muramidase and Neutropenia

Topics: Bone Marrow Cells; Cell Survival; Humans; Kinetics; Leukemia; Leukocyte Count; Mitosis; Muramidase; Neutropenia; Neutrophils; Vitamin B 12

Type I interferon (IFN-I) predisposes to bacterial superinfections, an important problem during viral infection or treatment with interferon-alpha (IFN-α). IFN-I-induced neutropenia is one reason for the impaired bacterial control; however there is evidence that more frequent bacterial infections during IFN-α-treatment occur independently of neutropenia.. We analyzed in a mouse model, whether Pseudomonas aeruginosa control is influenced by co-infection with the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Bacterial titers, numbers of neutrophils and the gene-expression of liver-lysozyme-2 were determined during a 24 hours systemic infection with P. aeruginosa in wild-type and Ifnar(-/-) mice under the influence of LCMV or poly(I:C).. Virus-induced IFN-I impaired the control of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This was associated with neutropenia and loss of lysozyme-2-expression in the liver, which had captured P. aeruginosa. A lower release of IFN-I by poly(I:C)-injection also impaired the bacterial control in the liver and reduced the expression of liver-lysozyme-2. Low concentration of IFN-I after infection with a virulent strain of P. aeruginosa alone impaired the bacterial control and reduced lysozyme-2-expression in the liver as well.. We found that during systemic infection with P. aeruginosa Kupffer cells quickly controlled the bacteria in cooperation with neutrophils. Upon LCMV-infection this cooperation was disturbed.

Topics: Animals; Granulocytes; Immunity, Innate; Interferon Type I; Kupffer Cells; Liver; Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Muramidase; Neutropenia; Poly I-C; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pseudomonas Infections; Spleen; Virulence

The role of free radical generation and its scavenging enzymes in circulating mice polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) has been studied following pulmonary thromboembolism. Levels of malonaldehyde (MDA), 02- radical generation, activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and lysozyme were estimated in lysed neutrophil preparations. Activities of SOD and CAT were increased in neutrophils, while animals showed 60 +/- 4% thrombocytopenia. Levels of MDA in PMNLs were also elevated significantly following thrombosis. However, there was no significant change in superoxide radical generation, after thrombotic challenge, in mice neutrophils. The present study provides evidence for the involvement of free radicals in mice pulmonary thromboembolism.

Topics: Animals; Catalase; Collagen; Epinephrine; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Leukocyte Count; Lipid Peroxidation; Male; Malondialdehyde; Mice; Muramidase; Neutropenia; Neutrophils; Peroxidase; Pulmonary Embolism; Superoxide Dismutase; Thrombocytopenia

Complement-mediated neutrophil activation (CMNA) has been implicated as an important pathophysiologic mechanism contributing to acute microvascular lung injury in the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) as a clinical model for complement-mediated microvascular injury, we studied the effects of methylprednisolone (MPSS) pretreatment on manifestations of CMNA in 28 pediatric patients undergoing CPB. Six patients not receiving MPSS served as controls. Results demonstrated that MPSS did not prevent complement activation as noted by 4.5- and 7.7-fold increases in plasma C3a des Arg levels during and immediately after CPB, respectively. However, detectable in vivo and in vitro manifestations of CMNA were altered. Neutropenia during CPB was attenuated to 65% of prebypass values compared with 47% in the control group. Neutrophil selective chemotactic desensitization toward C5a/C5a des Arg during the on bypass and postbypass periods was evident in the control group (0.41 and 0.76 cm specific migration, respectively) and prevented in the MPSS group (1.55 and 2.00 cm specific migration, respectively). We conclude that CMNA during CPB is ameliorated and/or prevented by MPSS pretreatment. These findings suggest that MPSS pretreatment may ameliorate complement-mediated microvascular (lung) injury in CPB and ARDS.

Topics: Anaphylatoxins; Cardiopulmonary Bypass; Chemotactic Factors; Chemotaxis, Leukocyte; Child, Preschool; Complement Activation; Complement C3; Complement C3a; Complement C5; Complement C5a, des-Arginine; Complement System Proteins; Female; Glucuronidase; Humans; Male; Methylprednisolone; Muramidase; Neutropenia; Neutrophils; Postoperative Complications; Premedication; Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Cyclic neutropenia (CN) is an inherited disease known to occur in both humans and Gray Collie dogs. In dogs, the disease is characterized by a profound and cyclic decrease in circulating granulocytes at 12-day intervals. Other formed elements of the blood also show cyclic changes and thus the disease is also called cyclic hematopoiesis (CH). In this study, daily serum levels of lysozyme and a factor with macrophage migration inhibitory (MIF) activity were assayed. Both MIF activity and lysozyme levels were elevated more than 2-fold and fluctuated cyclically in CH dogs during the 12-day cycle: CH dogs CH 490 and CH 491, had 32.7 +/- 16.8% and 35.9 +/- 18.3% migration inhibitory activity, respectively, as compared to 15.1 +/- 1.4% in normal dog N 492; CH 490 and CH 491 had 78.7 +/- 43.7 units and 86.9 +/- 58.7 units of lysozyme, respectively, as compared to 33.4 +/- 1.7 units in N 492. The change of MIF activity tended to precede that of lysozyme activity in CH dogs. Furthermore, MIF levels and monocyte counts correlated significantly during the 12-day neutropenia cycle (CH 490, r = 0.677, P less than 0.001; CH 491, r = 0.583, P less than 0.01).

Topics: Agranulocytosis; Animals; Dogs; Hematopoiesis; Leukocyte Count; Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors; Monocytes; Muramidase; Neutropenia; Neutrophils; Periodicity

Rabbit granulocyte lactoferrin, when infused into hamsters or rabbits, induces transient neutropenia, and in hamsters the lactoferrin promotes adherence of the granulocytes to the endothelial cell wall as monitored visually. In contrast, neither rabbit granule lysozyme nor human transferrin induces neutropenia in the rabbit nor does transferrin or bovine serum albumin affect the adherent properties in vivo of the phagocytic cells of the hamster. Thus lactoferrin enhances granulocyte adherence both in vivo and in vitro. It would appear that the promotion of margination of leukocytes by lactoferrin in vivo may contribute to the phenomenon of neutropenia during activation of granulocytes by chemotactic factors.

Topics: Agranulocytosis; Albumins; Animals; Cell Adhesion; Cell Aggregation; Chemotactic Factors; Cricetinae; Endothelium; Granulocytes; Infusions, Parenteral; Lactoferrin; Lactoglobulins; Leukocyte Count; Muramidase; Neutropenia; Rabbits; Transferrin

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Alanine Transaminase; Child; Eye Diseases; Female; Humans; Leukocyte Count; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Neutropenia; Neutrophils

1-O-Alkyl-2-O-acetyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphorylcholine (i.e., platelet-activating factor) was prepared and confirmed to possess potent platelet aggregating activity. It was also potent in aggregating and degranulating rabbit and human neutrophils. When injected into rabbits, the lipid induced profound neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and anaphylactic symptoms. The lyso derivative of this lipid, 1-O-alkyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphorylcholine, was inactive or several orders of magnitude weaker in inducing these responses. The acetylated lipid appears to be a potent stimulator of both platelets and neutrophils. Its anaphylactic-like toxicity may be related, at least in part, to its ability to aggregate or otherwise stimulate these cells.

Topics: Animals; Glucuronidase; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Lysophosphatidylcholines; Muramidase; Neutropenia; Neutrophils; Platelet Activating Factor; Platelet Aggregation; Rabbits

Topics: Adult; Agranulocytosis; Child; Humans; Infant; Leukemia; Muramidase; Neutropenia

Current research on the mechanism of action of the IUD has focused on a local, low-grade endometritis in preventing blastocystic implantation. With rabbit antisera to rat neutrophils, a neutropenic state was induced in rats having a silk suture in one uterine horn. Assay for nidation sites in the severely polymorphdepleted rats revealed no implantation sites in the IUD horn and an average of 5.8 sites in the control horn, suggesting that inflammation plays a relatively minor role, if any, in the mechanism of action of the IUD.

Topics: Agranulocytosis; Animals; Embryo Implantation; Female; Immune Sera; Intrauterine Devices; Leukocyte Count; Muramidase; Neutropenia; Neutrophils; Pregnancy; Rats; Uterus; Vaginal Smears

The prednisone test revealed normal bone marrow reserve of neutrophils (BMR) in subjects with innocent neutropenias e.g. neutropenias not associated with any other disturbances in haemopoiesis or with increased incidence of infections, assumed to be an individual anomaly of the subject. On the other hand, diminution or absence of MBR in chronic hypoplastic neutropenias, transient post-chemotherapeutic neutropenias and neutropenias with increased destruction of neutrophils were observed. The magnitude of that diminution was not dependent of the cause of neutropenia. It is suggested, that the prednisone test (and probably tests with other BMR mobilizing agents) may serve as screening tests for exclusion (or confirmation) of relative granulopoietic insufficiency as the cause of neutropenia. Only after confirmation of reduced BMR another explanations of neutropenia should be sought using other method as muramidase level, adrenaline test or granulocyte kinetics with DF32P, 3HDFP, or 51Cr.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Agranulocytosis; Antineoplastic Agents; Blood Cells; Bone Marrow Cells; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Male; Methods; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Neutropenia; Prednisone; Time Factors

Topics: Adult; Aged; Agranulocytosis; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Blood Volume; Cell Survival; Felty Syndrome; Female; Half-Life; Humans; Isoflurophate; Leukocyte Count; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Neutropenia; Phosphorus Radioisotopes; Splenectomy