muramidase and Pancreatic-Neoplasms

A summary is presented of those organ specific enzyme assays traditionally used in evaluation of the patient with cancer. In addition, the use of certain serum enzymes such as gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, phosphohexose isomerase or 5'-nucleotidase as aids in following the course of the disease, particularly in patients with metastatic spread to the liver is outlined. Also considered is the utility of enzyme analysis in biopsy tissue, biologic fluids, and washings of body cavities. Newer enzymes are considered which might, in the future, be developed as diagnostic tools or as probes for the understanding of the etiology of cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Amylases; Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; Bone Neoplasms; Clinical Enzyme Tests; gamma-Glutamyltransferase; Humans; Isoenzymes; Isomerases; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Lipase; Liver Neoplasms; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Muramidase; Neoplasms; Nucleotidases; Oxidoreductases; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Neoplasms; Sulfatases

We have applied a serologic proteomic workflow involving three complementary MS approaches to a tissue-specific Kras(G12D) -knockin mouse model of pancreatic cancer that consistently forms precancerous lesions by 4 months of age. The three proteomics applications were highly complementary and allowed us to survey the entire range of low to high molecular weight serologic proteins. Combined, we identified 121 (49↓, 72↑) unique and statistically relevant serologic biomarkers with 88% previously reported to be associated with cancer and 38% specifically correlated with pancreatic cancer. Four markers, lysozyme C2, cytokeratin 19, Serpina1A and Pcf11, were further verified by Western blotting. When applying systems analysis, the top-associated gene ontology functions were tied to wound healing, RXR signaling, growth, differentiation and innate immune activation through the JAK/STAT pathway. Upon further investigation of the apparent immune response using a multiplex cytokine screen, we found that IFN-γ, VEGF and GM-CSF were significantly increased in serum from the Kras(G12D) animals compared to littermate controls. By combining three complementary MS applications, we were able to survey the native intact peptidome and the global proteome in parallel, unveiling pathways that may be biologically relevant to promotion of pancreatic cancer progression and serologic markers of noninvasive early-stage neoplasia.

Topics: alpha 1-Antitrypsin; Animals; Biomarkers, Tumor; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Progression; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Gene Knock-In Techniques; Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; Interferon-gamma; Keratin-19; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; mRNA Cleavage and Polyadenylation Factors; Muramidase; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Proteome; Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); Signal Transduction; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A

Histiocytic sarcoma is the most frequent hematopoietic tumor in rats. We report here a histiocytic sarcoma infiltrating the liver, the spleen and the pancreas from a Wistar rat. In the liver, the tumor was associated with oval cell and bile duct hyperplasia. The cells looked like neoplastic histocytic cells described in this species but with some particularities (e.g. lack of multinucleated giant cells). At immunohistochemistry, neoplastic cells in the liver were vimentine positive but lysozyme and CD68 negative. In the kidney, lysozyme-positive cytoplasmic droplets were observed. We describe here an atypical case of histiocytic sarcoma in the rat and we compare the nature of these neoplastic cells to other species.

Topics: Animals; Antigens, CD; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; Histiocytic Sarcoma; Immunohistochemistry; Kidney; Liver Neoplasms; Male; Muramidase; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Splenic Neoplasms; Vimentin

To study the clinicopathologic characteristics, differentiation patterns and histogenesis of cystic and solid tumors of the pancreas (CSTP).. 8 cases of CSTP were studied using histologic (HE and PAS), immunohistochemical (S-P method) and electron microscopic techniques.. All the patients were adolescent and young adult females, 14-33 years in age (mean 25.3 years) without recurrence after tumor resection. The mean diameter of tumors was 9.6 cm, all encapsulated. Histological examination showed presence of solid sheets, pseudopapillary, in all of the cases. Hemorrhage, foam cells, and cholesterol crystals were often found. Immunohistochemically, 8 cases were positive for alpha(1)-AT and lysozyme; 6 cases expressed vimentin, 2 cases expressed actin, and CgA-positive cells found in the tumor cell nests in one case. All of the cases showed PR, and 4 cases showed ER positive immunoreactivity in the majority of tumor cells, but negative for CK AE1, CK AE3, EMA, Synaptophysin, ACTH, gastrin, somatostatin, insulin, and glucogan in all the cases. Electron microscopy of 3 cases showed evidences of polymorphism in differentiation of the tumor cells, including the transitional appearance into ducts, acinus, and endocrine cells. Weibel-Palade body found in tumor cells in one out of 8 cases.. (1) CSTP is a distinct clinicopathologic entity in young female patients with a benign clinical course. (2) CSTP develops from primitive pancreatic cells, with the potentiality of developing into ducts, acinus, and endocrine cells.

Topics: Actins; Adolescent; Adult; alpha 1-Antitrypsin; Female; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Muramidase; Pancreas; Pancreatic Cyst; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Receptors, Estrogen; Receptors, Progesterone; Vimentin

The aim of this study was to investigate the differences between the clinicopathological findings in two histologic types of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater. We histologically classified carcinoma of the papilla into two types: 1) an intestinal type that resembles tubular adenocarcinoma of the stomach or colon, and 2) a pancreaticobiliary type that is characterized by papillary projections with scant fibrous cores. We examined 53 cases of resected carcinoma of the papilla. The intestinal-type carcinomas were similar to the intestinal mucosa in that they had lysozyme-containing, Paneth or argyrophil cells, as demonstrated by the immunohistochemically positive stainings for the anti-lysozyme antibody. Although both the sizes of the two types of carcinomas and the age distributions of cases with the two types of carcinoma were almost the same, the prognosis of the cases with the intestinal type was much better than that of the cases with the pancreaticobiliary type. Histological lymph node metastasis was found significantly more often in the pancreaticobiliary type. This result was supported by the fact that small carcinomas of the intestinal type showed little or no invasion into the surrounding interstitium, as opposed to the pancreaticobiliary type, which had a strong infiltrative tendency. The pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater should be further evaluated, taking into consideration the existence of these two histologic types.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Ampulla of Vater; Carcinoma; Common Bile Duct Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestinal Neoplasms; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Prognosis; Staining and Labeling; Survival Analysis; Survival Rate

The normal pancreas consists of three major cell types or lineages that share a common embryologic origin from pluripotent endodermal precursors. The type of cell that undergoes neoplastic transformation to form a pancreatic carcinoma is controversial and may influence the phenotype and biologic behavior of the tumor. In this study, immunohistologic techniques were used to determine the cell lineage differentiation expressed in 29 primary exocrine pancreatic adenocarcinomas, five metastatic exocrine pancreatic adenocarcinomas, and five islet cell neoplasma. Specimens of normal pancreas and chronic pancreatitis were used for comparison. The cell lineage markers consisted of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against trypsin and lipase (acinar cells); secretory component, carbonic anhydrase II, and pancreatic cancer mucin SPan-1 (ductal cells); and chromogranin-A and somatostatin (islet cells). The expression of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and lysozyme were also determined. This collection of markers allowed the differentiation between acinar, ductal, and islet cells of normal pancreas and chronic pancreatitis specimens. The expression of cell lineage markers in islet cell tumors was homogeneous and restricted to chromogranin-A. In contrast, the expression of these markers in primary and metastatic exocrine pancreatic adenocarcinomas was variable. Reactivity with monoclonal anti-CEA was absent in normal pancreas, and was present in 83% of chronic pancreatitis specimens as well as 90% of exocrine pancreatic adenocarcinomas. In addition, lysozyme reactivity was absent in normal pancreas; however, lysozyme was expressed in one case of chronic pancreatitis, 17 cases of primary carcinoma, and three cases of metastatic carcinoma. These findings support the concept that the original transformed cell type in many pancreatic exocrine carcinomas resemble endodermal "stem cells" that retain the capability of differentiation along more than one cell lineage pathway.

Topics: Biomarkers; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Humans; Islets of Langerhans; Muramidase; Pancreas; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Phenotype

Staphylococcal protein A conjugated to horseradish peroxidase was employed in an indirect immuno-staining technique to identify intracellular antigens in paraffin-embedded tissues. The sections were incubated with specific antisera and the antigen-IgG complexes demonstrated with protein A-peroxidase conjugate. Immunoglobulins, lysozyme and insulin were satisfactorily detected by this technique. A comparison of this method with the PAP, "labelled antigen" and peroxidase-labelled antibody sandwich techniques was made.

Topics: Antigens; Bone Marrow; Histocytochemistry; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunoglobulins; Insulin; Lymph Nodes; Multiple Myeloma; Muramidase; Pancreas; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Staphylococcal Protein A

Topics: Acute Disease; Amylases; Chronic Disease; Creatinine; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Lipase; Muramidase; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Pancreatitis; Proteinuria

Topics: Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Leukemia, Myeloid; Lung Neoplasms; Mitomycins; Mononuclear Phagocyte System; Muramidase; Neoplasms; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Stomach Neoplasms; Stomach Ulcer