Nephrosis; Proteinuria; Radionuclide Imaging; Radiopharmaceuticals; Rats; Rats, Wistar

High-sodium intake blunts the renoprotective efficacy of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. We investigated whether targeting the drug to the kidneys may attenuate the inferior response to ACE inhibitor (ACE-I) under high-sodium conditions. The ACE-I, captopril, was coupled to the low molecular weight protein (LMWP) lysozyme, yielding captopril-lysozyme conjugates that accumulate specifically in the proximal tubular cells of the kidneys. We compared the antiproteinuric efficacy of captopril to that of the captopril-lysozyme conjugate in adriamycin-induced proteinuric rats fed with a high-sodium diet.. Rats with adriamycin (single injection 2 mg/kg)- induced proteinuria were put on a high-sodium diet (HS; 3% NaCl). When stable proteinuria developed at 5.5 weeks, animals were assigned to the following subcutaneous treatments: (1) vehicle (n=7); (2) lysozyme (equivalent to the amount in conjugate) (n=7); (3) captopril (5 mg/kg/24 hours) (n=8); (4) captopril-lysozyme conjugate (captopril content equivalent to 1mg captopril/kg/24 hours) (n=7). Blood pressure and proteinuria were monitored. After 10 days of treatment the rats were sacrificed and kidneys and plasma were removed.. Results are given as mean + S.E.M. After injection with adriamycin at t=0, stable proteinuria developed, amounting to 547+79 mg/24 hours at week 5.5. Subsequently, after seven and nine days of treatment, no reduction of proteinuria was observed in the captopril-treated group. In contrast, a significant reduction in proteinuria, amounting to 35+4% (day seven) and 25+2% (day nine), was observed in the captopril-lysozyme conjugate group (p<0.05 compared with the captopril group). In contrast, blood pressure was reduced in the captopril-treated group by 13.9+2.9 mmHg, while in the captopril-lysozyme treated group, an increase of 7.9+3.3 mmHg was found. Renal ACE activity was lowered by 30% in the captopril, as well as in the captopril-lysozyme conjugate treated group, compared with control. Furthermore, the ratio of kidney: plasma levels of captopril almost doubled as a consequence of coupling to lysozyme.. In proteinuric rats fed with a high-sodium diet, captopril induced a reduction in blood pressure without an effect on proteinuria. In contrast, renal targeting of a five times lower dose of the ACE-I with the captopril-lysozyme conjugate reduced proteinuria without reducing blood pressure. Therefore, renal targeting of ACE-I may be a promising strategy to optimise the therapeutic response of ACE-I.

Topics: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Animals; Blood Pressure; Captopril; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Doxorubicin; Drug Delivery Systems; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Male; Muramidase; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; Proteinuria; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sodium, Dietary

Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Bence Jones Protein; Electrophoresis; Humans; Immunoglobulin Light Chains; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Male; Muramidase; Paraproteinemias; Proteinuria

Topics: Adult; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Biopsy; Bone Marrow; Diagnosis, Differential; Fatal Outcome; Humans; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Male; Muramidase; Nephrotic Syndrome; Proteinuria; Remission Induction

The potential toxicity and carcinogenicity of erythritol, a low-calorie sugar substitute, were examined in Wistar Crl:(WI) WU BR rats. Groups of 50 rats of each sex consumed diets with 0, 2, 5, or 10% erythritol, or 10% mannitol, for a period of 104-107 weeks. To each of these main groups, two satellite groups of 20 males each were attached for interim kills after 52 and 78 weeks of treatment. At start of the study, the rats were 5-6 weeks old. The average intakes of erythritol in the 2, 5, and 10% groups were 0.9, 2.2, and 4.6 g/kg body wt/day for males and 1.0, 2.6, and 5.4 g/kg body wt/day for females, respectively. Mannitol intakes were 4.4 and 5.2 g/kg body wt/day in males and females, respectively. All treatments were well tolerated without diarrhea or other side effects. Body weights were significantly below control levels during most of the study in males of the 5% erythritol group and in males and females of the 10% erythritol and 10% mannitol groups. Survival of the animals was not adversely affected by the treatments. Hematological and clinicochemical examinations did not reveal noticeable changes which could be attributed to treatment. Analysis of urine samples collected during five 48-hr periods, from rats of the satellite groups in Weeks 26, 42, 50, and 78 and from rats of the main groups in Week 102, showed that about 60% of ingested erythritol was excreted unchanged. The urine volumes increased with increasing dietary erythritol levels. In line with previous observations on other polyols, erythritol and mannitol ingestion led to an increased excretion of urinary calcium and citrate. The urinary excretions of sodium, potassium, phosphate, N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), low-molecular-weight protein (LMP), and total protein (TP) were slightly elevated in the 10% erythritol group. Increased GGT and NAG excretions also were seen occasionally at the 5% dose. Significantly increased relative cecum weights were seen in rats of either sex in the 10% mannitol and, somewhat less pronounced, 10% erythritol groups. Some cecal enlargement also was seen in the 5% erythritol group. The relative weight of the kidneys was highest in the 10% erythritol group, the difference from controls reaching statistical significance at interim kills (males) and termination (females). Except for more frequent pelvic nephrocalcinosis in female rats of all erythritol dose groups, the histopathological examinations did not reveal any nonneop

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Animals; Body Weight; Carcinogenicity Tests; Carcinogens; Electrolytes; Erythritol; Female; gamma-Glutamyltransferase; Kidney; Kidney Tubules; Liver; Male; Mannitol; Muramidase; Organ Size; Proteinuria; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sweetening Agents

Early morning urine specimens were obtained from two groups of non-insulin dependent diabetic patients and a group (43 subjects) of normal controls. The diabetic patients were divided into two subgroups according to the degree of diabetic control as judged by their glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1) levels (well-controlled, 47 subjects; poorly controlled, 51 subjects). The concentration of the low-molecular-weight enzyme (lysozyme) was determined in each urine specimen and related to the concentration of creatinine (lysozyme/creatinine). The mean urinary lysozyme concentration was higher in each of the two diabetic groups as compared with the control group. However, it was not significantly different between the two diabetic groups. These result suggest that there is no association between the degree of glycaemic control and tubular proteinuria.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Blood Glucose; Creatinine; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Nephropathies; Female; Glycated Hemoglobin; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Proteinuria

Topics: Humans; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Nephrotic Syndrome; Proteinuria

1. Biochemical markers of kidney damage were examined in 14 male and 12 female workers highly exposed to soluble nickel compounds in a chemical plant. The results were compared to those obtained in 12 male and 12 female matched controls. 2. The concentration of nickel in urine of male and female workers averaged 5.0 and 10.3 micrograms g-1 creatinine, respectively. The mean duration of exposure in male and female workers was 25 and 15 years. 3. No difference was found in the mean urinary excretion of lactate dehydrogenase, albumin and transferrin in both sexes, total proteins, beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-m) and retinol-binding protein (RBP) in males and lysozyme in females. Lysozyme and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) were increased in male and total proteins, beta 2-m, NAG and RBP in female exposed workers. Significant correlations between urinary concentrations of nickel on one side and that of beta 2-m in women (r = 0.462, P = 0.022) and men (r = 0.41, P = 0.018) and of NAG in men (r = 0.405, P = 0.019) on the other side were found in exposed subjects. 4. Results indicate adverse effects of soluble nickel compounds on the kidney tubular function. In agreement with literature data it seems that those effects occur only at high exposure levels.

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Adult; Albuminuria; beta 2-Microglobulin; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Nickel; Occupational Exposure; Proteinuria; Transferrin

We tested the diagnostic sensitivity of various urinary analytes for detecting cadmium-induced nephropathy at an early stage. We investigated 73 healthy persons (control group 1) and individuals exposed to cadmium, either environmentally (n = 36, risk group 2) or occupationally (n = 62, exposed group 3). All data were related to limits of the central 95% reference intervals of the control group. The serum creatinine and ribonuclease values, indicators of the glomerular filtration rate, were not different in the three groups. In the exposed persons (group 3), proximal tubular indicators (low-M(r) proteins lysozyme, ribonuclease, retinol-binding protein, and alpha 1-microglobulin) were more often increased than the glomerular indices (higher-M(r) proteins transferrin, IgG, and albumin). Both the low-M(r) proteins and tubular enzymes were differently altered in their excretion rates. Alanine aminopeptidase, alkaline phosphatase, and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase increased even in the risk group 2. alpha 1-Microglobulin was increased in the exposed persons whose cadmium excretion was < 5 mumol/mol creatinine. The combined determination of alpha 1-microglobulin and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase exceeded the corresponding upper reference limits in 30% of group 2 and 39% of group 3. We recommend screening for these two analytes to detect cadmium-induced renal dysfunction at an early stage.

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Adult; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Alpha-Globulins; Aminopeptidases; Cadmium Poisoning; CD13 Antigens; Creatinine; Environmental Exposure; Female; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Occupational Diseases; Proteinuria; Reference Values; Retinol-Binding Proteins; Ribonucleases

Topics: Electrophoresis, Agar Gel; Eosinophil-Derived Neurotoxin; False Positive Reactions; Humans; Muramidase; Neurotoxins; Proteinuria; Ribonucleases

The hydroxyl radical scavengers dimethylthiourea (DMTU), sodium benzoate, and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were administered to rats before doxorubicin hydrochloride (ADR) (5 mg/kg, IV) to probe the role of free radicals in mediating proteinuria in doxorubicin hydrochloride nephrosis (AN). Because ADR stimulates free radical production, the role of renal glutathione was also evaluated; glutathione metabolism is involved in tissue detoxification processes. DMTU administration to rats with AN caused a significant (p less than 0.01) reduction in their proteinuria after 7 days (52.84 +/- 13.21 mg/24 hours) when they were compared with ADR controls (155.81 +/- 20.16 mg/24 hours). In similar fashion, their urine albumin excretion was also significantly reduced when compared with that of ADR controls (11.13 +/- 2.75 mg/24 hours vs 32.08 +/- 4.14 mg/24 hours; p less than 0.01). DMTU-treated rats also had significantly (p less than 0.001) reduced urinary protein and albumin excretion at 14 days when compared with rats that received ADR alone. The urinary excretion of lysozyme and N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, markers of renal tubular injury, were significantly increased after 7 or 14 days in rats with AN, despite DMTU treatment. Creatinine clearance was significantly reduced (p less than 0.05) in rats receiving ADR alone (0.223 +/- 0.011 ml/min/100 gm) when compared with that in normal controls (0.331 +/- 0.027 ml/min/100 gm) or DMTU-treated rats (0.289 +/- 0.035 ml/min/100 gm). Unlike DMTU, neither sodium benzoate nor DMSO reduced proteinuria in rats with AN.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Albuminuria; Animals; Benzoates; Benzoic Acid; Creatine; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Disease Models, Animal; Doxorubicin; Free Radical Scavengers; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Glutathione; Hydroxides; Hydroxyl Radical; Injections, Intravenous; Kidney Cortex; Male; Muramidase; Nephrosis; Proteinuria; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thiourea

An investigation was carried out into renal injury caused by extracorporeal piezoelectric lithotripsy (EPL) using an EDAP lithotriptor. Four urinary proteins, with a molecular weight range of 160000-14500, immunoglobulin G (IgG), N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAG), albumin and lysozyme, were monitored in 27 patients 1 day before and 1, 7, 30, 90 and 180 days after unilateral EPL treatment. All patients had non-obstructive renal stones, previously untreated. Apart from 5 patients with stablised hypertension and 6 with persistent urinary infections due to the infected stones, all patients appeared healthy, as confirmed by clinical, haematological and biochemical investigations. Only albumin levels increased significantly 1 day after treatment; statistically nonsignificant increases and decreases were recorded in the levels of NAG and lysozome respectively. IgG was beyond the limit of detection (less than 0.5 mg%) in all patients. The albumin level returned to normal 7 days after treatment. The EPL-induced increase in albumin was recorded in 88% of patients, compared with increased levels of NAG in 46% and lysozyme in 64%, mainly in those with infected stones. These findings indicated a transient glomerular injury after EPL treatment.

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Albuminuria; Female; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Kidney; Kidney Calculi; Lithotripsy; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Time Factors

Renal tubular function was investigated in 98 non-insulin-dependent and 18 insulin-dependent diabetics under conditions of standard glycemic control. Mean urinary excretion of lysozyme, beta 2-microglobulin and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) in both Albustix-negative and positive patients were significantly elevated above the control range. The increased excretion of lysozyme, beta 2-microglobulin and NAG was found in 21, 55 and 62% of the normoalbuminuric patients, and in 40, 57 and 74% of the microalbuminuric patients, respectively. Besides the parameters cited above, urinary acid-soluble glycoprotein (ASP) was measured to assess its potential as an indicator of early renal dysfunction. Mean urinary ASP excretion was also elevated in both Albustix-negative and positive patients. The albumin/ASP ratio increased as nephropathy advanced. Such a mode of excretion was similar to those of low-molecular-weight proteins (lysozyme and beta 2-microglobulin). The results of multiple regression analysis showed that serum creatinine most highly correlated with the excretion of the urinary proteins except for NAG.

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Adult; Albuminuria; beta 2-Microglobulin; Biomarkers; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Nephropathies; Female; Humans; Kidney Tubules; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Regression Analysis

We measured the excretion rates of six urinary enzymes that either originate from the proximal renal tubule, like alanine aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.2), alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), gamma-glutamyltransferase (EC 2.3.2.2), and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30), or that are typical low-molecular-mass proteins, like lysozyme (EC 3.2.1.17) and pancreatic ribonuclease (EC 3.1.27.5). These rates were compared with those of total protein and albumin in urine of 36 insulin-dependent diabetic men and 30 healthy men. Seventeen of the diabetics had "clinical proteinuria," defined as excretion of more than 7.5 g of protein per mole of urinary creatinine (group B). Group A comprised the 19 diabetics without proteinuria. Except for gamma-glutamyltransferase, the excretions of enzymes and proteins were significantly higher in diabetics than in controls and were greater in group B than in group A. N-Acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase was the analyte most often increased in group A (89%), followed by albumin and alkaline phosphatase (each 32%). All patients in group B showed increased excretion of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase. We conclude from the comparative data that this enzyme may be useful as an early predictor of diabetic nephropathy.

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Adult; Albuminuria; Alkaline Phosphatase; Aminopeptidases; CD13 Antigens; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetic Nephropathies; gamma-Glutamyltransferase; Humans; Male; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Ribonuclease, Pancreatic

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Albuminuria; beta 2-Microglobulin; gamma-Glutamyltransferase; Glomerulonephritis; Hexosaminidases; Humans; Kidney Glomerulus; Kidney Tubules; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Muramidase; Proteinuria

Topics: Adult; Aminopeptidases; Analysis of Variance; CD13 Antigens; Female; Glucuronidase; Graft Rejection; Humans; Kidney Transplantation; Male; Muramidase; Prognosis; Proteinuria; Transplantation, Homologous

The activities of urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and alanine aminopeptidase (AAP) were measured in 207 diabetic patients and 57 healthy controls, and the relationship of these enzymes to different stages of diabetic microangiopathy was studied. Diabetics with clinical proteinuria had higher urinary NAG and AAP (17.7 +/- 1.9 and 42.8 +/- 4.9 U/g creatinine, mean +/- SE, respectively) than healthy controls (1.8 +/- 0.1 and 10.0 +/- 0.4) or diabetics without proteinuria. Among diabetics without proteinuria, NAG excretion in those with retinopathy was slightly higher than in those without (6.4 +/- 0.5 v 5.4 +/- 0.4), and AAP in those with retinopathy was significantly higher than in those without (23.0 +/- 1.5 v 17.4 +/- 0.8, P less than 0.01). Urinary albumin measured by radioimmunoassay and lysozyme in diabetics with retinopathy but without proteinuria was higher than those without retinopathy (P less than 0.001 and P less than 0.01). The increase in albumin was the greatest in diabetics with long duration of the disease (greater than or equal to 8 years); however, NAG and AAP increased more significantly in those with high hemoglobin A1c than in patients with long duration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Adult; Aged; Albuminuria; Aminopeptidases; CD13 Antigens; Creatinine; Diabetic Angiopathies; Diabetic Retinopathy; Female; Hexosaminidases; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Proteinuria

A urinary enzyme pattern consisting of two lysosomal enzymes, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase and lysozyme, and one enzyme originating from kidney tubular brush border membrane, alanine-aminopeptidase, were studied in 30 patients undergoing intravenous urography and arteriography. N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase and lysozyme showed the greatest diagnostic sensitivity and were still abnormal on the fifth day after the administration of radio contrast agent. The results, which are statistically significant (Student's t test), suggest that radio-contrast agents are potentially nephotoxic.

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Adult; Aminopeptidases; Angiography; CD13 Antigens; Contrast Media; Hexosaminidases; Humans; Kidney Tubules, Proximal; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Urography

To better characterize the effects of body position and exercise on urinary protein excretion, carefully defined random urine samples were obtained during recumbency and following both ambulation and exercise in healthy adolescent student athletes. Albumin, lysozyme, and N-acetyl-B-D-glucosaminidase were measured in all samples. Glomerular permeability and tubular function were assessed using the urinary albumin creatinine ratio (UAlb/UCr), the urinary lysozyme creatinine ratio (ULy/UCr), the urinary N-acetyl-B-D-glucosaminidase creatinine ratio (UNag/UCr), and the urinary lysozyme albumin ratio (ULy/UAlb). UAlb/UCr was significantly (p less than 0.001) lower in recumbent urine samples than in either ambulatory or postexercise samples, although no difference was seen between the latter two groups. Furthermore, recumbent UAlb/UCr was higher in females (p less than 0.01) and postexercise UAlb/UCr varied significantly (p less than 0.001), depending on the type of physical activity. ULy/UCr, UNag/UCr, and ULy/UAlb were unaffected by either posture or physical activity. A significant correlation was found between UAlb/UCr and UNag/UCr (r = 0.60, p = 0.0001) and also between ULy/UCr and ULy/UAlb (r = 0.84, p = 0.001). In addition, urine-specific gravity was found to have a significant negative correlation with UAlb/UCr (r = -0.33, p = 0.001). The results of this study suggest that in the adolescent, recumbent albumin excretion is higher in females and that ambulation increases glomerular permeability. Exercise does not appear to induce any additional alteration in glomerular permeability, although the effects of exercise are likely-related to the type and severity of physical activity. Renal tubular function is unaltered by either ambulation or exercise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Adolescent; Albuminuria; Female; Humans; Male; Muramidase; Physical Exertion; Posture; Proteinuria

Immunoblots of several urinary low-molecular-mass proteins can be very useful in investigations of pathological proteinuria. However, use of certain commercial antisera in such procedures leads to artifacts corresponding to nonspecific bands; e.g., immunoglobulins from nonimmunized rabbit serum may bind to human urinary proteins, and this binding is not inhibited by Triton X-100. We have developed a procedure to improve the specificity of detection of urinary low-Mr proteins separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, by immunoblotting with commercial antisera: we treat the protein blot with a mixture of mercaptoethanol and sodium dodecyl sulfate before incubation with the first antiserum. This allows direct use of commercial antisera without prior absorption of contaminating antibodies.

Topics: Alpha-Globulins; beta 2-Microglobulin; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Humans; Immune Sera; Immunosorbent Techniques; Mercaptoethanol; Methods; Muramidase; Octoxynol; Polyethylene Glycols; Proteinuria; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

Seeking to study whether measurement of lysozyme (EC 3.2.1.17) in urine by a reliable radioimmunoassay can provide a suitable index of renal tubular function and how lysozymuria develops in temporal relation to proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy, we have compared the urinary excretion of lysozyme and beta 2-microglobulin with the 15-min excretion rate of phenolsulfonphthalein in 39 patients with Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes and investigated the temporal relation between the onset of lysozymuria and proteinuria in 15 patients with Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes. The concentrations of lysozyme and beta 2-microglobulin in urine increased in proportion to the decrease in the rate of excretion of phenolsulfonphthalein in these patients. The coefficient of correlation between lysozyme concentration and the 15-min excretion rate of phenolsulfonphthalein (r = -0.70) was higher than that between beta 2-microglobulin concentration and the 15-min excretion rate of phenolsulfonphthalein (r = -0.46). Abnormally high lysozymuria, suggesting the existence of tubular dysfunction, was demonstrated in six of the patients with Type 1 diabetes who showed no proteinuria or only a slight increase in urinary protein excretion. Lysozymuria may thus be added to a list of the indicators for diabetic nephropathy.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; beta 2-Microglobulin; Child; Child, Preschool; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Nephropathies; Humans; Kidney Tubules; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Phenolsulfonphthalein; Proteinuria

In 51 dogs with predominantly massive urinary protein loss, the daily loss was quantified and glomerular and tubulointerstitial lesions from renal biopsies were characterised and graded using histology, immune fluorescence and electron microscopy. The highest median daily urinary protein loss occurred in dogs with membranous glomerulonephritis (median 380 mg kg-1 d-1) and renal amyloidosis (median 257 mg kg-1 d-1). Although in nine febrile dogs the urinary protein loss was transient, both glomerular and tubular lesions were diagnosed in five and seven of these dogs, respectively. The pattern of urinary proteins was determined using sodium dodecyl-sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The albumin fractional clearance (FC) was raised in 46 dogs, whereas the FCS of the low molecular weight (MW) protein fraction (MW less than 66,000) and high molecular weight protein fraction (MW more than 66,000) were raised in 42 and 28 dogs, respectively. Both the high molecular weight protein FC and albumin FC significantly correlated to the grade of glomerular lesions, whereas the low molecular weight protein FC only moderately significantly correlated to the grade of tubular lesions. The selectivity index, calculated as (formula; see text) did not differentiate between the various forms of glomerulopathies. The urinary lysozyme concentration was significantly correlated to the grade of tubular lesions. It is concluded that although quantitative and qualitative measurements of urinary proteins can provide additional clinical information, they do not have a reliable predictive value and histopathological examination of renal tissue is still necessary for the final diagnosis.

Topics: Animals; Biopsy; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Glomerulus; Kidney Tubules; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Muramidase; Proteins; Proteinuria

Effect of latamoxef (LMOX) against tobramycin (TOB)-induced nephrotoxicity was studied in rats. Treatment with TOB (90 mg/kg/day, s.c.) alone resulted in marked increases in the activities of urinary enzymes such as lactate dehydrogenase, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and lysozyme, urinary protein content and blood urea nitrogen, which peaked on the 7th or 10th day. The combination with LMOX (500, 1000 or 2000 mg/kg/day, s.c.) significantly suppressed increases in the parameters with TOB alone. The extent of this suppression roughly depended on the LMOX dosage. Although TOB alone caused pronounced histological changes such as extensive cortical proximal tubular cell necrosis, residual tubular basement membrane and cast formations in the renal cortex and medulla on the 7th day, these changes were apparently suppressed by combination with LMOX. In addition, intrarenal TOB concentrations in the rat given TOB alone were about 350, 500 and 1000 micrograms/g tissue wet weight at 3 hr, on day 3 and on day 5, respectively. On the other hand, there was a significant reduction (30-60%) in intrarenal TOB concentration by combination with LMOX. These results indicate that combination with LMOX obviously protects the rat kidney from TOB nephrotoxicity, and the protective effect may be partially due to suppression of intrarenal accumulation of TOB by LMOX.

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Aminoglycosides; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Male; Moxalactam; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Tobramycin

A system for the rapid isolation of low molecular weight proteins from urine has been devised, and illustrated by alpha 1-microglobulin, beta 2-microglobulin, retinol binding protein, lysozyme and monoclonal light chains. Urine proteins from patients with tubular dysfunction were concentrated, either by ultrafiltration or ammonium sulphate precipitation. This was followed by gel chromatography on Sephadex G-50. The appropriate fractions were then separated by chromatography on Pharmacia monobead columns. A Mono Q strong anion exchanger was used for beta 2-microglobulin, retinol binding protein, alpha 1-microglobulin and free monoclonal light chains. Lysozyme was separated on a Mono S cation exchanger. The chromatography was first optimized on HR 5/5 columns and then scaled up to HR 16/10 columns.

Topics: Alpha-Globulins; beta 2-Microglobulin; Buffers; Chromatography, Gel; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Chromatography, Liquid; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Freeze Drying; Humans; Molecular Weight; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Retinol-Binding Proteins

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Adolescent; Adult; Antigen-Antibody Complex; Female; Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome; Humans; Immunoglobulins; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Proteinuria

Binding of the cationic molecule lysozyme to the glomerular basement membrane and to the glomerular epithelial cell coat was investigated in the glomerulus of normal female Wistar rats and in rats in which heavy proteinuria was induced by the daily administration of 1 g of bovine serum albumin. In normal rats the binding of lysozyme to the anionic groups in the glomerular basement membrane and the cell coat had no effect on the ultrastructure of the glomerular epithelial cell, in particular the foot processes were unchanged. In the proteinuric rats the lysozyme-binding to the glomerular basement membrane and the epithelial cell coat was completely lost in the damaged glomeruli. In the apparently normal glomeruli present in these proteinuric animals binding was similar to that seen in normal rats. These results suggest that in protein-overload proteinuria there is a loss of glomerular anion and hence a reduction in the glomerular charge barrier. This may account, at least in part, for the increased glomerular leak of negatively charged serum albumin in this experimental model of proteinuria.

Topics: Animals; Basement Membrane; Female; Kidney Glomerulus; Microscopy, Electron; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Albuminuria; Antigen-Antibody Complex; beta-N-Acetyl-Galactosaminidase; Female; Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome; Hexosaminidases; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Proteinuria

In 42 myeloma patients our results confirm the association of light chain proteinuria and renal damage, but suggest that while the amount of light chain excreted is an important factor, only some light chains are nephrotoxic. The excretion of the proximal tubular cell lysosomal enzyme N acetyl B D glucosaminidase was a sensitive index of tubular injury, while the presence of low molecular weight proteinuria (Retinol Binding Protein and Lysozyme) was shown to indicate tubular dysfunction in a kidney sufficiently damaged to produce an impaired GFR. Isolated defects of distal tubular function (acid load response and concentrating ability) were rare. Such changes were seen mainly as part of global renal impairment and were usually associated with such specific pathophysiological conditions as plasma hyperviscosity or tubular crystal deposition. Hypercalcemia had a specific effect on the concentrating ability independent of any impairment of renal acidification.

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Adult; Aged; Creatinine; Female; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Immunoglobulin Light Chains; Kidney Tubules; Kidney Tubules, Distal; Kidney Tubules, Proximal; Lysosomes; Male; Middle Aged; Multiple Myeloma; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Retinol-Binding Proteins; Retinol-Binding Proteins, Plasma

A wide variety of tests for the detection of circulating immune complexes (IC) has been proposed by different authors, but there is very little to no information concerning the performance of IC screening assays in samples known to contain in vivo-formed IC. The purpose of our investigation was to compare the behavior of a non-specific assay, the PEG-IgG screening test for IC, with an antigen-specific assay in serum samples sequentially obtained from rabbits to which we induced acute serum sickness. Five animals were used in the study; we were able to detect an increase of IC constituted by the heterologous antigen (human serum albumin) and corresponding antibodies in all, and in 4 animals the results of the PEG-IgG assay closely correlated with the results of the antigen-specific assay (rho values between 0.975 and 1.00). The 4 animals in which IC showed a definite peak by both assays developed proteinuria and IC deposits at the glomerular level, while the animal that failed to develop IC detectable by the PEG-IgG test remained normal throughout the study. These results demonstrate the ability of the PEG-IgG test to detect in vivo-formed IC and suggest that the IC detected by this test have pathogenic potential.

Topics: Acute Disease; Albuminuria; Animals; Antigen-Antibody Complex; Autoimmune Diseases; Disease Models, Animal; Immunoglobulin G; Longitudinal Studies; Muramidase; Polyethylene Glycols; Proteinuria; Rabbits; Serum Sickness

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Chronic Disease; Contrast Media; Female; Glomerulonephritis; Humans; Kidney; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Urography

Proximal renal tubular function was studied in 11 patients with severe burn injury. Creatinine clearance was normal or increased in ten patients. Fractional excretion of sodium was less than 1% in ten. Fractional excretion of uric acid and amylase were increased in all but four and two cases, respectively, while absolute clearances of lysozyme and beta 2-microglobulin were increased in all but one patient. Renal threshold phosphate concentration was reduced in four patients. Twenty-four-hour urine glucose excretion exceeded 1 g in five patients, aminoaciduria was noted in eight, and proteinuria, predominantly globulinuria, was present consistently. Metabolic acidosis was seen in one patient, and transient hypokalemia occurred in two. Abnormalities of proximal tubular function were more marked in the five patients with the greatest extent of third-degree burns who died. The cause of proximal tubular dysfunction is not clear and may be related to an adaptive response to severe injury.

Topics: Adult; Amylases; Burns; Creatinine; Female; Glucose; Humans; Kidney Tubules, Proximal; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Phosphates; Proteinuria; Uric Acid

Randomly taken postmortem urine samples (170) were analyzed by the Emit-dau system for their barbiturate and benzodiazepine content. Of the samples, 23% and 25% were found positive for barbiturate and benzodiazepine, respectively. The percentages of the positive samples were reduced by a heating process to 9% and 11%, respectively. TLC and Emit-st were used for reference procedures. The relative high percentage (above 30%) of the urine samples analyzed exhibited elevated lysozyme activity and protein value. It was found that the disturbing proteins in the Emit-dau system contained not only endogene lysozyme but other thermolabile fractions with higher molecular weight.

Topics: Barbiturates; Benzodiazepines; Cadaver; Forensic Medicine; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Urine

Topics: alpha-Glucosidases; Aminoglycosides; Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta 2-Microglobulin; Cephalosporins; Drug Evaluation; Glucosidases; Humans; Male; Muramidase; Prospective Studies; Proteinuria; Ribonucleases

The occurrence of post-exercise proteinuria was investigated in intact and splenectomized dogs after treadmill running and swimming and compared to control experiments. Albumin and lysozyme were measured by radial diffusion. Urinary protein was analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Swimming in the splenectomized dogs increased the albumin excretion in the first 30 min after exercise from 0.03 to 0.22 mg X min-1 and the lysozyme excretion in the same period from 0.11 to 0.75 micrograms X min-1. Swimming in intact dogs caused smaller increase in the lysozyme and albumin excretions during the exercise period itself as well as in the albumin excretion in the first 30 min after exercise. Running had no effect on urinary albumin or lysozyme but increased the low molecular weight protein fraction in the splenectomized dogs. Plasma lactate concentrations were higher during swimming in the splenectomized dogs than in the intact dogs. Possible mechanisms of post-exercise proteinuria are discussed.

Topics: Animals; Dogs; Female; Kidney Glomerulus; Kidney Tubules; Male; Muramidase; Osmolar Concentration; Potassium; Proteinuria; Random Allocation; Running; Sodium; Splenectomy; Swimming

Using highly cationic polyethleneimine, alteration of glomerular anionic sites were evaluated ultrastructurally in two types of rat glomerulonephritis (GN); chronic serum sickness GN and heterologous (passive) or autologous (active) Heymann's GN. Daily i.v. injections of egg white lysozyme in physiologic saline into presensitized rats led to the formation of numerous mesangial and subepithelial deposits. In the non-proteinuric period in which immune deposits were localized predominantly in the mesangium, anionic sites of the laminae rarae and the epithelial cell coat were clearly observed. In the subsequent proteinuric period in which numerous subepithelial deposits were superimposed, a broad loss of anionic sites in the epithelial cell coat was seen. Splitting and focal loss of anionic sites on the lamina rara externa adjacent to the subepithelial deposits were commonly observed both in passive and active Heymann's GN and in lysozyme GN. These findings indicate that the subepithelial deposits are closely involved in the development of proteinuria by injuring the anionic sites, especially those on lamina rare externa of the glomerular basement membrane.

Topics: Animals; Anions; Antigen-Antibody Complex; Glomerulonephritis; Immunization; Kidney Glomerulus; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Serum Sickness

Topics: Adolescent; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; Blood Proteins; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Muramidase; Proteins; Proteinuria; Pyelonephritis; Spectrophotometry

Topics: Albuminuria; Autoantigens; beta 2-Microglobulin; Diagnosis, Differential; Epithelium; Glomerulonephritis; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Kidney Tubules; Muramidase; Nephritis, Interstitial; Nephrotic Syndrome; Proteinuria

Topics: Adult; Albuminuria; Child; Creatinine; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Muramidase; Proteinuria

Early signs of aminoglycoside - induced renal tubular damage were detected in 26 patients given gentamicin and 23 given sisomicin. The urinary elimination of 3 low molecular weight proteins (LMWP) - beta 2 microglobulin, retinol binding protein and lysozyme (LZM), and the urinary activity of 2 enzymes - alanine aminopeptidase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase - was measured before, during and after treatment. In gentamicin - treated patients LMWP elimination increased, especially LZM which rose markedly during treatment and returned to normal values after its end. Enzyme activities also rose while gentamicin was being given. Sisomicin produced smaller changes. As neither the mean serum creatinine nor the mean urinary elimination of transferrin were increased, glomerular function was probably not affected. However, tubular damage was detected, as shown by the LMWP output (especially LZM) and increased enzyme activity. Urinary LMWP and enzyme measurements are presented as sensitive and reliable methods to monitor early aminoglycoside - induced tubular impairment. It is suggested that the different renal toxicities of gentamicin and sisomicin are related to differences in their accumulation in the renal cortex.

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Aminopeptidases; CD13 Antigens; Female; Gentamicins; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Tubules; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Sisomicin; Time Factors

The presence of tubular involvement, as a marker for the detection of urinary tract infection (UTI) site, was examined in 19 patients with pyelonephritis and in 15 patients with cystitis or asymptomatic bacteriuria. The urinary excretion of four markers of tubular proteinuria, beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2M), lysozyme (LZ), lactic dehydrogenase isoenzyme V (LAD-5) and N-acetyl-beta D-glucosaminidase (NAG), was investigated. LAD-5 appeared particularly valuable for the early detection of upper UTI. However, the overall diagnostic accuracy appeared to be further strengthened using, besides LAD-5, one additional variable. A set of simple and noninvasive biochemical tests on urine samples can reliably help to identify the site of UTI.

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Adult; beta 2-Microglobulin; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Humans; Isoenzymes; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Tubules; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Biopsy; Child; Female; Glomerulonephritis; Humans; Kidney; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Proteinuria

A series of 137 urine samples were analyzed for drugs of abuse by enzyme immunoassay (EMIT) and by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Agreement between these methods was excellent and ranged from 93.4% for benzodiazepines to 98.5% for propoxyphene. EMIT false negative were traced to the presence of elevated endogenous lysozyme or other interfering materials. In the case of moderate amounts of lysozyme the use of a blank would lead to correct results. Disagreement in the identification of nine benzodiazepine samples was found to be due to a low recovery of benzodiazepine metabolites from urine. Recovery could be improved by incubation of the urine sample with the enzyme beta-glucuronidase.

Topics: Benzodiazepines; Dextropropoxyphene; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Forensic Medicine; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Illicit Drugs; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Muramidase; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Proteinuria; Toxicology

To facilitate the study of mechanisms and patterns of proteinuria, radioimmunoassays for human lysozyme (LZM) and albumin (alb) were established to permit quantitation of physiologic amounts of these proteins in urine. Commercially available LZM and alb preparations were radiolabeled with I125, and single antibody, competitive protein binding assays were developed. Separation of free and antibody-bound radioprotein was achieved with 20 per cent polyethylene glycol. LZM and alb 24-hr excretion rates for 12 normal subjects were 7 to 64 microgram and 2.3 to 16.1 mg, respectively. Of 6 renal disease patients with undetectable urine LZM by bioassay, 5 were shown to have elevated LZM concentrations by radioimmunoassay. The ease of establishing and performing these assays and their reproducibility suggest that they may have clinical and investigative value.

Topics: Albumins; Albuminuria; Animals; Antibodies; Muramidase; Protein Binding; Proteinuria; Radioimmunoassay

Topics: Animals; Biological Transport; Endocytosis; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Kidney Tubules, Proximal; Male; Maleates; Models, Biological; Molecular Weight; Muramidase; Proteins; Proteinuria; Rats

In an effort to identify new diagnostic features of tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN), urinary total protein concentrations and urinary excretion rates of four serum proteins and of proximal renal tubular epithelial antigens were determined for five normal subjects and for 44 patients with well-characterized renal diseases. Four urinary protein indices correlated with TIN: clearance of lysozyme/clearance of albumin > 20; clearance of immunoglobulin G/clearance of albumin % > 55 per cent; renal tubular epithelial antigen excretion > 10 units per min; urinary albumin/urinary total protein concentrations < 50 per cent. Of TIN patients, 86 per cent were (+) to one or more of these criteria whereas 89 per cent of glomerular disease patients were (-) to all criteria. By combining these criteria into multiphasic testing profiles, 88 per cent of patients could be successfully categorized as having either tubulointerstitial or glomerulonephritis. This finding suggests the potential diagnostic value of these new testing parameters.

Topics: Albuminuria; Antigens; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Kidney Tubules; Muramidase; Nephritis, Interstitial; Proteinuria

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; alpha-Glucosidases; beta 2-Microglobulin; Beta-Globulins; Glucosidases; Humans; Male; Muramidase; Physical Exertion; Proteinuria; Soccer; Sports; Sports Medicine

Topics: Female; Glucuronidase; Graft Rejection; Humans; Kidney Transplantation; Male; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Sodium; Transplantation, Homologous

Eleven male subjects took part in a 100 km running competition. Alterations in the total plasma protein and in ten individual plasma protein concentrations in blood and urine were measured prior to the run, immediately after and after 1 day of recovery. Five individual proteins showed a 7-10%, and lysozyme a 40%, increase in the plasma after the run. On the contrary, the haptoglobin concentration fell to 40% of its pre-race level. None of these variations were correlated with the plasma volume change. The present data showed a moderate hemolysis, as evidenced by plasma lysozyme and hemoglobin-haptoglobin binding. The urinary excretion of plasma proteins was slightly increased, especially albumin and alpha1-acid-glycoprotein. The renal clearance of plasma proteins revealed that the 100 km run induced a moderate increase of glomerular permeability without any signficant change in the tubular reabsorption process.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Blood Proteins; Haptoglobins; Hematocrit; Humans; Kidney; Middle Aged; Molecular Weight; Muramidase; Orosomucoid; Proteinuria; Running; Time Factors

Topics: Alanine; Aminopeptidases; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Disease; Enzymes; Glucuronidase; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Muramidase; Proteinuria

An increase in urinary enzyme activities reflected biopsy confirmed aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity (proximal tubular injury) before changes in blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, urinary osmolality and urinary protein excretion. Netilmicin, a semisynthetic derivative of gentamicin, was less nephrotoxic than gentamicin.

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Animals; Dogs; Enzymes; Gentamicins; Glucuronidase; Kidney; Male; Muramidase; Netilmicin; Proteinuria

In order to assess to what extent glomerular or tubular function is involved in the renal handling of amylase and the lysozyme to creatine clearance ratios (CAm/CCr and CLys/CCr) were evaluated in 22 healthy volunteers and in 71 patients with different renal diseases. In normal controls, the mean CAm/CCr was 2.55 +/-1.54 SD, with an upper normal limit of 5.56. A normal ratio was found in patients with glomerulonephritis, with or without a nephrotic syndrome, and in patients with pyelonephritis. A significantly elevated ratio (P less than 0.001) was instead found in patients with uremia and in patients with uremia and in patients with either chronic or acute tubular damage. The CLus/CCr ratio was elevated in all the groups, except in patients with glomerulonephritis and minimal proteinuria. These results show that in humans, as in animals, the amylase filtered load undergoes partial tubular reabsorption. In renal diseases, an increase of the CAm/CCr is caused by either a marked reduction of functioning nephrons or a severe tubular damage, while the glomerular permeability does not seem to be involved. Some other mechanism is probably involved in the elevation of the CAm/CCr during acute pancreatitis.

Topics: Acute Disease; Amylases; Creatinine; Glomerulonephritis; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Kidney Glomerulus; Muramidase; Nephrotic Syndrome; Pancreatitis; Proteinuria; Pyelonephritis

Two commonly used brands of reagent strip (dipsticks) were evlauated for their sensitivity to Bence-Jones and seven other urinary proteins. Both brands showed significant differences in sensitivity to albumin, glycoprotein, ribonuclease and lysozyme; both were most sensitive to albumin and least sensitive to globulin. Furthermore, their comparative sensitivities to these proteins also differed markedly. These differences in sensitivity could lead to underestimation of protein content in urine specimens. Tests on urines from patients with multiple myeloma showed that a negative urinary dipstick test result did not rule out the presence of the disease.

Topics: Albuminuria; Bence Jones Protein; Globulins; Glycoproteins; Humans; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Ribonucleases

Observations conducted on a group of workers exposed to chromium (who showed a rapid urinary excretion of the metal and progressive increase of clearance with cumulative years of exposure), induced the authors to evaluate the nephrotoxic action of chromium in rats exposed to acute and chronic intoxication. The progressive Cr accumulation in the renal cortex during the course of testing explains the increase of the excreted fraction of filtered Cr, and therefore, the clearance, of the metal through the reduction of the tubular lumen-epithelium gradient. Paralleling the anatomical lesions (demonstrated only at the level of the proximal tubular cells), are the increasing modifications of the cellular lesion or altered reabsorption registered by several urinary indicators. Similar changes were found in subjects chronically exposed to the metal; their reversibility is linked to the possibility of repairing the epithelial damage by stopping exposure.

Topics: Animals; Chromium; Environmental Exposure; Female; Glucuronidase; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Cortex; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Tubules; Muramidase; Potassium Dichromate; Proteinuria; Rats; Time Factors

Urinary and serum proteins were studied in 55 patients with extrarenal epithelial carcinoma, using an automated immunopreciptin reaction. The 24 h excretion and renal clearance of 6 high molecular weight proteins: albumin, transferrin, haptoglobin, IgG, IgA, and IgM were significantly increased compared with a control group, implying a glomerular injury. The 24 h excretion of 4 low molecular weight proteins: free lambda and kappa light chains of immunoglobulin, lysozyme, and beta2-microglobulin was significantly increased in patients with disseminated carcinoma compared with patients with localized carcinoma. The serum concentrations of albumin and transferrin were significantly decreased and the serum concentration of haptoglobin significantly increased in patients with disseminated carcinoma compared with patients with localized tumours.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Albuminuria; beta 2-Microglobulin; Blood Proteins; Female; Haptoglobins; Humans; Immunoglobulins; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Neoplasms; Proteinuria; Transferrin

Urinary and serum proteins were studied preoperatively in 48 patients with renal carcinoma, using an automated immunoprecipitin reaction. The 24 h excretion and the renal clearance of albumin, transferrin, haptoglobin, IgG, IgA, and IgM and the 24 h excretion of the immunoglobulin lambda and kappa free light chains and beta2-microglobulin were significantly increased compared with a control group. The excretion of lysozyme was also increased, but not significantly. Increased protein excretion was the most common urinary finding in patients with renal carcinoma. The protein excretion was predominantly of the glomerular type, implying a glomerular injury. The serum concentrations of albumin and transferrin were significantly decreased and the serum concentration of haptoglobin significantly increased in patients with stage III and IV tumours compared with patients with stage I and II tumours. Abnormal serum concentrations of albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin were indicative for advanced renal carcinoma.

Topics: Aged; Albuminuria; beta 2-Microglobulin; Blood Proteins; Circadian Rhythm; Female; Haptoglobins; Humans; Immunoglobulin A; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains; Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains; Immunoglobulin Light Chains; Immunoglobulin M; Kidney Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Serum Albumin; Transferrin

The 24-hour urinary excretion of albumin, transferrin, haptoglobin, IgG, IgA, IgM, free lambda and kappa light chains from immunoglobulin, lysozyme, and beta2-microglobulin has been investigated in 22 patients with febrile diseases, using an automated immunoprecipitin reaction. The average excretion of the 10 proteins was significantly increased in the patients compared with a control group. In patients with body temperature is greater than or equal to 38.5 degrees C the tubular type of proteinuria was significantly increased compared with those with body temperature is less than 38.5 degrees C. Sequential studies in 10 patients showed that the tubular type of proteinuria occurred in all, whereas the glomerular type was demonstrated in 8. when the fever had subsided, the tubular proteinuria disappeared rapidly i in all patients, while the glomerular proteinuria disappeared in only 4 out of 8. It was shown that tubular proteinuria was caused by fever per se, and it is suggested that glomerular prteinuria might be due to an immue response to antigens, derived from the infectious agents, producing a transient or permanent glomerular injury.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Albuminuria; beta 2-Microglobulin; Female; Fever; Haptoglobins; Humans; Immunoglobulin A; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains; Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains; Immunoglobulin Light Chains; Immunoglobulin M; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Transferrin

Using an automated immunoprecipitin reaction, the urinary excretion of albumin, transferrin, haptoglobin, IgM, IgG, IgA, free lambda and kappa light chains from immunoglobulin, lysozyme and beta2-microglobulin has been investigated in 40 long-term bilaterally nephrectomized renal transplant patients. The excretion of the proteins, except lysozyme, was significantly increased in 21 of the paitents with Albustix-negative urine. In patients with glomerulonephritis prior to the transplantation, the excretion of albumin, transferrin, and IgG was significantly increased compared with the other patients. The IgM excretion was significantly increased in patients who had received C and D matches compared with those with A and B matches. Patients with severe surgical complications in the postoperative period had a tubular proteinuria, and in patients surviving more than 60 months after transplantation the excretion of several proteins was significantly increased compared with patients surviving less than 60 months.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Albuminuria; beta 2-Microglobulin; Female; Haptoglobins; Humans; Immunoglobulin A; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains; Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains; Immunoglobulin M; Kidney Transplantation; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Time Factors; Transferrin; Transplantation, Homologous

A reversible lysozymuria indicative of proximal tubular damage to the kidney was found in three out of five patients with diabetic ketosis, and a persistent lysozymuria was found in many patients with diabetic nephropathy. There was no relation between lysozymuria and the degree of proteinuria, and lysozymuria was not due to urinary tract infection. The degree of lysozymuria could be used to assess the severity of diabetic nephropathy.

Topics: Creatinine; Diabetic Nephropathies; Glomerulonephritis; Multiple Myeloma; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Pyelonephritis

Topics: Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Enzymes; Glomerulonephritis; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Rats

8 patients with chronic pyelonephritis were given gentamycin intramuscularly injected in individual dosage during 8-10 days. Here the behaviour of the excretion of protein, alanine aminopeptidase alkaline phosphatase, alpha-glucosidase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and lysozyme with the urine was tested. With the exception of the lysozymuria, which increased only in patients with chronic renal insufficiency, regularly a hyperenzymuria developed. Most distinctly the excretion of the alanine aminopeptidase increased. After initial decrease the excretion of total protein transiently increased after completion of the gentamycin therapy. All the deviations were reversible. From the increased excretion of enzymes may not be concluded to a nephrotoxicity of gentamycin.

Topics: Alkaline Phosphatase; Aminopeptidases; Arylsulfatases; Female; gamma-Glutamyltransferase; Gentamicins; Glucosidases; Glucuronidase; Humans; Kidney Tubules; Male; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Pyelonephritis

Topics: Aldosterone; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hypokalemia; Kidney; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Muramidase; Potassium; Proteinuria

Urinary proteins from human leukemic patients have been found to alter quantitatively macromolecular synthesis in primary mouse bone marrow cultures. Urinary protein-stimulated incorporation of [3H]uridine into RNA was found after 1 day of culture. Increased levels of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase and lysozyme were demonstrable at 3 and 5 days, respectively, with urinary protein-supplemented cultures. The incorporation of 3H-labeled deoxynucleosides into DNA was higher in the presence of urinary proteins after 2 days of culture. The rate of incorporation of [3H]deoxyuridine into DNA was strongly inhibited by 10(-5) M Methotrexate and 10(-6) M 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, however, the effect of urinary proteins on incorporation of [3H]uridine into RNA and lysozyme accumulation were not inhibited. Urinary proteins also stimulated the formation of "colonies" (groups of at least 30 cells) in media containing methylcellulose. This latter phenomenon was also not inhibited by 10(-5) M Methotrexate or 10(-6) M 5-fluorodeoxyuridine. The results of these studies are consistent with the postulate that in the presence of human urinary proteins, mouse bone marrow cells in culture proceed to a phenotype characteristic of circulating peripheral white cells.

Topics: Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase; Amidophosphoribosyltransferase; Animals; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Cell Division; Cells, Cultured; Deoxyuridine; DNA; Female; Floxuridine; Humans; Leukemia; Male; Methotrexate; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Muramidase; Neoplasm Proteins; Proteinuria; RNA; Thymidine Kinase

In 239 apparently healthy subjects the 24-h urinary excretion of albumin transferrin, haptoglobin, IgM, IgG, IgA, immunoglobulin-free lambda and kappa light chains, lysozyme, and beta-2-microglobulin was studied by means of an automated immunoprecipitin reaction. The 24-h excretion of the proteins showed a very uneven distribution. Albumin was excreted in the largest quantities, 1.6-34.2 mg/24 h (0.95 range), and beta-2-microglobulin in the smallest quantities, 0-0.14 mg/24 h (0.95 range). Seven of 10 proteins were excreted in significantly lower quantities in children than in adults.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Albuminuria; beta 2-Microglobulin; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Haptoglobins; Humans; Immunoglobulin A; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains; Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains; Immunoglobulin M; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Precipitin Tests; Proteinuria; Time Factors; Transferrin

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Albuminuria; Alpha-Globulins; Animals; Beta-Globulins; Creatinine; Female; Graft Rejection; Humans; Immune Sera; Immunoassay; Immunodiffusion; Kidney Transplantation; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Postoperative Complications; Proteinuria; Rabbits; Serum Albumin; Serum Globulins; Transplantation, Homologous

Topics: Albuminuria; Alpha-Globulins; Beta-Globulins; Creatinine; Female; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Graft Rejection; Humans; Kidney Transplantation; Male; Muramidase; Postoperative Complications; Potassium; Proteinuria; Sodium; Time Factors; Transplantation, Homologous

Topics: Animals; Cell Survival; Chromates; Cytoplasm; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Inclusion Bodies; Kidney Tubules, Proximal; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Mitochondria; Mitochondrial Swelling; Muramidase; Nephrons; Proteinuria; Rats; Time Factors

Topics: Adult; Aged; Albuminuria; Antibody Formation; Blood Glucose; Creatinine; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetic Nephropathies; Female; Growth Hormone; Humans; Insulin; Kidney; Male; Metabolic Clearance Rate; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Proteinuria

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Adult; Bicarbonates; Chromatography, DEAE-Cellulose; Female; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hypergammaglobulinemia; Kidney Tubules, Distal; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Urine

Topics: Acute Disease; Amylases; Chronic Disease; Creatinine; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Lipase; Muramidase; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Pancreatitis; Proteinuria

Topics: Animals; Biological Transport; Blood Proteins; Capillaries; Chromatography, Gel; Cyanides; Dogs; Humans; Iodine Radioisotopes; Kidney; Kidney Cortex; Kidney Glomerulus; Kidney Tubules; Kinetics; Mathematics; Microscopy, Phase-Contrast; Models, Biological; Molecular Weight; Muramidase; Nephrotic Syndrome; Protein Binding; Proteinuria

Topics: Adrenal Glands; Animals; Antibody Specificity; Antigens; Autoantibodies; Basement Membrane; Cattle; Creatinine; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Glycosuria; Guinea Pigs; Hemadsorption; Immunologic Techniques; Jejunum; Kidney; Kidney Glomerulus; Kidney Tubules; Liver; Lung; Male; Muramidase; Myocardium; Proteinuria; Spleen

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Adolescent; Adult; Blood Chemical Analysis; Calcium; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Immunoglobulins; Kidney Concentrating Ability; Kidney Tubules, Proximal; Male; Molecular Weight; Muramidase; Nephrocalcinosis; Pedigree; Proteins; Proteinuria; Renal Aminoacidurias; Urinary Calculi; Urinary Tract Infections; Urine

Topics: Adult; Animals; Beta-Globulins; Creatinine; Female; Humans; Immune Sera; Immunodiffusion; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Glomerulus; Kidney Tubules; Macroglobulins; Male; Mass Screening; Methods; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Rabbits; Specific Gravity; United States; Urine; Yugoslavia

Topics: Animals; Antibody Specificity; Antigens, Neoplasm; Cross Reactions; Humans; Immunodiffusion; Immunoelectrophoresis; Leukemia, Myeloid; Molecular Weight; Muramidase; Neoplasm Proteins; Proteinuria; Rabbits

Topics: Animals; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Humans; Kidney Transplantation; Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute; Lymphocyte Activation; Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Molecular Weight; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Renal Dialysis; Transplantation, Homologous; Uremia

Topics: Cadaver; Diuresis; Graft Rejection; Humans; Kidney Transplantation; Muramidase; Postoperative Complications; Proteinuria; Time Factors; Transplantation, Homologous

On the assumption that increased urinary lysozyme concentration (;lysozymuria') indicates tubular proteinuria and therefore impaired tubular function, urinary lysozyme has been estimated in acute disorders where transient disturbances of renal function might be expected, in cases diagnosed clinically as extrarenal uraemia, and in a few examples of acute renal disease. Reversible lysozymuria occurred with hypokalaemia, postoperative ;collapse', electrolyte depletion, severe extrarenal infection, acute pyelonephritis, the nephrotic syndrome, after a few apparently uncomplicated surgical operations, and very transiently after ventricular fibrillation abolished by DC shock. There was no lysozymuria with severe uraemic heart failure, aspirin and paracetamol poisoning, or severe jaundice, nor in two cases of acute glomerulonephritis. Although lysozymuria may occasionally be useful in the clinical diagnosis of acutely disordered renal function, the results suggest that its value is limited; on the other hand, they have provided information on renal pathophysiology in acute disease.

Topics: Acetaminophen; Acute Disease; Aspirin; Electroshock; Glomerulonephritis; Heart Failure; Humans; Hypokalemia; Jaundice; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Kidney Tubules; Muramidase; Myocardial Infarction; Nephrotic Syndrome; Pneumonia; Postoperative Complications; Proteinuria; Pyelonephritis; Uremia; Ventricular Fibrillation

Topics: Adult; Child; Creatinine; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Muramidase; Proteinuria

Topics: Albuminuria; Bence Jones Protein; Blood Proteins; Chromatography, Gel; Electrophoresis, Disc; Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase; gamma-Globulins; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Glomerulus; Kidney Tubules; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Methods; Molecular Weight; Muramidase; Ovalbumin; Pepsin A; Protein Binding; Proteinuria; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Blood Cell Count; Blood Proteins; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Ceruloplasmin; Female; Humans; Immunoelectrophoresis; Immunoglobulin A; Immunoglobulin D; Immunoglobulin G; Kidney Function Tests; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Transferrin

Topics: Adult; Cholecystectomy; Female; Humans; Infusions, Parenteral; Isotonic Solutions; Kidney Tubules; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Preoperative Care; Proteinuria; Ribonucleases

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Anuria; Creatinine; Graft Rejection; Humans; Kidney Transplantation; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Transplantation Immunology; Transplantation, Homologous; Urea

Topics: Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Electrophoresis; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Function Tests; Kidney Glomerulus; Kidney Tubules; Leukemia; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic; Multiple Myeloma; Muramidase; Neoplasms; Proteinuria

Topics: Animals; Antibody Formation; Arteritis; Cattle; Complement Fixation Tests; Egg White; Histones; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Lung; Muramidase; Nitrogen; Ovalbumin; Pancreas; Precipitin Tests; Proteinuria; Pulmonary Artery; Rabbits; Ribonucleases; Serum Albumin; Thymus Gland

Topics: Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Electrophoresis, Disc; Enzymes; Glomerulonephritis; Glucuronidase; Kidney; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Muramidase; Nephrosis; Nucleosides; Proteinuria; Rabbits; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Toxins, Biological

Topics: Age Factors; Alkaline Phosphatase; Amylases; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Child; Child, Preschool; Electrophoresis, Disc; Enzymes; Glomerulonephritis; Glucuronidase; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Muramidase; Nephrosis; Posture; Proteinuria

Topics: Adult; Amylases; Blood Proteins; Female; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Tubules; Male; Muramidase; Physical Exertion; Proteinuria

The present study was directed toward determining the role of the kidney in the metabolism of various classes of serum proteins and to define the urinary protein excretion patterns and the pathogenesis of disorders of protein metabolism in patients with proteinuria. To this end, the metabolic fates of a small protein, lambda-L chain (mol wt 44,000), and a protein of intermediate size, IgG (mol wt 160,000), were studied in controls and patients with renal disease. Controls metabolized 0.28%/hr of circulating IgG and 22.3%/hr of circulating lambda-L chain. All the IgG and 99% of the lambda-L chain was catabolized with the remaining lambda-L chain lost intact into the urine. The kidney was shown to be the major site of catabolism for small serum proteins. Three distinct disorders of protein metabolism were noted in patients with renal tubular disease and tubular proteinuria, glomerular disease (the nephrotic syndrome), and disease involving the entire nephrons (uremia), respectively. Patients with renal tubular disease had a 50-fold increase in the daily urinary excretion of 15-40,000 molecular weight proteins such as lysozyme and lambda-L chains. Serum IgG and lambda-L chain survivals were normal; however, the fraction of the over-all lambda-L chain metabolism accounted for by proteinuria was increased 40-fold whereas endogenous catabolism was correspondingly decreased. Thus, tubular proteinuria results from a failure of proximal tubular uptake and catabolism of small proteins that are normally filtered through the glomerulus. Patients with the nephrotic syndrome had a slight increase in lambda-L chain survival whereas IgG survival was decreased and the fraction of IgG lost in the urine was markedly increased. Here, abnormal glomerular permeability to proteins of intermediate size is the basic abnormality. Patients with uremia had a normal IgG survival but a four to 10-fold prolongation of lambda-L chain survival due to loss of entire nephrons, the major site of metabolism of these proteins. This results in an increase (up to 10-fold) in the serum concentration of lambda-L chain, lysozyme, and other small biologically active proteins, a phenomenon that may be of importance in causing some of the manifestations of the uremic syndrome.

Topics: Adult; Blood Protein Disorders; Blood Protein Electrophoresis; Blood Proteins; Cell Membrane Permeability; Child; Electrophoresis, Disc; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Iodine Radioisotopes; Kidney; Kidney Glomerulus; Molecular Weight; Muramidase; Nephrotic Syndrome; Proteinuria; Radioimmunoassay; Uremia

Topics: Creatinine; Graft Rejection; Histocompatibility; Humans; Kidney Transplantation; Muramidase; Postoperative Complications; Proteinuria; Transplantation Immunology; Transplantation, Homologous; Urea

Topics: Adult; Aged; Child; Creatinine; Electrophoresis, Paper; Female; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Neoplasms; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocyte Count; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Proteinuria

Serum levels, urinary excretion, and clearances of several proteins of different molecular weights were studied in 18 patients with mono- and myelomonocytic leukemia. Nine patients had normal renal function (group A) and nine had impaired renal function with azotemia (group B). The majority of patients in both groups had increased concentration of immunoglobulins, particularly IgG, IgA, and IgM; IgD level was normal. Serum transferrin and alpha(2)-macroglobulin were frequently reduced while the level of ceruloplasmin was often increased, especially in patients with azotemia. The activity of lysozyme in the serum was high in all patients, but was considerably higher in group B. Proteinuria was found in most patients but was more prominent in group B. Almost invariably albumin constituted less than 25% of the total protein excreted. Qualitative analysis of various urinary proteins by immunochemical techniques and clearance studies suggested the presence of glomerular as well as tubular dysfunction. Determination of urinary lysozyme frequently showed no direct correlation between the serum level of the enzyme and its concentration in the urine or its clearance by the kidney. In addition to glomerular filtration, impaired tubular reabsorption may account for the high level of lysozyme in the urine. It is postulated that the very high level of lysozyme in the glomerular filtrate and possibly hypergammaglobulinemia may play a role in the induction of tubular damage. Renal impairment has been correlated with histological changes in the kidneys. From a comparative study of various leukemias, it seems that the combined glomerular-tubular dysfunction is a manifestation unique to mono- and myelomonocytic leukemia.

Topics: Adult; Agammaglobulinemia; Aged; Albuminuria; Blood Chemical Analysis; Blood Proteins; Ceruloplasmin; Female; Humans; Hypergammaglobulinemia; Immunoglobulins; Kidney Glomerulus; Kidney Tubules; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Nitrogen; Proteinuria; Transferrin; Uremia

Topics: Adolescent; Alkaline Phosphatase; Amino Acids; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Calcium; Chlorides; Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Glycosuria; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hydroxyproline; Kidney Concentrating Ability; Kidney Function Tests; Kidney Tubules; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Male; Muramidase; Phosphorus; Polycystic Kidney Diseases; Polysaccharides; Potassium; Proteinuria; Sodium; Vitamin D; Water-Electrolyte Balance

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Diagnosis, Differential; Glomerulonephritis; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Tubules; Muramidase; Nephritis; Nephrosclerosis; Proteinuria

Topics: Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic; Basement Membrane; Biopsy; Blood Cell Count; Complement System Proteins; Edema; gamma-Globulins; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Glomerulus; Kidney Transplantation; Microscopy, Electron; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Transplantation Immunology; Transplantation, Autologous; Transplantation, Homologous

Topics: Aged; Bence Jones Protein; Bone Marrow Examination; Cell Nucleus; Chromatography, Gel; Electrophoresis; Humans; Immune Sera; Immunoelectrophoresis; Leukemia, Myeloid; Lymph Nodes; Male; Monocytes; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Starch; Ultracentrifugation

Topics: Aged; Cadmium; Creatinine; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Male; Metallurgy; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Occupational Diseases; Osteomalacia; Proteinuria; Radiography; Ribonucleases; Spirometry

Topics: Bacteriuria; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Kidney Calculi; Muramidase; Paraplegia; Proteinuria; Pyelonephritis; Pyuria; Spinal Cord Injuries

Topics: Amylases; Humans; Immunoassay; Kidney; Malate Dehydrogenase; Molecular Weight; Muramidase; Proteins; Proteinuria; Ribonucleases

Topics: Blood Proteins; Cadmium Poisoning; Creatine; Fanconi Syndrome; Female; Glomerulonephritis; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Tubules; Male; Molecular Weight; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Ribonucleases

Topics: Kidney Diseases; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Ribonucleases

Markedly increased quantities of lysozyme have been found in the serum and urine (ranging to 2.6 g per day) of ten consecutive cases of monocytic and monomyelocytic leukemia. The enzyme has been isolated from the urine of several cases and physicochemically and immunochemically characterized. It is apparently identical to the lysozyme of normal tears, saliva, leukocytes, and serum, but structurally different from the lysozyme of hen's egg white. The activity of the human enzyme assayed with M. lysodeikticus organisms is 3 to 12 times greater than egg white lysozyme at equivalent concentrations. An agar plate method has been developed for quantitating lysozyme activity in small samples (approximately 25 microl) of serum, urine, or other biological fluids. The range and reproducibility of this method were found to be superior to previously available lysozyme assay procedures. Present evidence indicates that lysozyme is the principal, if not the sole, product of the proliferating monocytes in monocytic and monomyelocytic leukemia, and quantitation of serum and urine lysozyme should be a useful diagnostic procedure for these leukemias.

Topics: Aged; Chromatography; Electrophoresis; Female; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Precipitin Tests; Proteinuria

Topics: Amino Acids; Cadmium Poisoning; Electrophoresis; Glycosuria; Humans; Immunoelectrophoresis; Muramidase; Phosphorus; Proteinuria; Ribonucleases

Topics: Animals; Cadmium; Electrophoresis; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Function Tests; Kidney Tubules; Liver; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Rabbits; Urine

Topics: Blood; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Rats; Research; Urea; Uremia; Urine