muramidase and Mouth-Neoplasms

Dental care costs in the United States exceed $100 billion annually. Personalized medicine efforts in dentistry are driven by potentially compelling clinical utility and cost-effectiveness prospects in the major diseases of periodontitis, caries, and oral cancers. This review discusses progress and challenges identifying genetic markers and showing clinical utility in dentistry. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of chronic periodontitis (CP) identified no significant variants, but CDKN2BAS variants on chromosome 9 were significantly associated with aggressive periodontitis. Stratifying patients by interleukin (IL)-1 gene variants, smoking and diabetes differentiated CP prevention outcomes. Dental caries' GWAS identified significant signals in LYZL2, AJAp1, and KPNA4; and efforts are ongoing to identify genetic factors for multiple caries phenotypes. Trials of molecularly targeted therapies are in progress for oral, head, and neck squamous cell carcinomas (OHNSCC) and results have been promising but limited in their effectiveness. Current opportunities and challenges for molecular targeting for OHNSCC are discussed.

Topics: alpha Karyopherins; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Cell Adhesion Molecules; Dental Caries; Genetic Markers; Genetic Variation; Genome-Wide Association Study; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Interleukin-1; Mouth Neoplasms; Muramidase; Periodontitis; Precision Medicine; RNA, Long Noncoding

CD68 and lysozyme expression in cannibalistic tumor cells of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is well established. Transformation of cancer cells into cannibalistic cells is a process involving sequential events. Initial event could be genetic expression of proteins that is required for execution of cannibalism. Hence, it is quite possible that some non-cannibalistic tumor cells can also show expression of cannibalistic markers (CD68 and lysozyme).. Formalin-fixed tissues of 30 OSCC cases with cellular cannibalism (CC) (positive control), 30 OSCC cases without CC, and 17 normal oral epithelium specimens (negative control) were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis for CD68 and lysozyme expression.. OSCC with CC showed CD68 and lysozyme expression in 30 (100%) cases each {CD68: [weak: 21 (70%), strong: 9 (30%)]; lysozyme: [weak: 24 (80%), strong: 6 (20%)]}. In OSCCs without CC, CD68-positive tumor cells were present in 13 (43.33%) cases [weak: 10 (33.33%); strong: 3 (10%)] and lysozyme expression was present in 13 (43.33%) cases [weak: 12 (40%); strong: 1 (3.33%)]. Control group showed negative expression for CD68 and lysozyme in the oral epithelium. The CD68 and lysozyme expression in OSCCs without CC, OSCCs with CC, and control group showed statistically significant differences (P < 0.001). Significant correlation was also observed between CD68 and lysozyme expression and different grades of OSCC.. CD68 and lysozyme expression in non-cannibalistic tumor cells of OSCC can be related to CC.

Topics: Antigens, CD; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; Biomarkers, Tumor; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Cytophagocytosis; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth Neoplasms; Muramidase; Phagocytosis

Cannibalism was recognized as a phenomenon seen mainly with the tumor cells ingesting other tumor cells. Recent reports have shown tumor cell engulfing other cells (xeno-cannibalism) as well, such as neutrophils, lymphocytes and erythrocytes. But no such finding has been reported in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in the literature till date.. Retrospective histopathological analysis of OSCC for identification of neutrophil-tumor cell cannibalism (NTCC) and its correlation with clinico-pathological parameters.. The hematoxylin and eosin stained tissue sections of 500 OSCC cases were thoroughly screened at high power magnification (400X) for NTCC. Cases showing only frank NTCC were selected. Cases were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis using CD68 and lysozyme.. Seven (1.4%) cases of OSCC which showed classical features of extreme NTCC on histopathological examination. Seventeen Cases (3.4%) showing occasional isolated NTCC were excluded. All the cases were poorly differentiated and showed cervical lymph node metastasis. Immunohistochemical analysis showed mild (+) to moderate (++) positivity in tumor cells for CD68 and lysozyme markers.. NTCC in OSCC can predict the biological behavior and could serve as a useful prognostic marker in future. Tumor cell displaying macrophage phenotype and cell digestion could be mediated through lysosomal enzyme activity.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Antigens, CD; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; Biomarkers, Tumor; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Cytophagocytosis; Female; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Lymphatic Metastasis; Macrophages; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth Neoplasms; Muramidase; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Neutrophils; Retrospective Studies; Survival Rate

Fibrous histiocytomas are uncommon mesenchymal tumours of the soft tissue in the head and neck region. We report two cases that occurred in the oral cavity, one of a benign fibrous histiocytoma (BFH) and another of an angiomatoid variant of fibrous histiocytoma (AFH). BFH is a benign neoplasm composed of cells with fibroblastic and histiocytic characteristics, while AFH is considered as a distinct type of fibrous histiocytoma with an intermediate malignancy grade that combines features of both fibrohistiocytic and vascular neoplasm. We describe the clinicopathological and histological characteristics of these lesions to clarify and facilitate their diagnosis. In the BFH case, the surgical specimen had many histiocytes positive for lysozime, whereas the AFH cells showed positivity for endothelial cell marker (anti-CD34 antibody). In both cases the tumours were positive for fibronectin and negative for S100 and SMA. Ki-67. Immunohistochemistry was performed in all cases to reveal the different mitotic activity between AFH and BFH tumour cells. Finally, differential diagnoses and therapeutic treatments are discussed.

Topics: Actins; Adult; Antigens, CD34; Cheek; Diagnosis, Differential; Fibronectins; Histiocytes; Histiocytoma, Benign Fibrous; Histiocytoma, Malignant Fibrous; Humans; Infant; Ki-67 Antigen; Male; Mitotic Index; Mouth Neoplasms; Muramidase; S100 Proteins; Tongue Neoplasms

In connection with quantitative sialochemical investigations in mixed saliva from patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OPC), the enzymes phosphohexoseisomerase (PHI) and lysozyme (Ly) were investigated. The glycolytic enzyme PHI recently became interesting as a tumor marker. Lysozyme represents the main enzyme of the nonspecific salivary immune defense.. The enzyme concentrations were specified in 25 men with OPC and in a control group of 20 healthy men of comparable age.. In the mixed saliva of the OPC patients, the PHI concentration was significantly diminished according to the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test compared to the control group (p = 0.022). The lysozyme concentration, however, significantly increased (p = 0.011). These results prove serious sialochemical alterations in mixed saliva of OPC patients. They extend our former studies on kallikrein in glandular mixed saliva, but at present only have a descriptive character. Further pathobiochemical investigations on this subject should be carried out.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Biomarkers, Tumor; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase; Humans; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth Neoplasms; Muramidase; Predictive Value of Tests; Reference Values; Saliva

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aneuploidy; Child; Child, Preschool; Facial Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Macrophages; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth Neoplasms; Muramidase; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Sarcoma

The authors present an immunohistochemical study of 11 cases of maxillo-facial primitive sarcomas. Specimens from demoliti maxillary resections were prepared and stained with alpha-1-antichymotrypsin, lysozyme and CD68. Alpha-1-antichymotrypsin confirmed in this study its lack of specificity as a tumor marker being relevated both in fibroblasts and in osteoblasts and even in chondrosarcomatous tissue. The results of lysozyme and CD68 stainings were interesting especially in malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH), fibrosarcoma and osteosarcoma. The authors showed, once more, that while in osteosarcoma the markers were noted in osteoclasts or pre-osteoclasts alone and not in the neoplastic stroma; all fibroblastic elements were marked in MFH. Immunohistochemical research of histiocyte-macrophage lineage confirmed its utility in osteosarcoma versus MFH differential diagnosis. In fibrosarcoma, furthermore, the authors obtained a positive staining of CD68 and lysozyme in fibroblastic elements morphologically similar to the other neoplastic cells. This datum induced the authors to formulate the interesting hypothesis that MFH and fibrosarcoma represent the opposite ends of a wide spectrum of differentiation of a single neoplasm of fibrohistiocytic origin.

Topics: alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin; Antigens, CD; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; Biomarkers, Tumor; Diagnosis, Differential; Facial Neoplasms; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Jaw Neoplasms; Mouth Neoplasms; Muramidase; Sarcoma

We analyzed the radiation-induced changes in the flow rate and protein composition of stimulated whole saliva in eleven patients treated for malignant conditions of the head and neck. In all patients the radiation field covered all major salivary glands and a large area of the oral mucosa. Paraffin-stimulated whole saliva samples were collected once 2 to 21 days before therapy and then after 20, 40, and 60 gray (Gy) cumulative dose of irradiation. Five patients also provided samples 6 months after the therapy. Hyposalivation or xerostomia occurred in all patients, although the pretreatment secretion rates were already relatively low. Salivary amylase activities decreased with increasing dose of radiation, especially when expressed as the amount of enzyme secreted per minute. Unusually high salivary concentrations of albumin, lactoferrin, lysozyme, salivary peroxidase, myeloperoxidase, and total protein were observed during the therapy, but most values slowly returned to pretreatment levels after cessation of radiation. It is concluded that the observed qualitative changes in whole saliva components are net effects caused by the cancer itself, radiation therapy given, systemic diseases, or medications, as well as mucosal inflammations.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Amylases; Female; Humans; Isoenzymes; Lactoferrin; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth Neoplasms; Muramidase; Peroxidase; Peroxidases; Pharyngeal Neoplasms; Saliva; Salivary Proteins and Peptides; Secretory Rate

Function and morphology of the major salivary glands were investigated in patients suffering from carcinomas of the oral cavity, the oropharynx and the hypopharynx. In comparison to the results obtained from healthy control subjects, the tumour patients showed significantly decreased flow-rates of parotid and submandibular saliva. Furthermore the excretion of IgA, lysozyme and total protein and the pH-value in both, the parotid and the submandibular saliva of the patients was significantly lowered. The histological feature of the salivary glands of the patients was characterized by interstitial deposition of fat. In several cases a swelling and a degranulation of the acinar cells was observed additionally. Other patients showed an atrophy of the acinar cells. Sometimes an inflammatory reaction could also be noted in the submandibular and/or the parotid glands of patients suffering from head and neck cancer. The decreased salivary gland function reflects a reduction of the protective mechanisms of the oral cavity and the pharynx. Additionally it enables an increased penetration of environmental carcinogens through the mucous surface, and therefore has to be discussed as a factor for the etiology of carcinomas of the upper aerodigestive tract.

Topics: Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms; Immunoglobulin A, Secretory; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth Neoplasms; Muramidase; Oropharyngeal Neoplasms; Parotid Gland; Pharyngeal Neoplasms; Saliva; Salivary Glands; Secretory Rate; Submandibular Gland

Six cases of oral granular cell lesions were studied with respect to intermediate-sized filaments (IF), peanut lectin binding (PNL) and muramidase activity by means of the peroxidase antiperoxidase technique. The tumours included three granular cell myoblastomas of the tongue (GCM) two cases of congenital gingival granular cell tumour (CGGT) and one granular cell ameloblastoma (GCA). Every tumour studied showed intracytoplasmic PNL binding whereas muramidase was negative in all cases. Vimentin expression was demonstrated in the CGGT and to a lesser extent in the GCM, but was absent in the GCA which was positive for keratin. Desmin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were not present in any of the lesions. These data demonstrate that PNL binding might be considered to be a common feature of granular cells regardless of their histogenesis. Lysosomes are supposed to represent the intracellular binding sites for this marker. Moreover it is shown that histomorphological identity between the granular cells of CGGT and GCA does not signify identity in histogenesis since the former are of mesenchymal derivation while the latter, from their intermediate filament protein types appear to originate from epithelium.

Topics: Ameloblastoma; Arachis; Gingival Neoplasms; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Intermediate Filament Proteins; Mouth Neoplasms; Muramidase; Neoplasms, Muscle Tissue; Receptors, Mitogen; Tongue Neoplasms; Vimentin

Eleven cases of primary extranodal lymphoma occurring within the oral cavity were studied using an immunoperoxidase technique on formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue to detect immunoglobulin, J chain, lysozyme and alpha 1 antitrypsin. On the basis of immunoglobulin and J chain content, the 11 cases fell into 4 groups. Staining for lysozyme and alpha 1 antitrypsin revealed a large variation in the staining intensity and numbers of reactive histiocytes between cases, although no positive staining of lymphoma cells was found. The results indicate that 64 per cent of the lesions were of B lymphocyte origin with no proven cases of true histiocytic lymphoma and are consistent with similar studies of nodal lesions.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Albumins; alpha 1-Antitrypsin; Female; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunoglobulin J-Chains; Immunoglobulins; Lymphoma; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth Neoplasms; Muramidase

Topics: alpha-Glucosidases; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; beta 2-Microglobulin; Betamethasone; Biomarkers; Bleomycin; Cisplatin; Diuresis; Fluid Therapy; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Function Tests; Kidney Tubules; Methotrexate; Mouth Neoplasms; Muramidase; Neoplasm Proteins; Predictive Value of Tests; Sensitivity and Specificity; Vincristine

Topics: Enzyme Activation; Humans; Mouth Neoplasms; Muramidase; Pharyngeal Neoplasms; Precancerous Conditions; Saliva; Salivary Glands