muramidase and Lung-Neoplasms

Subsequent to the first report in the 1940s on incubation of tissue sections with fluorescein-conjugated antibodies for localization of antigens, a great number of modifications were introduced to improve the validity of immunohistochemistry which has become a growingly popular tool. The use of immunoenzymatic techniques eliminates the need for expensive fluorescence microscopy equipment, the lack of permanency of preparations and the lack of electron density required in ultrastructural localization of antigens. Regardless of the technique, it is also important to choose a correct fixation which allows the proper preservation of antigens and morphology and the penetration of antibodies through the entire thickness of the preparation. A variety of immunohistochemical techniques have been applied to study several components of the lung, such as collagen, surface active material, lung specific antigens, and enzymes and the detection of tumor markers, immunoglobulins and infectious agents in the respiratory system which is reviewed. The large surface area and the multiplicity of cell types provided by the respiratory tract epithelium of humans for exposure to microbial as well as toxic substances in the environment make this organ system very vulnerable but a good early indicator of adverse health effects. Immunohistochemistry provides valuable information complementary to the immunochemical and biochemical characterization of this barrier.

Topics: Animals; Antibody Specificity; Antigens; Collagen; Endothelium; Environmental Pollutants; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Lung; Lung Neoplasms; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Muramidase; Peptide Hydrolases; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; Pulmonary Surfactants; Respiratory System; Respiratory Tract Infections

Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Neoplasm; Antibody Formation; Antigens, Neoplasm; BCG Vaccine; Cell Migration Inhibition; Dinitrochlorobenzene; Disease Models, Animal; Fibroblasts; Humans; Hybrid Cells; Hypersensitivity, Delayed; Immunity, Cellular; Immunization; Immunotherapy; Lectins; Lung Neoplasms; Lymphocyte Activation; Mice; Muramidase; Rosette Formation; Tissue Extracts; Vitamin A

A summary is presented of those organ specific enzyme assays traditionally used in evaluation of the patient with cancer. In addition, the use of certain serum enzymes such as gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, phosphohexose isomerase or 5'-nucleotidase as aids in following the course of the disease, particularly in patients with metastatic spread to the liver is outlined. Also considered is the utility of enzyme analysis in biopsy tissue, biologic fluids, and washings of body cavities. Newer enzymes are considered which might, in the future, be developed as diagnostic tools or as probes for the understanding of the etiology of cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Amylases; Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; Bone Neoplasms; Clinical Enzyme Tests; gamma-Glutamyltransferase; Humans; Isoenzymes; Isomerases; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Lipase; Liver Neoplasms; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Muramidase; Neoplasms; Nucleotidases; Oxidoreductases; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Neoplasms; Sulfatases

Topics: Amyloidosis; Blood Protein Disorders; Bone Neoplasms; gamma-Globulins; Humans; Karyotyping; Kidney Diseases; Kinetics; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Plasma Cell; Lung Neoplasms; Lymph Nodes; Lymphoma; Microscopy, Electron; Multiple Myeloma; Muramidase; Plasmacytoma

ABIN1, an important immune regulator, has been shown to be involved in various cellular functions, such as immunity, development, tissue homeostasis, and tumor progression. It inhibits TNF- and TLR-induced NF-κB signaling activation and the consequent gene expression. Despite its functional significance, the mechanism of ABIN1 in the regulation of various cellular functions remains unclear. In this study, we identified HDAC1, a key regulator of eukaryotic gene expression and many important cellular events, including cell proliferation, differentiation, cancer and immunity, as an interacting partner of ABIN1. The results showed that ABIN1 acted as a modulator to down-regulate HDAC1 ubiquitination via three different linkages, thereby stabilizing HDAC1 by inhibiting its lysosomal and proteasomal degradation. Interestingly, the inhibitory function of ABIN1 required direct binding with HDAC1. Moreover, the level of p53, which was a tumor suppressor and a well-studied substrate of HDAC1, was under the regulation of ABIN1 via the modulation of HDAC1 levels, suggesting that ABIN1 was physiologically significant in tumor progression. This study has revealed a new function of ABIN1 in mediating HDAC1 modification and stability.

Topics: A549 Cells; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; DNA-Binding Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Gene Knockout Techniques; HeLa Cells; Hep G2 Cells; Histone Deacetylase 1; Humans; K562 Cells; Liver Neoplasms; Lung Neoplasms; Muramidase; Neoplasms; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; Protein Stability; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; Ubiquitination

Herein we present the synthesis of fluorescent 2-acetylbenzeneboronic acids that undergo B-N promoted conjugation with lysozyme and N-(2-aminoethyl) folic acid (EDA-FA), generating conjugates that are selectively recognized and internalized by cancer cells that over-express folic acid receptors.

Topics: Benzene Derivatives; Boronic Acids; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Endocytosis; Fluorescent Dyes; Folate Receptor 1; Folic Acid; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Molecular Structure; Muramidase; Tumor Cells, Cultured

Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death over the world. Although new diagnostic methods have been discovered, new biomarkers of the cancer are still under studying. A human chitinolytic enzyme called chitotriosidase hydrolyzes chitin and chitotrioside substrates. It is specifically expressed by activating macrophages and seems to play a role in the defense against chitinous human pathogens. Recently it has been shown that chitotriosidase may also attend to the inflammatory process. The aim of the study was to determine chitotriosidase activity in serum of patients with lung cancer and patients with inflammatory exudate. We studied the usefulness of the above parameter determination in differentiation between lung cancer and inflammation. In addition, serum activity of lysozyme and cathepsin H was determined.. The study included 17 patients with inflammatory pleural exudate--group 1., 40 lung cancer patients with malignant pleural effusion--group 2. and 37 healthy subjects. All the patients of group 2. were divided into 2 subgroups: 2A without metastases (n = 23) and 2B with metastases (n = 17). Chitotriosidase and cathepsin H activity was determined in serum by a fluorometric methods. Serum lysozyme activity was measured by turbidimetric method with Micrococcus luteus as substrate.. We observed an increase of the chitotriosidase activity in serum patients of both studied group in comparison with the control. The activity of the chitotriosidase in lung cancer patients was significantly higher than in the control (36.7 vs 68.1 nmol/ml/h; p < 0.01). There were no significant differences in serum lysozyme and cathepsin H activity in patients in comparison to healthy subjects.. The results suggest that activity of the chitotriosidase can not be used to differentiation between inflammation and cancer in lung.

Topics: Aged; Biomarkers, Tumor; Cathepsin H; Cathepsins; Cysteine Endopeptidases; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Hexosaminidases; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Muramidase; Pleural Effusion; Pleural Effusion, Malignant; Pleurisy

The modification of proteins by reducing sugars through the process of non-enzymatic glycation is one of the principal mechanisms by which hyperglycaemia may precipitate the development of diabetic complications. Fn3K (fructosamine 3-kinase) and Fn3KRP (Fn3K-related protein) are two recently discovered enzymes that may play roles in metabolizing early glycation products. However, although the activity of these enzymes towards various glycated substrates has been established, very little is known about their structure-function relationships or their respective mechanisms of action. Furthermore, their only structural similarities noted to date with members of other kinase families has been with the bacterial aminoglycoside kinases. In the present study, we employed affinity labelling with the ATP analogue FSBA {5'-p-[(fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl]adenosine} to probe the active-site topology of Fn3KRP as an example of this enigmatic family of kinases. FSBA was found to modify Fn3KRP at five distinct sites; four of these were predicted to be localized in close proximity to its ATP-binding site, based on alignments with the aminoglycoside kinase APH(3')-IIIa, and examination of its published tertiary structure. The results of the present studies provide evidence that Fn3KRP possesses an ATP-binding domain that is structurally related to that of both the aminoglycoside kinases and eukaryotic protein kinases.

Topics: Adenosine; Adenosine Triphosphate; Affinity Labels; Binding Sites; Cell Line, Tumor; DNA Primers; Glycosylation; Humans; Kanamycin Kinase; Lung Neoplasms; Muramidase; Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor); Protein Kinases; Recombinant Proteins; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Trypsin

Lactoferrin and lysozyme are important antimicrobial compounds of airway surface liquid, derived predominantly from serous cells of submucosal glands but also from surface epithelium. Here we compared release of these compounds from the following human cell cultures: primary cultures of tracheal epithelium (HTE), Calu-3 cells (a lung adenocarcinoma cell line frequently used as a model of serous gland cells), 16HBE14o- cells (an SV40 transformed line from airway surface epithelium), T84 cells (a colon carcinoma cell line), and human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF). For lysozyme, baseline secretory rates were in the order Calu-3 > 16HBE14o- > HTE T84 > HFF = 0; for lactoferrin, the only cell type showing measurable release was HTE; for mucus, HTE > Calu-3 > 16HBE14o- T84 > HFF = 0. A wide variety of neurohumoral agents and inflammatory stimuli was without effect on lactoferrin and lysozyme release from HTE or Calu-3 cells, although forskolin did stimulate secretion of water and lysozyme from Calu-3 cells. However, the concentration of lysozyme in the forskolin-induced secretions was much less than in airway gland secretions. Thus our data cast doubt on the utility of Calu-3 cells as a model of airway serous gland cells but do suggest that HTE could prove highly suitable for studies of mucin synthesis and release.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Cell Line, Transformed; Cell Line, Tumor; Fibroblasts; Humans; Lactoferrin; Lung Neoplasms; Mucus; Muramidase; Respiratory Mucosa; Trachea

Immunotherapy is a promising approach for the management of malignancies. It may be particularly useful for tumors that do not respond to conventional therapies, such as many metastatic cancers. The efficacy of immunotherapy will depend on many factors, one of which is the immunocompetence of the host. Patients with large primary tumors frequently are immunosuppressed, making them poor candidates for immunotherapy. Although a few studies have reported that surgical removal of primary tumor reverses immunosuppression, it is not known whether metastatic disease in postsurgery patients inhibits this recovery. To determine the role of metastatic disease, we examined tumor-free mice versus mice with primary tumor and metastatic disease versus mice whose primary tumors were removed surgically but who had metastatic disease. We have used the mouse 4T1 mammary carcinoma, a BALB/c-derived transplantable tumor that shares many characteristics with human breast cancer and is an established model for spontaneous, metastatic cancer. Cell-mediated and humoral adaptive immunity, as measured by rejection of allogeneic tumor, antigen-specific T-cell proliferation, and antigen-specific antibody responses, was suppressed in 4T1-bearing nonsurgery mice relative to tumor-free mice. Surgical removal of primary tumor resulted in rebounding of antibody and cell-mediated responses, even in mice with metastatic disease. Macrophage activity, as measured by lipopolysaccharide responsiveness, and dendritic cell function, as measured by nominal and alloantigen presentation, were not suppressed in tumor-bearing mice. Therefore, the presence of primary tumor suppresses T-cell and antibody responses; however, surgical removal of primary tumor restores immunocompetence even when disseminated metastatic disease is present.

Topics: Animals; Antigen Presentation; Dendritic Cells; Female; Immunization; Immunosuppression Therapy; Lipopolysaccharides; Lung Neoplasms; Lymphocyte Activation; Macrophages; Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental; Melanoma, Experimental; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Inbred C3H; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Muramidase; T-Lymphocytes; Transplantation, Homologous

Mucinous-type adenocarcinoma and non-mucinous-type adenocarcinoma are known to be the representative histological subtypes of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. Mucinous-type adenocarcinoma is also known to carry abnormalities of the K- ras gene at high frequency. However, the mixed subtype of the both mucinous-type and non-mucinous-type adenocarcinoma (mixed-type) has not been analyzed in detail, although its existence has been reported in a few papers. In this study we carried out immunohistochemical and molecular biological analyses of 15 examples of the mixed-type, in comparison with 11 cases of mucinous-type and 21 cases of non-mucinous-type adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemically, lysozyme - one of the specific markers of mucinous-type adenocarcinoma - was not stained in the mucinous component of the mixed-type. K- ras gene mutations were detected only in mucinous-type (73%) and non-mucinous-type (10%) adenocarcinomas and not in either the mucinous or non-mucinous component of the mixed-type (0%). Therefore, although mixed-type adenocarcinomas consist of tumor cells showing both mucinous and non-mucinous morphology, the mucinous component of this type differs from mucinous-type adenocarcinoma in terms of immunohistochemical features and K- ras gene alteration.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Genes, ras; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Mutation

Topics: Actins; Cell Nucleus; Child, Preschool; Cytoplasm; Desmin; Endoplasmic Reticulum, Rough; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Mesoderm; Microscopy, Electron; Mitochondria; Muramidase; Pleural Neoplasms; Pulmonary Blastoma; Vimentin

The aim of the present investigation was to examine the effects of the lysozyme derivative mPEG-lyso (hen egg-white lysozyme coupled with polyoxyethylenglycol), on TS/A adenocarcinoma cell line in vivo and in vitro. mPEG-lyso reduces the number of ICAM-1+ and E-cadherin+ cells of TS/A adenocarcinoma cell line in vitro, and causes a marked decrease of spontaneous lung metastases in vivo. In both cases, mPEG-lyso reduces the number of tumour cells in sythesis and pre-mitotic phases. In connection with the reduction of cells expressing adhesion molecules, mPEG-lyso reduces the number of infiltrating leukocytes in the primary tumour in vivo and reduces the binding capacity of splenocytes to tumour cells in vitro. These data stress, for the first time, that the in vivo control of mPEG-lyso on lung metastasis formation of solid metastasising tumours may be due to a combination of effects on tumour cells in addition to those on host's immune system.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Cadherins; Cell Division; Down-Regulation; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; Lung Neoplasms; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Muramidase; Polyethylene Glycols

The estimations of adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity and lysozyme (LYS) levels in pleural fluid have been proved useful tools in the diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusions. Little is known about their usefulness when estimated in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF).. To evaluate whether both ADA activity and LYS levels in BALF could be employed in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis, and especially in active but acid fast bacilli (AFB) smear negative cases.. ADA activity and LYS levels were determined in BALF and serum obtained on the same day in 28 patients with tuberculosis, 21 with interstitial lung diseases, 14 with lung cancer and 13 with infectious diseases.. Patients with pulmonary tuberculosis had significantly higher ADA activity in BALF than patients with non-tuberculous lung diseases (P < 0.001). High BALF ADA activity in pulmonary tuberculosis patients suggests increased local production. In contrast, in this group of patients BALF LYS levels were not significantly higher than in the other groups of patients, but were in the group with interstitial lung diseases.. BALF ADA activity seems to be a useful tool in the differentiation of tuberculosis from other lung diseases. Its estimation can be restricted to the detection of cases with AFB negative smears.

Topics: Adenosine Deaminase; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Carcinoma, Bronchogenic; Case-Control Studies; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Lung Diseases; Lung Diseases, Interstitial; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

The level of ADA, LZM, leukocyte count, lymphocyte in tuberculous effusion is higher than that of carcinomatous effusion (P < 0.05). All results showed that the change of multiple parameters is related to the pathological manifestation of pleurae. The false positive or negative result was influenced by pathological appearance and bloody character of pleural effusion. Using the ADA, LZM cut off value at 35U and 30mg, respectively, and pleural/serum ADA ratio > 1.4, LZM > 1.1, a sensitivity and specificity of 100 percent were achieved.

Topics: Adenosine Deaminase; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biopsy; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Pleura; Pleural Effusion, Malignant; Pleural Neoplasms; Tuberculosis, Pleural

Analysis of cell surface glycosylation not only provides information about cell properties such as their state of differentiation or histogenetic lineage. The carbohydrate chains also provide potentially functional binding sites to endogenous carbohydrate-binding proteins. This interaction can elicit consequent signalling processes. Because of the importance of neutrophils in the host defence system, we monitored the effect of the binding of such sugar receptors to their cell surface on the release of the enzymatic activities of lysozyme, elastase, and myeloperoxidase. Besides the mannose-binding lectin concanavalin A and the immunomodulatory alpha/beta-galactoside-binding lectin from Viscum album L., three preparations of human sugar receptors - beta-galactoside-binding lectin (M(r) 14 kDa) and two affinity-purified polyclonal IgG fractions from serum with the capacity to recognize alpha- or beta-galactosides, respectively - were used. Two animal lectins from chicken liver and intestine that bind beta-galactosides, as well as the lectin-like human serum amyloid P component, were included in order to assess the importance of slight differences in ligand recognition. Cytochalasin B-enhanced enzyme release was invariably seen with the two plant lectins and the chicken liver beta-galactoside-binding lectin, but the related intestinal lectin did not increase enzyme release. The mammalian homologue of these avian lectins triggered lysozyme secretion, and the lactoside-binding IgG fraction enhanced the amount of extracellular elastase activity slightly but significantly. Thus, the actual lectin, not the nominal specificity of sugar receptors, is crucial for elucidation of responses. Due to the highly stimulatory activity of the two plant lectins, neutrophils from patients with non-cancerous diseases and from patients with lung cancer were monitored for the extent of lectin-mediated enzyme release. Only the concanavalin A-mediated reactivity of the neutrophils was associated with the type of disease.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Agglutinins; Autoantibodies; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Carcinoma, Small Cell; Concanavalin A; Female; Galactosides; Glycosides; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Lectins; Leukocyte Elastase; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Mistletoe; Muramidase; Neutrophils; Pancreatic Elastase; Peroxidase; Plant Lectins; Plant Proteins; Plants, Medicinal; Protein Binding; Serum Amyloid P-Component

Quantitative analysis of lysozyme- and CD68-positive Kupffer cells was carried out in connection with diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in non-human primates. The number of Kupffer cells/mm2 was determined in 28 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and seven age-matched controls. The Kupffer cell counts (mean +/-SEM) gradually decreased in the following order, irrespective of the histochemical markers (lysozyme or CD 68) used: healthy control liver (101.7 +/- 13.5 and 103.2 +/- 11.9 respectively), non-cirrhotic and non-neoplastic host liver (54.3 +/- 13.6 and 50.5 +/- 15.4), cirrhotic host liver (26.2 +/- 8.2 and 27.2 +/- 3.3), HCC tissue (20.7 +/- 4.4 and 19.3 +/- 4.1) and metastatic foci in the lung (9.8 +/- 1.8 and 9.7 +/- 2.8). The difference between the normal liver and the non-neoplastic, non-cirrhotic portions of the HCC-bearing liver was significant (P < 0.05). A highly significant difference was found between the number of Kupffer cells found in healthy control or non-neoplastic liver and those found in HCC nodules (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.0005 respectively). The results obtained by hematoxylin and eosin staining and lysozyme/CD68 immunohistochemistry were highly similar, indicating that this decrease was attributable primarily to numeric loss of Kupffer cells. The results suggest that the reduction in the number of Kupffer cells in HCC is a constant feature of hepatocarcinogenesis not only in rodent models, but also in non-human primates.

Topics: Animals; Antigens, CD; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; Carcinogens; Diethylnitrosamine; Immunohistochemistry; Kupffer Cells; Liver; Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental; Liver Neoplasms, Experimental; Lung Neoplasms; Macaca fascicularis; Macaca mulatta; Muramidase

Tumors resembling giant cell tumor (GCT) of bone are well known to occur in other organs and many cases have been reported to date. While GCT occurring as primary lesions in the lung are extremely rare, the authors experienced such a tumor at an autopsy of a 77 year old woman and subsequently performed histological and immunohistochemical examinations. The clinical and morphologic characteristics of this case are documented, and the literature concerning this type of tumor is reviewed. The present tumor of the lung was histologically characterized by proliferation of benign-looking osteoclast-like giant cells in association with slightly atypical mononuclear cells. The tumor cells were immunohistochemically positive for histiocytic markers but negative for epithelial markers. This case appears to be the first reported benign giant cell tumor of the lung in which histiocytic differentiation of mononuclear cells was suggested by immunohistochemistry.

Topics: Aged; alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin; alpha 1-Antitrypsin; Antigens, CD; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Female; Giant Cell Tumors; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Lung Neoplasms; Muramidase; Vimentin

Nocardia lysozyme digest (NLD), a particulate fraction from Nocardia opaca, is able to induce antitumor activity to SaL-1 tumor cells (lung sarcoma) in Balb/c mice. In mice immunized with NLD inhibition of tumor growth and prolonged survival of tumor bearing animals was observed. Macrophages isolated from peritoneal cavity and stimulated with NLD release a few arachidonic acid metabolites, mostly PGE 2. Macrophages from tumor bearing mice are more sensitive to Nocardia antigens than normal. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments have documented that Nocardia is an active immunomodulator.

Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Animals; Immunization; Lung Neoplasms; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Muramidase; Nocardia; Tumor Cells, Cultured

In order to identify expression of RNA transcripts for a number of important tracheobronchial cell products and molecules, we developed simple reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays. Assays included the RNA for two apomucins (MUC1 and MUC2), secretory component, secretory leukocyte inhibitor protein, lysozyme, lactoferrin, 15-lipoxygenase, and the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. We tested RNA of normal and neoplastic origin. Sources of normal tissue included human tracheal surface epithelial cells and tracheobronchial submucosal tissues, acutely isolated human tracheal surface epithelial and tracheobronchial gland acini, and confluent cultures of human tracheal epithelial and tracheobronchial gland cells. Sources of neoplastic tissue included cell lines of non-small cell carcinomas of the lung. RNA expression was correlated with protein expression as assessed by immunocytochemistry. Tracheal surface epithelial tissues, isolated cells and cultures, and tracheobronchial submucosal tissues expressed RNA transcripts for all of the RNA transcripts assayed. Isolated gland acini and cultured gland cells expressed all RNA transcripts except 15-lipoxygenase. Expression of RNA transcripts by non-small cell lung carcinomas was heterogeneous and not necessarily influenced by histopathologic type. In most instances, RNA expression predicted expression of immunocytochemically detectable protein. These RT-PCR assays are useful for characterizing the molecular phenotype of cell cultures derived from normal or neoplastic airway epithelium and for establishing the potential of cultured cells for functional studies.

Topics: Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase; Base Sequence; Carcinoma; Cells, Cultured; Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator; DNA Primers; Epithelium; Gene Expression; Lactoferrin; Lung Neoplasms; Membrane Proteins; Molecular Sequence Data; Mucins; Muramidase; Phenotype; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Proteinase Inhibitory Proteins, Secretory; Proteins; RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase; RNA, Messenger; Secretory Component; Serine Proteinase Inhibitors; Trachea

The effects of the i.v. administration of endotoxin (6.25-50 micrograms/mouse on day 13 after tumor implantation) in mice treated orally with lysozyme hydrochloride (100 mg/kg on days 5-12 from tumor implantation) were examined using Lewis lung carcinoma in the C57Bl mouse and MCa mammary carcinoma of CBA mice. On primary tumor growth, endotoxin alone causes a dose-dependent and statistically significant reduction with a nadir on day +2 from endotoxin treatment. Combined with lysozyme, endotoxin causes an effect independent of the dose used, corresponding to the effect caused by endotoxin alone at the dose of 25 micrograms/mouse. No tumor regression was recorded in any of the treated groups. Endotoxin is virtually devoid of effects at the metastatic level. In the same conditions, lysozyme causes a reduction of primary tumor growth and a more pronounced inhibition of lung metastasis formation as expected from its already reported effects. The antitumor activity of endotoxin, unlike lysozyme, can be ascribed to tumor hemorrhagic necrosis due to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production, as determined in tumor homogenates. Endotoxin does not increase the antitumor effects in mice treated with lysozyme, as expected from the data obtained with the more immunogenic SA1 sarcoma, although lysozyme increased the mitogenic response to ConA of ex vivo isolated splenocytes, in vitro cultured in the presence of IL-2.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Endotoxins; Female; Growth Inhibitors; Injections, Intravenous; Lung Neoplasms; Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Inbred CBA; Muramidase; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Transplantation; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

An autopsy case of pigmented dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (Bednár tumor) with systemic metastasis is reported. No previous example of this tumor showing widespread metastasis has been reported in the literature. The patient, a 45-year-old man, developed a tumor on the right upper arm. The tumor recurred twice and metastasized to other parts of the skin, lungs and brain during the 8-year clinical course. The primary tumor contained melanin-laden tumor cells and showed a storiform growth pattern. Autopsy confirmed multiple metastatic lesions in the skin, lungs, brain, thyroid, pancreas, stomach, small intestine and thigh muscles. The recurrent and metastatic tumors lacked both melanin production and the storiform arrangement, and instead revealed "fibro-sarcomatous" change with a herring-bone or interlacing pattern of growth.

Topics: Adult; alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin; alpha 1-Antitrypsin; Autopsy; Brain Neoplasms; Desmin; Fibrosarcoma; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Muramidase; Myoglobin; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase; S100 Proteins; Skin Neoplasms; von Willebrand Factor

The study of immunoglobulins and lysozyme in acute pneumonia patients suffering from acute leukemia and bronchogenic cancer of the lungs elicited impairment of local specific and nonspecific body defences. This fact should be taken into consideration when planning immunotherapy in combined treatment of relevant patients.

Topics: Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Carcinoma, Bronchogenic; Humans; Immunoglobulins; Lung Neoplasms; Muramidase; Pneumonia; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma

The oral administration of hen egg-white lysozyme to mice bearing B16 melanoma significantly reduces the formation of spontaneous lung metastases and, when combined with surgical removal of the primary tumor, prolongs the survival of the treated hosts. The antimetastatic effect, comparable with that found in the Lewis lung carcinoma and MCa mammary carcinoma systems, is independent of the direct interaction of lysozyme with tumor cells and tends to indicate the suggested intervention of an indirect action mediated by the induction of host responses.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Egg Proteins; Lung Neoplasms; Melanoma, Experimental; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Muramidase; Neoplasm Transplantation

An extremely rare solitary mast cell tumor of the lung was studied histologically, immunohistochemically, and ultrastructurally. The histologic features of the tumor included nodular growth of well-differentiated mast cells and clear cells with no granules. The current case is the third case of a solitary mast cell tumor (granuloma) of the lung in the literature. Clinicopathologic features of this tumor are compared with the other two cases reported previously in the international literature, and the nature of the clear cells is discussed.

Topics: alpha 1-Antitrypsin; Antigens, Neoplasm; Apoproteins; Diagnosis, Differential; Granuloma; Humans; Keratins; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Mast Cells; Mast-Cell Sarcoma; Membrane Glycoproteins; Middle Aged; Mucin-1; Muramidase; Neoplasm Proteins; Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Proteins; Pulmonary Surfactants

An immuno-histological study of metastatic adenocarcinoma has revealed the following results. Metastatic adenocarcinomas of the lymph-node of pulmonary and colonic origin were positive for CEA and negative for lysozymes, and those from gastric, pancreatic, and gallbladder tumors were positive CEA and lysozymes, and those from gastric and pancreatic tumors were positive for the secretory component. The prostate specific antigen was exclusively positive for metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma with a low frequency and prostate acid phosphatase had many false positive results. Thyroglobulin was found to be positive only to colloid. Lactalbumin showed no specificity to metastatic breast adenocarcinoma. For achieving the final diagnosis of a primary tumor, its location in lymph nodes, the clinical history and the results of other examinations must also be taken into consideration.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Biomarkers, Tumor; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Colonic Neoplasms; Humans; Keratins; Lactalbumin; Lung Neoplasms; Lymphatic Metastasis; Muramidase; Neoplasms, Unknown Primary; Secretory Component

Topics: Animals; Female; Lung; Lung Neoplasms; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Muramidase; Organ Size; Peroxidases; Spleen

The host-mediated effects of lysozyme on primary tumor growth and on the formation of pulmonary metastases were investigated in mice bearing the MCa mammary carcinoma. The oral administration of lysozyme to CBA mice for 7 consecutive days before i.v. inoculation of MCa mammary carcinoma cells causes a significant reduction in the formation of lung tumors. The growth of s.c. tumors and the development of lung metastases is also significantly lowered in mice inoculated with tumor cells previously kept at 37 degrees C for 30 min in the presence of peritoneal resident cells or whole plasma samples obtained from normal mice treated with 25-100 mg/kg/day lysozyme for 7 consecutive days. The lysozyme concentration in plasma samples of the treated mice remains undetectable even at daily dosages up to 400 mg/kg, ruling out the hypothesis of a direct effect of the ingested lysozyme. These data seem to suggest a role for host immune reactivity in the antineoplastic effects of lysozyme. The results are consistent with previously reported data and further stress the interesting antitumor properties of the oral administration of lysozyme in mice bearing solid metastasizing tumors.

Topics: Animals; Cell Survival; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; Female; Leukocyte Count; Lung Neoplasms; Lymphocytes; Macrophages; Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental; Mice; Mice, Inbred CBA; Muramidase; Peritoneal Cavity

We have determined simultaneously the ADAp and Lp/Ls ratio in 138 pleural effusions: 61 tuberculous; 42 malignant; 14 transudates; five parapneumonic uncomplicated; six empyematous; and ten cases belonging to a miscellaneous group which included two disseminated lupus erythematosus; two posttraumatic; one pancreatitis; one pleuropericarditis by Mycoplasma; one viral pleuropericarditis; and three pulmonary embolisms. This has allowed us to clear the overlapping for the ADAp activity among tuberculous patients (two cases of lupus and three cases of malignant effusions) in our series. The overlap in the Lp/Ls ratio among tuberculous patients, two malignant, and two parapneumonic uncomplicated cases was also cleared. Fixing the ADAp values at 33 U and the Lp/Ls ratio at 1.2, the tuberculous pleural effusion cases were differentiated from the nontuberculous with a sensibility, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and safety diagnosis of 100 percent. It has been proven that there is a good correlation between ADAp and Lp/Ls ratio (r = 0.717) and the ADAp and Lp (r = 0.660).

Topics: Adenosine Deaminase; Adolescent; Adult; Child; Empyema; Female; Humans; Lung Diseases; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Nucleoside Deaminases; Pleural Effusion; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Sections of primary lung carcinomas, lung metastases, mesotheliomas, and lung metastases of some rare mesenchymal tumors were incubated with different cytokeratin (CK), vimentin, desmin, and tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) antibodies and with antibodies reactive with different hormones (ACTH, PTH, alpha-HCG, Calcitonin CT), CEA, carcinoma-associated antigen (CA1), secretory component (SC), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), alpha-1-antitrypsin (alpha-1-AT), lysozyme (lyso), and S-100 protein (S 100). CK antibodies derived from a 49 kD (reactive with simple epithelia [SE]) and a 67 kD CK polypeptide fraction (reaction with complex epithelia [CE] were useful differentiation markers for the four major groups of lung carcinomas. In one half of small cell carcinomas a positive reaction with NSE antibodies was found. S 100 and SC were good markers for papillary and bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinomas, whereas CEA was less important because of its reactivity with different types of lung carcinomas. To discern clear cell carcinomas of lung and renal origin a positive reaction with vimentin antibodies (some renal but not lung types) and with CA1 (no renal but all lung types) seemed to be useful. All hormone antibodies were of no importance as markers for difficult differential diagnosis, because positive reactivities were found in cases from every major carcinoma group. In addition, a Ca2+-activated adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) was found in mesotheliomas but not in papillary adenocarcinomas.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Carcinoma, Small Cell; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Cell Differentiation; Desmin; Diagnosis, Differential; Histocytochemistry; Hormones; Humans; Immunologic Techniques; Keratins; Kidney Neoplasms; Lung Neoplasms; Mesothelioma; Muramidase; Neoplasm Metastasis; Peptides; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase; Pleural Neoplasms; S100 Proteins; Secretory Component; Tissue Polypeptide Antigen; Vimentin

Topics: Adenosine Deaminase; Adult; Aged; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; Pleural Effusion; Tuberculosis, Pleural

Topics: Adenosine Deaminase; alpha-2-HS-Glycoprotein; Blood Proteins; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Diagnosis, Differential; Ferritins; Humans; Hydrothorax; Lung Neoplasms; Muramidase; Neoplasm Proteins; Peptides; Tissue Polypeptide Antigen; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aged; Female; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Lung Neoplasms; Macrophages; Male; Middle Aged; Monocytes; Muramidase

In the deteriorating group of sarcoidosis patients, progress towards pulmonary fibrosis is a major problem. In order to benefit from corticosteroids, it is important for the treatment to start early. We studied a group of 45 patients with sarcoidosis. Most of them were newly detected patients and none were under or had currently received corticosteroid therapy. The patients were followed for at least six months. We found that increased amounts of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) or lysozyme-positive macrophages (Lys+MF) and mast cells (MC) in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) could implicate a bad prognosis.

Topics: Bronchi; Erythema Nodosum; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Macrophages; Male; Mast Cells; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Neutrophils; Prognosis; Pulmonary Alveoli; Sarcoidosis; Syndrome; Therapeutic Irrigation

Lung tissues from 13 patients with pulmonary sclerosing hemangioma were studied with antibody against surfactant apoprotein, Factor VIII-related antigen, or lysozyme. Surfactant apoprotein was detected in the cytoplasm of the cells lining cystic spaces and papillary projections. Surfactant apoprotein was found in a small number of stromal cells with abundant eosinophilic or clear cytoplasm and round to oval nuclei, which were characteristic in pulmonary sclerosing hemangioma as the main component. Surfactant apoprotein was also found in the stromal cells with small, dark nuclei similar to the lining cells. The lining and stromal cells contained neither Factor VIII-related antigen nor lysozyme. Our demonstration of surfactant apoprotein in these cells provides further support for the idea that pulmonary sclerosing hemangioma primarily consists of epithelial cells with differentiation to type II pneumocytes, as was deduced from ultrastructural investigations.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antigens; Apoproteins; Cytoplasm; Factor VIII; Female; Histiocytoma, Benign Fibrous; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immunologic Techniques; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Pulmonary Surfactants; von Willebrand Factor

A protein-free synthetic cell-growth medium has been defined that permits long-term survival (greater than 120 days) of an established human colon tumor cell line, HT-29. Viability is dependent upon both the concentration of L-glutamine in the medium and the cell density at the time of initial transfer into it. Cell proliferation is minimal, thus obviating the necessity for subculturing. HT-29 adenocarcinoma cells maintained in large-scale culture with this medium continue to secrete the established colon tumor marker carcinoembryonic antigen as well as growth factors and lysozyme. These and, potentially, other important tumor-derived products can therefore be generated continuously in such cultures so that they can be isolated from a conditioned medium free of contaminating serum and protein supplements.

Topics: Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Carcinoma; Cell Line; Colonic Neoplasms; Culture Media; Fibrosarcoma; Glutamine; Growth Substances; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Muramidase; Proteins

Infiltration of T-zone histiocytes (Langerhans' cells and their precursors) and macrophages was investigated by immunohistochemical methods with the use of anti-S100 protein and anti-lysozyme antibodies in 40 Stage Ia cases of adenocarcinoma of the lung. Varying population densities of S100+ T-zone histiocytes were demonstrated in 31 (77.5%) of 40 adenocarcinomas; however, lysozyme+ macrophages were found in almost equal quantities in all cases of adenocarcinoma. The distribution of T-zone histiocytes was clearly different from that of macrophages. Namely, the former was mainly interspersed among the tumor cells, whereas macrophages were found in the stroma and around necrotic foci. The prognosis of Stage Ia adenocarcinoma cases was related to the density of T-zone histiocytes in tumor tissues. Patients with marked infiltration of T-zone histiocytes survived longer than those without or with only slight infiltration (P less than 0.05). Such relationship was not observed with regard to macrophages. This indicates that T-zone histiocytes infiltrating within the tumor and regional lymph nodes may play a role in host defense mechanisms against tumor in the early stage of adenocarcinoma of the lung.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Histiocytes; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Lung Neoplasms; Macrophages; Muramidase; Prognosis; S100 Proteins

Topics: Biological Products; Humans; Infusions, Parenteral; Injections, Intramuscular; Lung Neoplasms; Monocytes; Muramidase; Neutrophils; Picibanil

Lysozyme activity was determined in undiluted and diluted sera of 30 patients with lung carcinoma and of 40 healthy individuals. Blood was collected before radiotherapy, in half of its course, just after completion of radiotherapy, and three weeks and three months later. In the controls the same time spacing was kept. Lysozyme was found to be increased both in undiluted and diluted sera. Enhancement of the lysozyme activity may be due to the presence of immune complexes (antigen--antibody) which are probably responsible for the release of the enzyme from the viable neutrophils. High activity in diluted sera indicates an increase of lysozyme inhibitors in sera of cancer patients. Radiotherapy has not induced significant changes in the enzyme, either during its course of after its completion as confirmed by three-month observation. Taking into consideration the role of the lysozyme in anticancer mechanisms it appears that determination of its activity may be of value in the course of cancer disease.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Antigen-Antibody Complex; Female; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Radiotherapy Dosage

The heterogeneity of histiocytes in primary lung cancer was investigated by immunohistochemical methods using anti-S100 protein and anti-lysozyme antibodies on paraffin sections and OKT-6 monoclonal antibody on frozen sections. T-zone histiocytes (Langerhans cells and their precursors stained by anti-S100 protein and/or OKT-6 monoclonal antibodies) heavily infiltrated tumor tissues and regional lymph nodes in cases of moderately or well-differentiated adenocarcinoma, especially in areas of papillary growth or bronchiolo-alveolar pattern. These cells were interspersed amongst tumor cells showing dendritic figures and were occasionally present in squamous cell carcinoma. However, they were seldom found in other histological types, particularly in small cell carcinoma and carcinoid tumor. The distribution of these cells was different from that of lysozyme-positive macrophages. In this connection, T-zone histiocytes were thought to have a different immunological function from that of the monocyte-macrophage series against lung cancer. The closely similar reactivity of T-zone histiocytes with anti-S100 protein and OKT-6 monoclonal antibodies indicated that these two markers can be employed for paraffin and frozen sections, respectively.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Histiocytes; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Macrophages; Muramidase; S100 Proteins; Staining and Labeling

Topics: Humans; Immunity, Innate; Lung Neoplasms; Macrophages; Muramidase; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; T-Lymphocytes

Topics: Bronchi; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Muramidase; Therapeutic Irrigation

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Pleural Effusion; Pleurisy; Pneumonia; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Lung Diseases; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; Sarcoidosis

Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity was studied in healthy controls, in 57 untreated sarcoidosis patients, and in 164 patients with other chest or lymph node diseases. The serum ACE activity of healthy persons was independent of sex, intake of meals, and smoking habits. There were no diurnal variations. Healthy children had a significantly higher ACE mean value than adults, whose ACE activity was not affected by age. The sarcoidosis patients had the highest ACE mean values, but those of patients with silicosis and asbestosis were also significantly elevated. Pulmonary cancer patients had decreased serum ACE activity, which was probably due to antimitotic treatment. Serum lysozyme (LZM) concentrations did not correlate with normal ACE activity, but the correlation between elevated ACE and LZM was significant in sarcoidosis and silicosis, and the trend was clearly the same for asbestosis. This indicates separate sources for these enzymes when ACE activity is normal, and a common source, i.e. macrophages, when ACE activity is increased. ACE production in certain diseases involving macrophages may be due to the bradykinin inhibiting effect of this enzyme.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic; Asbestosis; Bronchitis; Female; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Lung Diseases; Lung Neoplasms; Lymphatic Diseases; Lymphoma; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; Pneumonia; Pulmonary Fibrosis; Sarcoidosis; Silicosis; Thoracic Neoplasms; Tuberculosis, Lymph Node; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Serum lysozyme has been demonstrated to be an indicator for macrophage activity in the tumor-bearing host. Therefore, we investigated lysozyme levels in the sera of 336 untreated tumor patients (121 malignant melanoma, 61 lung cancers, 70 cervical cancers, 49 breast cancers and 35 benign breast tumors, and 36 healthy controls). Patients with malignant melanoma and lung cancer had significantly higher lysozyme levels than the healthy controls. Within the clinical stages in melanoma, there was a decrease of lysozyme in stages II and III in comparison to stage I, but still above that of the control values. Patients with benign breast tumors had normal levels, whereas in breast cancer patients of stages I and II there was a significant reduction in the lysozyme levels. In stages III and IV no differences to the control group could be detected. In patients with cervical cancer (FIGO II and III) serum lysozyme levels were found to be within the normal range. From this study it can not be concluded that serum lysozyme reflects the immunological reactivity of the tumor bearer. Nevertheless, the reduced levels in stages I and II of breast cancer might point to an immunological defect.

Topics: Breast Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Melanoma; Muramidase; Neoplasms; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

Topics: Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Muramidase; Neoplasm Metastasis; Pleural Effusion; Tuberculosis, Pleural; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

A prospective study was conducted to define the content, significance, and source of lysozyme present in the pleural fluid in human diseases. The pleural fluid lysozyme activity is similar in various malignant and nonmalignant transudates and exudates, and is of limited diagnostic value. The pleural fluid activity correlated well with that of paired serum samples but it had poor correlation with the disease state, the pleural fluid granulocyte counts, and total white blood cell counts. The data suggest that the pleural fluid lysozyme may be derived primarily from the blood and that it is not the product of inflammatory or neoplastic cells in the fluid itself.

Topics: Carcinoma; Female; Granulocytes; Heart Failure; Humans; Leukemia; Liver Cirrhosis; Lung Neoplasms; Lymphoma; Male; Muramidase; Pleural Effusion

Infusion of cycloheximide i.v., an antibiotic known to inhibit synthesis of protein, at a rate of 0.2 mg/kg/hr, reliably caused lysis of fever in 15 chronically febrile patients with Hodgkin's disease who did not have detectable bacterial, fungal, or viral infection. Antipyretic effects were also seen in some patients with reticulum cell sarcoma, lymphosarcoma, acute leukemia, histiocytic medullary reticulosis, plasma cell myeloma, carcinoma of the lung, and carcinoma of the cervix. The drug failed to produce defervescence in four patients with normal granulocyte reserves, who were febrile due to bacterial infection. When infused at a rate of 0.2 mg/kg/hr, the drug apparently caused an acute alteration of protein metabolism in man in that plasma amino acid nitrogen rose acutely while plasma levels of muramidase and ribonuclease fell during the period of the infusion. The data suggest that continuing synthesis of protein may be involved in nonbacterial fever of neoplastic disease. Mammalian granulocytes and monocytes are known to elaborate a pyrogenic protein following appropriate stimulation; it is suggested that in some types of neoplastic disease, particularly Hodgkin's disease, tumor cells may produce and release a pyrogenic protein and that drug-induced inhibition of its synthesis is responsible for the observed lysis of fever.

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Cycloheximide; Female; Fever; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Leukemia; Lung Neoplasms; Lymphatic Diseases; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Multiple Myeloma; Muramidase; Neoplasm Proteins; Neoplasms; Nitrogen; Ribonucleases; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

Topics: Animals; Breast Neoplasms; Bronchial Neoplasms; Cattle; Cyclophosphamide; Drug Combinations; Female; Glucose; Gold Isotopes; Humans; Hydrazines; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lactates; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Mannitol; Muramidase; Neoplasm Metastasis; Pancreatic Extracts; Papain; Plant Extracts; Pleural Effusion; Pleural Neoplasms; Podophyllin; Proteins; Radioisotopes; Thymus Extracts; Time Factors

Topics: Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Leukemia, Myeloid; Lung Neoplasms; Mitomycins; Mononuclear Phagocyte System; Muramidase; Neoplasms; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Stomach Neoplasms; Stomach Ulcer