muramidase and Leukemia

In the first section the assay methods of lysozyme are reviewed. It is pointed out that there is no method using the hydrolysis of NAM- > beta-1, 4-glycoside bond- > NAG, So to clarify relation between methods will lead to discovery of new isozymes. In the second chapter serum or urinary lysozyme levels are discussed in the states of diseases. The high levels are induced by cell proliferation which are producing lysozyme. The type of cells and their nature may infer different lysozymes that has no clear evidences yet. In the third part lysozyme is reviewed as protein and product of gene. In the final, enzyme kinetics are the subject of investigation, and further studies may by chance conduct us to find out new isozymes of lysozyme in near future.

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Humans; Isoenzymes; Leukemia; Muramidase

Recent advances in analysis of leukemic cell phenotypes using cell surface markers have provided important insights into leukocyte differentiation and the cellular origin of leukemia. In addition to the traditional cell surface markers, i.e., surface membrane immunoglobulin and receptors for sheep erythrocytes that define B and T lymphocytes, highly specific monoclonal antibodies have been developed that discriminate various stages of human lymphocyte and granulocyte differentiation. Explorations of the detailed phenotypes of leukemic cells in relation to normal hemopoietic differentiation reveal that consistent, composite phenotypes of different subclasses of lymphoid malignancies closely mimic those of corresponding normal cells at equivalent levels of maturation. This is exemplified in lymphoma cells (chronic lymphocytic leukemia of B or T type, Sezary Syndrome, immunocytoma) that resemble mature and immunocompetent T and B cells, in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) (equivalent to thymus cells) and in non-T ALL (corresponding to lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow). The major phenotypes documented in different leukemias represent the level of maturation arrest imposed on the dominant subclone; this is determined by, but not necessarily synonymous with, the target cell and associated clonogenic cell population in the leukemia. The clinical significance of immunodiagnosis of leukemia cell types becomes best evidenced in acute leukemias. Besides the improvement of diagnosis by using objective criteria, clinically useful subclassifications became evident: five major subtypes of ALL are now recognized, including unclassified or null ALL, common ALL, pre-B-ALL, B-ALL and pre-T/T-ALL. In addition to disclosing that ALL is an heterogeneous disease, such classifications have proved to be prognostically significant. This is exemplified in 248 children and 145 adults with ALL which were analysed for cell type and clinical data. In addition to their utility in leukemia classification, monoclonal antibodies that identify leukemia associated antigens are becoming used therapeutically, e.g., to lyse residual leukemia cells from remission bone marrows removed from leukemia patients before reinfusion. New approaches to the treatment of leukemia in which the objective is to encourage maturation of leukemia cells rather than to achieve leukemia eradication, can be monitored by phenotyping the alterations of the cell surface, and cell markers may hopef

Topics: 5'-Nucleotidase; Acid Phosphatase; Adenosine Deaminase; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aneuploidy; Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte; Antigens, Neoplasm; Antigens, Surface; Blood Platelets; Cell Differentiation; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Child; Child, Preschool; Chromosome Aberrations; DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase; Erythrocytes; Female; Granulocytes; Histocytochemistry; HLA Antigens; Humans; Immunoglobulins; Indoles; Infant; Leukemia; Leukocyte Count; Lymphoma; Male; Mice; Middle Aged; Monocytes; Muramidase; Neoplastic Stem Cells; Neprilysin; Nucleotidases; Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction; Phenotype; Prognosis; Purine-Nucleoside Phosphorylase; Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell; Receptors, Complement; Receptors, Fc; Rosette Formation; Sex Factors; T-Lymphocytes

Topics: Hexosaminidases; Humans; Isoenzymes; Karyotyping; Leukemia; Lymphocytes; Lymphoma; Lymphoproliferative Disorders; Muramidase; Nucleotidyltransferases; Plasmacytoma; Prognosis; Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia

The discovery of cytosine arabinoside, and then the anthrocycline antibiotics, 6-thioguanine, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and other drugs, has added to the armamentarium of known effective agents. The use of combination chemotherapy, the recognition of the need during induction for virtual marrow aplasia to obtain a remission, and recognition of the predilection of the disease for the central nervous system requiring prophylaxis constitute major advances. The impediment to long-term survival is the lack of effective maintenance therapy.

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Agranulocytosis; Antineoplastic Agents; Cells, Cultured; Child; Child, Preschool; Chromosome Aberrations; Chromosome Disorders; Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Graft vs Host Reaction; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Infections; Leukemia; Leukocytosis; Male; Muramidase; Preleukemia; Thrombocytopenia; Uric Acid

Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Bone Neoplasms; Breast Neoplasms; Drug Tolerance; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Granulocytes; Hematopoiesis; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Leukemia; Lymphoma; Muramidase; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms

Topics: Bone Marrow Cells; Cell Survival; Humans; Kinetics; Leukemia; Leukocyte Count; Mitosis; Muramidase; Neutropenia; Neutrophils; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Azo Compounds; Cell Line; Esterases; Glucuronidase; Hematology; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Muramidase; Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction; Peroxidases

Topics: Bacteria; Burns; Cell Wall; Colitis, Ulcerative; Crohn Disease; DNA, Bacterial; Humans; Inflammation; Leukemia; Muramidase; RNA, Bacterial

Topics: Clinical Enzyme Tests; Enzymes; Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase; gamma-Glutamyltransferase; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Leukemia; Muramidase; Neoplasms; Oxygen Consumption; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases

Topics: Adult; Animals; Bence Jones Protein; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Calcium; Carcinoma; Electrolytes; Fanconi Syndrome; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Leukemia; Lymphoma; Multiple Myeloma; Muramidase; Neoplasms; Nephrotic Syndrome; Phosphorus; Potassium; Proteinuria; Sodium

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Marrow Cells; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Daunorubicin; Female; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Glucuronidase; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Leukocytes; Male; Middle Aged; Monocytes; Muramidase; Naphthol AS D Esterase; Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction; Peroxidases; Pregnancy; Prognosis; Remission, Spontaneous

Topics: Actins; Animals; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Cell Differentiation; Cell Membrane; Cell Nucleus; Cytoplasmic Granules; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Golgi Apparatus; Hematologic Diseases; Hematopoiesis; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Hydrolases; Inflammation; Leukemia; Muramidase; Myosins; Neutrophils; Peroxidase; Peroxidases

Topics: Amyloidosis; Blood Vessels; Diabetes Insipidus; Humans; Hypercalcemia; Hyponatremia; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Lactates; Leukemia; Lymphoma; Muramidase; Nephrotic Syndrome; Uric Acid; Urinary Tract

Diseases of the blood and bone marrow are commonly associated with abnormalities of oxido-reductase and lysosomal enzymes within individual erythrocytes and leucocytes. There are considerable technical difficulties, however, in adapting enzyme histochemical techniques to the study of haemopoietic tissue since individual cells are readily disrupted during processing, show variable enzyme activity according to the stage of maturation, and possess a lipoprotein cytoplasmic membrane which hinders reagent penetration. Cytochemical techniques for the study of oxido-reductase systems are of importance in the study of the neutrophil in infected patients, the erythrocyte in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, and the primitive blast cell in acute leukaemia. Lysosomal enzymes are of importance in the study of the neutrophil in infected patients and in the differential diagnosis of acute leukaemia. Some examples of recent studies of these enzyme systems are given to illustrate technical procedures involving cytocentrifugation of cells on to glass slides, adjustment of the osmolality of the reaction mixture, and the study of smeared cells as opposed to cells incubated in suspension.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Aminopeptidases; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Erythrocytes; Esterases; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency; Glucuronidase; Heterozygote; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Methods; Muramidase; NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases; Neutrophils; Peroxidases; Sulfatases

Topics: Acute Disease; Aged; Female; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Leukocytes; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Remission, Spontaneous

Topics: Adult; Biological Assay; Densitometry; Humans; Leukemia; Male; Methods; Micrococcus; Muramidase; Polysaccharides, Bacterial; Viscosity

Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Central Nervous System Diseases; Circadian Rhythm; Diagnosis, Differential; Hepatitis A; Leukemia; Lysosomes; Muramidase; Periodicity; Rabbits; Rats; Virus Diseases

Topics: Amyloidosis; Blood Protein Disorders; Bone Neoplasms; gamma-Globulins; Humans; Karyotyping; Kidney Diseases; Kinetics; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Plasma Cell; Lung Neoplasms; Lymph Nodes; Lymphoma; Microscopy, Electron; Multiple Myeloma; Muramidase; Plasmacytoma

Topics: Blood Glucose; Carbohydrate Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Carbohydrates; Citric Acid Cycle; Clinical Enzyme Tests; DNA; Down Syndrome; Galactosemias; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency; Glycogen; Glycogen Storage Disease; Glycolysis; Glycosaminoglycans; Humans; Leukemia; Leukocytes; Muramidase; Neutrophils; Pentosephosphates; Phagocytosis; Propionates; RNA

Topics: Animals; Blood Cells; Dogs; Graft Rejection; Humans; Iodine Isotopes; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Transplantation; Leukemia; Muramidase; Rats

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Animals; Body Fluids; Cell Wall; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Humans; Hydrolysis; Immunodiffusion; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Tubules; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Leukocytes; Micrococcus; Molecular Weight; Muramidase; Rats; Spectrophotometry

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase; Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Leukemia; Liver Neoplasms; Mass Screening; Muramidase; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Nucleotidases; Phosphoglucomutase

Mitotic indices, labeling indices (LI), and tritiated thymidine incorporation into DNA of marrow cells were conducted in patients with leukemia to determine if correlations existed between kinetic measurements, clinical features, and response to chemotherapy. Higher proliferative activity was observed in chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) and blastic phase of CGL than in acute leukemia. In acute myelogenous leukemia there was no correlation with various clinical features studied. Those patients demonstrating greater than 60% reduction in circulating leukemia cells within 7 days had a higher initial LI than those with less than 60% reduction. Cytosine arabinoside, methotrexate, and hydroxyurea were investigated to determine their synchronizing capability; cytosine arabinoside and methotrexate were superior to hydroxyurea. In a cycle-sensitive schedule specifically designed to synchronize cells, responses occurred more frequently in patients who increased thier LI 48 hours after priming doses of cytosine arabinoside. In an intensive-chemotherapy schedule which produced more remissions than the cycle-sensitive schedule, there was no relationship between initial kinetic measurements and response. Kinetic values increased as patients achieved remissions.

Topics: Adult; Antineoplastic Agents; Bone Marrow; Cell Division; DNA; DNA, Neoplasm; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Kinetics; Leukemia; Male; Middle Aged; Mitotic Index; Muramidase; Remission, Spontaneous; Time Factors

Topics: Agranulocytosis; Anemia, Aplastic; Blood Cell Count; Clinical Trials as Topic; Hematologic Diseases; Humans; Leukemia; Leukocytes; Lymphocytes; Methods; Monocytes; Muramidase; Myeloproliferative Disorders

Simultaneous detection of multiple biomarkers holds great promise for acute leukemia evaluation. Here, a novel biosensor is developed for simultaneous electrochemical detection of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and lysozyme (Lys) based on aptamer recognition by coupling "signal-on" and "signal-off" modes. On one Au electrode, two kinds of signaling probes labeled by the thiolated ferrocene (Fc)- and methy blue (MB)- were designed to hybridize with IFN-γ and Lys aptamers respectively to form partial complementary DNA duplexes. In the presence of IFN-γ and Lys, the target-aptamer interaction led to the release of aptamer from duplex DNA structure. The single-stranded signaling probes thus suffered from the conformation changes, which resulted in the decreased (or increased) oxidation peak current of Fc (or MB) according to the "signal-off (or signal-on)" mode. Electrodes were characterized using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Under the optimized conditions, the signal changes were quantified using square wave voltammetry (SWV). This proposed biosensor for IFN-γ and Lys possessed linear detection range from 0.01 to 10 nM and 0.1 to 100 nM, with the detection limits of 1.14×10(-3) nM and 0.0164 nM, respectively. Moreover, this biosensor was readily regenerated and proved successful toward the practical analysis. The proposed strategy could provide more integrated and reliable information for acute leukemia evaluation.

Topics: Aptamers, Nucleotide; Biosensing Techniques; Ferrous Compounds; Gold; Interferon-gamma; Leukemia; Metallocenes; Muramidase; Oligonucleotides

Gold nanorods have been nominated as propitious candidates for nanobiodiagnostic applications. Herein, a technique has been introduced for rapid visual detection of lysozyme, as its high level of excretion in biological fluids is a characteristic sign of leukemia and kidney disorders. Gold nanorods were biofunctionalized with lysozyme aptamer and characterized with UV-Visible and FTIR spectroscopy, zeta potential analyzer and transmission electron microscopy. Exposure of the nanoprobe to nano molar levels of lysozyme (20 nmol l(-1)) lead to dictated aggregation of the nanostructures at ambient temperature; which was significantly improved by heat induced morphological perturbations and rapid detection by the naked eye (down to pico molar level). Qualitative analysis of Acute myeloid leukemia, Acute lymphocytic leukemia and Lymphoma blood serums showed sensitivity and specificity of the fabricated aptasensor under both temperature conditions. This report encourages utilization of heat-induced aggregation of gold nanorods as a promising nanodiagnostic technique for the emerging nanotechnologies.

Topics: Animals; Aptamers, Nucleotide; Base Sequence; Biomarkers, Tumor; Biosensing Techniques; Gold; Hot Temperature; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Leukemia; Limit of Detection; Muramidase; Nanotubes; Osmolar Concentration; Time Factors; Water

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the local oral defense mechanisms during the course of leukemia, and to define the correlation between the activity of salivary antibacterial factors and the oral clinical findings.. A total of 44 children with newly diagnosed acute leukemia participated in the study. The control group consisted of 23 healthy children. The examination took place at the time of the diagnosis, and during and at the end of the chemotherapy treatment course. During the collection of resting mixed saliva samples the salivary flow rate was measured. In the saliva's supernatant the following parameters were determined: total protein, peroxidase, myeloperoxidase, lysozyme, lactoferrin, and secretory immunoglobulin A.. The introduction of chemotherapy caused a slight decrease of salivary secretion rate (P < .05), as well as the decrease of S-IgA concentration (P < .01), which remained at the same level after the end of chemotherapy (P < .001). Patients with aplasia had decreased levels of peroxidase (P = .014) and myeloperoxidase (P = .013). Patients with oral mucositis presented with lower myeloperoxidase (P = .026) and peroxidase (P = .003) activity levels as well as the drop of S-IgA (P = .000) concentration compared with subjects with no mucositis.. Antileukemic treatment contributes to the compromise of salivary defense mechanisms, therefore it is reasonable to support pharmacologically the saliva's antibacterial potential of leukemic patients to impede the development of local infection.

Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Infective Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Antioxidants; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Immunoglobulin A, Secretory; Lactoferrin; Leukemia; Male; Mucositis; Muramidase; Opportunistic Infections; Peroxidase; Saliva; Salivary Proteins and Peptides; Secretory Rate; Stomatitis

To date, the diagnosis of mast cell disease (MCD) relied on routine plus histochemical stains. Its differential diagnosis, however, includes a variety of other hematopoietic and particularly B-cell lymphoid neoplasms that are best identified in paraffin sections using immunostains. To determine the paraffin-section immunoreactivity of MCD, 20 specimens from 14 patients with MCD and 1 bone marrow sample (from a patient with probable MCD) that showed equivocal metachromasia, were stained with antitryptase, CD68 (KP-1), CD20 (L26), antilysozyme, and antimyeloperoxidase antibodies. Ten hairy cell leukemias (HCLs), six lymphomas of parafollicular and/or monocytoid B-cell (MBCLs) and low-grade mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) types, six granulocytic sarcomas, and five acute myeloid leukemias with monocytic differentiation (M4 and M5 types) were also stained. Tryptase positivity was identified in all of the MCD cases. The staining was moderate to strong in 20 of the 21 specimens, including the probable MCD case. No other neoplasms tested were tryptase positive. CD68 showed similar to even stronger staining in all of the specimens of MCD, HCL, granulocytic sarcoma, and acute myeloid leukemia (M4 and M5 types) tested and in five of the six MBCL and/or MALT-type lymphomas. Weak-to-moderate lysozyme staining seemed to be present in at least 7 of the MCD specimens, whereas there was a lack of staining for myeloperoxidase in 12 specimens, and 7 specimens were nonevaluable (1 case was not tested). Myeloperoxidase was identified in all of the granulocytic sarcomas and acute myeloid leukemias (M4 and M5 types) but not in any HCLs, MBCLs, or low-grade lymphomas of MALT type. CD20 was negative in all of the MCD and myelomonocytic neoplasms but positive in all of the HCLs, MBCLs, and low-grade B-cell lymphomas of MALT type. MCD, therefore, has a characteristic tryptase-positive, CD68-positive, and CD20-negative phenotype in paraffin sections. This distinguishes MCD from the hematopoietic and/or lymphoid disorders that it most closely resembles.

Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antigens, CD; Antigens, CD20; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; Bone Marrow; Chymases; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Leukemia; Liver; Lymph Nodes; Lymphoma; Mast Cells; Mastocytosis; Microtomy; Muramidase; Neoplasms; Paraffin Embedding; Peroxidase; Serine Endopeptidases; Skin; Tryptases

By means of the immunocytochemical method, the level of cytoplasmic lysozyme in leukocytes from healthy volunteers (n = 50) and from patients with uremia (n = 50), leukocytosis (n = 50), various forms of leukemia (n = 36) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) (n = 7) were analysed, and compared with that of simultaneously assayed serum lysozyme. Both the cytoplasmic and serum levels of lysozyme in uremia and leukocytosis were significantly higher than normal subjects (p < 0.001). No correlation, however, was found between their cytoplasmic and serum levels of lysozyme. Morphological analysis for various kinds of leukemia and MDS indicated that myelocytic and monocytic cells became highly positive for lysozyme staining with maturation, and that lymphocytes, leukemic myeloblasts and monoblasts were negative. The cytoplasmic and serum lysozyme levels of leukemias or MDS having a number of lysozyme-positive cells were elevated as compared with those of normal individuals. Among them acute myelocytic leukemia (FAB M4) revealed an excellent correlation between the lysozyme levels in cytoplasm and in serum. The rest whose serum lysozyme level tend to be lower than the cytoplasmic one gave poor correlation. Thus, serum lysozyme level is not fully reflected by the cytoplasmic level. The dual determination of cytoplasmic and serum lysozyme is suggested to be helpful on estimating leukemia types, the degree of cellular maturation and total cell mass, and might also provide a valuable tool for prediction of prognosis for these disorders.

Topics: Cytoplasm; Humans; Leukemia; Leukocytes; Leukocytosis; Muramidase; Myelodysplastic Syndromes; Uremia

A grave prognosis is usually associated with leukemic skin infiltrates (leukemia cutis). However, some leukemic skin infiltrates are clinically similar to reactive non-leukemic infiltrates in patients with leukemia; thus it is of great importance to distinguish them. Fifty-four cases which were thought clinically to be leukemia cutis underwent immunophenotyping with a panel of nine T, B, monocytic, and macrophage markers using paraffin sections. Immunohistochemistry helped identify 44 cases with leukemia cutis and 10 with reactive infiltrates. In all cases of leukemia cutis, the staining patterns of skin infiltrates were concordant with cell type in the bone marrow. Furthermore, the panel of markers was usually helpful in distinguishing reactive from leukemia infiltrates, especially in cases with chronic lymphatic leukemia. Immunohistochemistry is a valuable adjunct in histopathologic differentiation of skin infiltrates in most cases of leukemia. With formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded biopsies, we recommend that CD45 (LCA), CD45RO (UCHL-1), CD3, CD20 (L-26), CD43 (Leu-22), CD68 (KP-1), lysozyme, and chloroacetate esterase be considered in cases of systemic leukemia with cutaneous papules and nodules that prove difficult to interpret with routine section.

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antigens, CD; Antigens, CD20; Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; Biomarkers, Tumor; Biopsy; Bone Marrow; CD3 Complex; Cell Movement; Dermatitis; Female; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell; Leukemic Infiltration; Leukocyte Common Antigens; Leukosialin; Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating; Macrophages; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Paraffin; Sialoglycoproteins; Skin; Staining and Labeling

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteins with molecular masses of < 150,000 Da were identified by immunoblotting after two kinds of nonreducing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). With PAGE 1 (17-27% gradient gel), CSF proteins were clearly separated into seven to nine bands with molecular masses of 3000-67,000 Da; seven bands were identified as beta 2-microglobulin, lysozyme, prealbumin, free kappa and lambda chain, apolipoprotein A-I, glycoproteins, and albumin by immunoblotting. With PAGE 2 (10-20% gradient gel), proteins were clearly separated into 11-16 bands with molecular masses of 15,000-150,000 Da; 11 were identified as prealbumin, free kappa and lambda chain, apolipoprotein A-I, glycoproteins, albumin, alpha 1-antitrypsin, transferrin (separated into two bands), immunoglobulin fragments, haptoglobin, and IgG. We analyzed CSF samples collected from 81 patients with cerebrospinal signs by these SDS-PAGE methods and observed prominent bands in some cases.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alzheimer Disease; beta 2-Microglobulin; Brain Diseases; Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins; Child; Child, Preschool; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Female; Hemoglobins; Humans; Immunoblotting; Leukemia; Male; Middle Aged; Molecular Weight; Muramidase; Reference Values

A murine monoclonal antibody against human lysozyme (AHL MoAb) was produced and tested on normal and leukemic monocytes using flow cytometry. The antibody gave a positive reactivity on normal monocytes permeabilized by saponin (82% to 98% of positive cells) and a negative reactivity on normal permeabilized neutrophils. This monocyte-specific reactivity had not been observed using a polyclonal antibody. Nevertheless, immunoblotting detected lysozyme in both monocyte and polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) lysates. The AHL MoAb, in the presence of lysozyme substrate (Micrococcus lysodeikticus cell walls), strongly inhibited the enzymatic activity. Flow cytometric analysis of leukemic cells isolated from patients suffering from different subtypes of acute myeloid leukemia (French-American-British [FAB] classification FAB M1-5) showed a highly significant positivity of FAB M5 for lysozyme compared with the other subtypes. The present results were consistent with the detection of a lysozyme epitope by AHL MoAb located near the catalytic site in monocytes. The same epitope was probably masked in PMNL granules.

Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal; Blotting, Western; Cell Membrane Permeability; Cytoplasm; Flow Cytometry; Humans; Leukemia; Lymphocytes; Monocytes; Muramidase; Neutrophils

To determine the sensitivity and specificity of the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain in the diagnosis of acute leukemia in light of the finer characterization of this disorder now available through immunophenotyping, we examined the blasts from 51 patients with newly diagnosed acute leukemia by morphological, cytochemical, and immunophenotypic analyses. The 51 patients represented every new case of acute leukemia subjected to cytochemical stains and flow cytometry between July 1987 and February 1989. By cell-surface marker analysis, 29 exhibited lymphocytic lineage, while 21 were myelocytic. One was mixed lineage. The PAS positivity, defined by the presence of blocks or coarse granules in 5% or more of the blasts, was found in 15 of 29 lymphoblastic leukemias and in four of the myeloblastic leukemias. However, PAS-positive lymphoblastic leukemias were negative with the other cytochemical stains: myeloperoxidase, Sudan black B, and alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase. The PAS-positive myeloblastic leukemias were positive with at least one other stain. Three cases of myeloblastic leukemia exhibited greater than 10% PAS-positive blasts, with all three being acute monoblastic leukemia. Thus, the sensitivity and specificity of the PAS stain alone for lymphoblastic leukemia was 52% (15 true positives of 29) and 81% (four false positives), respectively. The sensitivity of a cytochemical-staining combination of PAS positivity and myeloperoxidase, Sudan black B, and alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase negativity in defining cases of lymphoblastic leukemia remained at 52%; however, the specificity of this combination for lymphoblastic leukemia was 100% (no false positives). Thus, a positive PAS stain, in combination with negative myeloperoxidase, Sudan black B, and alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase stains, continues to have a diagnostic role in the distinction between lymphoblastic and myeloblastic leukemia, and greater immunologic sophistication serves to support this position.

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immunophenotyping; Leukemia; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction; Sensitivity and Specificity; Staining and Labeling

We synthesized a new series of nonphosphorus alkyl ether glycerolipids, in which the 2-acetyl group of platelet-activating factor was replaced by a pyrimidin-2-yl group and the 3-phosphocholine portion by an omega-(substituted ammonio)ethoxyethyl side-chain including omega-thiazolio-, imidazolio- and pyridinio groups with or without a carboxyl substituent, respectively (compound I-XI). Their effects on cell proliferation and differentiation of human myeloid leukemia HL-60 cells were examined. Incubation of HL-60 cells with these cationic and zwitterionic alkyl ether lipids inhibited proliferation of HL-60 cells with IC50 values ranging from 10 to 500 ng/mL. The cells were induced by the lipids to differentiate into morphologically and functionally mature granulocytes. Among the compounds we tested, 1-octadecyl-2-pyrimidinyl-3-[3-(5- carboxylatepentyl)imidazolioethoxyethyl]glycerol (compound I) was the most effective in inducing differentiation of HL-60 cells. Compound I showed on a molar basis, an inhibitory effect on the leukemic cells over 50 times greater than did 2-(2-dodecyloxyethoxy)ethyl 2-pyridinio-ethyl phosphate, the antileukemic alkyl ether phospholipid.

Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Cell Differentiation; Cell Division; Cell Line; Enzyme Induction; Glyceryl Ethers; Humans; Kinetics; Leukemia; Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute; Molecular Structure; Muramidase; Structure-Activity Relationship; Tumor Cells, Cultured

Inhibitors of myosin light chain kinase, 1-(5-chloronaphthalene-1-sulfonyl)-1H-hexahydro-1,4-diazepine hydrochloride (ML-9) and 1-(5-iodonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl)-1H-hexahydro-1,4-diazepine hydrochloride (ML-7), induced Nitroblue tetrazolium reducing activity, lysozyme activity and morphological maturation of human monoblastic U937, THP-1 and promyelocytic HL-60 cells, but not of erythroblastic K562 cells. However, three analogs of ML-9, which are an inhibitor and an activator of protein kinase C, and a calmodulin antagonist, respectively, did not induce differentiation of the cells.

Topics: Azepines; Cell Differentiation; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute; Muramidase; Myosin-Light-Chain Kinase; Naphthalenes; Nitroblue Tetrazolium; Oxidation-Reduction; Tumor Cells, Cultured

A 20-year-old male developed both coccygeal and leg pain and followed by rectocystic disturbance. Disc herniation between L5 and S was suspected and laminectomy was performed. At surgery, an easily curretable tumor occupied the epidural space from L5 to the end of the sacrum. In part, the tumor spread out of the vertebral canal and invaded the surrounding muscle tissue. This muscle tissue and part of the lamina were checked histologically. Initial blood analysis revealed 5% blast-like cells, but failed to confirm them as leukemic cells. Histologically, the tumor cells had round or oval nuclei with large nucleoli and scanty cytoplasm without granulocytic differentiation. Malignant lymphoma or Ewing's sarcoma was initially suspected, but the definite diagnosis was uncertain. Immunohistochemical staining with the PAP method and enzyme histochemistry revealed that the tumor cells were positive for lysozyme and naphthol ASD chloracetate esterase. Thus, granulocytic sarcoma was finally diagnosed. Electron microscopic findings supported this diagnosis. Subsequent karyotyping of bone marrow cells revealed 8; 21 translocation, thus the final diagnosis of this patient was myelodysplastic syndrome, refractory anemia with excess blast cells in transformation or acute myelogenous leukemia, M2, by the FAB classification.

Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8; Cytoplasmic Granules; Epidural Neoplasms; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Karyotyping; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Muramidase; Naphthol AS D Esterase; Translocation, Genetic

The demand for laboratory testing of blood lysozyme levels is increasing markedly. Although of limited value in the initial diagnosis of leukaemia, the importance of lysozyme levels in leukaemia management is rapidly being realised. An established manual method was examined in a successful attempt to develop an improved automated method using a centrifugal analyser. In comparison of serum and plasma the results showed no significant difference, indicating that the method described could use either material. The automated method was quicker, easier, more economical and more precise than the manual method it replaced.

Topics: Autoanalysis; Humans; Leukemia; Muramidase

The human erythroid myeloid leukaemia cell line K562 was used as target for human neutrophil cytotoxicity. Neutrophils demonstrated cytotoxicity against K562 only in the presence of a second stimulus, tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA), a result consistent with previous observations. We now demonstrate that antibody-coated K562 (using OKT9 and 345 monoclonal antibodies) are similarly only sensitive to neutrophils when TPA is added. The presence of both antibody and TPA in the cytotoxic assay resulted in significantly higher levels of cytotoxicity than in the absence of antibody; the result being consistent with a synergistic action between protein kinase C activation and Fc receptor perturbation in the neutrophil. The cytotoxicity against non-coated and antibody-coated targets was markedly inhibited, particularly against the former, by the protein kinase C inhibitor, 1-(5-isoquinoline-sulfonyl)-2-methyl piperazine (H-7). There were marked differences in the extracellular calcium dependency of the two types of cytotoxicity reactions. TPA-activated respiratory burst was unaffected by the presence of non-coated and OKT9-coated targets, whereas TPA-induced lysosomal enzyme release was significantly increased by non-coated targets and a further increase occurred in the presence of OKT9-coated K562.

Topics: 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity; Cell Degranulation; Egtazic Acid; Humans; Isoquinolines; Leukemia; Muramidase; Neutrophils; Piperazines; Superoxides; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; Tumor Cells, Cultured

Bone-marrow regeneration after chemo- and radiotherapy-induced aplasia can be monitored by serum levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO), lysozyme (LYS) and lactoferrin (LF). In 10 patients with leukemia, serum measurements were performed before and after bone-marrow transplantation. Bone-marrow regeneration was suggested by increments in serum MPO and LYS 5 and 4 days prior to the increase in mononuclear cells (Mono) and 10 and 9 d before the increase in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) in the peripheral blood. LF started to rise 4.5 d before detectable circulating PMNs. 2 patients with early relapses of leukemia post transplantation are shown to display atypical patterns of serum MPO and LYS. We conclude that serum measurements of MPO, LYS and LF may be used as early and sensitive means to monitor bone-marrow activity during hematological regeneration. However, the findings also strongly support the earlier proposal that MPO alone may be used to reflect myeloid activity in the bone-marrow in general.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Transplantation; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Lactoferrin; Lactoglobulins; Leukemia; Leukocyte Count; Male; Muramidase; Peroxidase; Regeneration; Remission Induction

Central nervous system (CNS) involvement in patients with leukaemia or lymphoma presents a diagnostic problem. This study was conducted to test whether combined measurements of various cellular markers such as beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m), lactoferrin (LF) and lysozyme (LYS) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) might aid in the diagnosis of CNS involvement in such patients. Forty-two patients were studied. Sixteen were considered to have CNS involvement and 26 showed no signs of such involvement. In the group with symptoms or signs of CNS involvement, nine patients out of 12 had increased total protein in CSF, 14 of 14 increased beta 2m, 14 of 16 increased LYS and five of 15 increased LF. In patients without CNS involvement total protein was increased in four of 25, beta 2m in three of 21, LYS in four of 28 and LF in one of 28 patients. The differences were statistically significant (P less than 0.01, P less than 0.001, P less than 0.001 and P less than 0.05, respectively). Prophylactic intrathecal methotrexate treatment in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia caused an increase in the CSF of beta 2m, LYS and LF but not of total protein, which may reflect a drug-induced inflammatory reaction in the CNS. We conclude that combined measurements of the three cell markers add to our understanding of the cellular reaction to malignant cells in the CNS in leukaemia and lymphoma and may be valuable supplements in the diagnosis of this CNS involvement.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; beta 2-Microglobulin; Central Nervous System Diseases; Female; Humans; Injections, Spinal; Lactoferrin; Lactoglobulins; Leukemia; Lymphoma; Male; Methotrexate; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Time Factors

ANLL followed a brief period of aplastic anemia in a man treated intensively 4 years and 3 months previously with dacarbazine as "adjuvant" therapy for malignant melanoma. This is the first reported instance in which the latency between drug exposure and onset of leukemia strongly implicates dacarbazine as a leukemogenic agent.

Topics: Acute Disease; Dacarbazine; Humans; Leukemia; Male; Melanoma; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Scalp; Skin Neoplasms

To identify adults with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia at risk for the development of central nervous system involvement, we performed periodic cerebrospinal fluid examinations on patients in remission. Among 58 consecutive patients monitored during first remission, central nervous system leukemia developed in nine (16 percent). Four patients, including one who was symptomatic, had central nervous system leukemia detected simultaneously with marrow relapse. Five additional patients were asymptomatic and continue to have bone marrow remission. Following central nervous system and systemic treatment, two of these five patients have never had relapse, and three had relapse in the bone marrow five, 10, and 21 months later. Factors at diagnosis associated with the subsequent development of central nervous system leukemia were elevated leukocyte count, serum lysozyme and lactate dehydrogenase, extramedullary infiltration including splenomegaly, and monocytic (FAB M4 or M5a) morphology. In six of 17 patients (35 percent) with monocytic morphology, central nervous system leukemia developed compared with only three of 41 patients (7 percent) with other subtypes (p = 0.02). Discriminant analysis identified leukocyte count, splenomegaly, and M4 or M5a morphology as the most important risk factors and led to a mathematical formula that correctly identified 90 percent of the patients. Although the risk of central nervous system leukemia in adults with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia is too low to justify routine prophylaxis, those patients recognized to be at a greater risk should receive prophylaxis or be monitored closely with periodic lumbar punctures.

Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Female; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Leukemia; Leukocyte Count; Male; Meningeal Neoplasms; Muramidase; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Splenomegaly

Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Aged; Blood Donors; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Humans; Immune System Diseases; Intestinal Diseases; Leukemia; Lung Diseases; Muramidase; Sarcoidosis

Serum levels of lactoferrin, lysozyme and myeloperoxidase have been established in 31 healthy children. On average, serum lactoferrin was 330 micrograms/1, serum lysozyme 1638 micrograms/1 and serum myeloperoxidase 174 micrograms/1. Serum myeloperoxidase was, on average, significantly higher in children than in adults (p = 0.01), whereas serum lactoferrin and serum lysozyme were equal to those of adults. In a group of infection-prone children (n = 31), both serum lactoferrin and serum myeloperoxidase, but not the serum lysozyme levels, were significantly lower (p less than 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively) than those of the reference children in spite of normal intracellular contents and even somewhat higher peripheral blood polymorphonuclear counts. Based on the assumption that serum lactoferrin and serum myeloperoxidase reflect turnover and activity of neutrophil granulocytes, the findings could suggest reduction in these respects and could be one contributing factor to the high infection propensity of these children. Serum levels of the three proteins have also been measured in 10 children with suspected or various forms of manifest leukemia. It is suggested that the levels reflect turnover and stage of maturation of the myeloid and monocytic cells and could, therefore, aid in the understanding and diagnosis of these diseases.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Bacterial Infections; Cell Division; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Lactoferrin; Lactoglobulins; Leukemia; Leukocyte Count; Leukocytes; Male; Muramidase; Peroxidase; Peroxidases; Probability

Treatment of non-T/non-B human leukemic cell line REH with 5 X 10(-9) M 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) at 37 degrees resulted in their adherence to culture flasks by 24 to 36 hr and, after 72 hr, the entire surface of the flask/coverslips became covered with macrophage-like cells containing pseudopodia. Wright-Giemsa-stained untreated cells had blast morphology, whereas TPA-treated cells (adherent or excess cells remaining in suspension) had characteristic morphology of macrophages and phagocytized large numbers of latex beads. Untreated REH cells were negative for nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, Sudan Black B, and peroxidase, and they were weakly positive for periodic acid-Schiff, acid phosphatase, chloroacetate esterase (pH 6.8), and nonspecific (naphthol AS-D acetate, pH 6.8) esterase, whereas TPA-treated cells (adherent or in suspension) gave strong reaction for these stains except for peroxidase and chloroacetate esterase which showed moderate reaction. Furthermore, the nonspecific esterase activity of TPA-treated cells and weak activity in 10% of untreated cells was strongly inhibited by NaF, a characteristic of monocytic series of cells. Lysozyme activity was not detected in culture supernatant from control or TPA-treated cells. No cytoplasmic immunoglobulin was detected in untreated or TPA-treated cells, and the monocyte/granulocyte antigen (detected by MCS-2 monoclonal antibody) which was absent from untreated REH cells was expressed in TPA-treated cells. TPA-treated cells lost common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen but showed significantly elevated expression of histocompatibility locus DR antigen. Terminal transferase estimated by immunofluorescence and biochemical assay was high in untreated REH cells, whereas TPA-treated cells were negative in terminal transferase immunofluorescence and had only negligible terminal transferase activity in biochemical assay. All these changes in REH cells observed on TPA treatment represent the differentiation of a human leukemic non-T/non-B-cell line to macrophage-like cells for the first time which indicates that some non-T/non-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells may have latent monocyte-like phenotype.

Topics: Cell Differentiation; Cell Line; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Leukemia; Lymphocytes; Macrophages; Muramidase; Phagocytosis; Phorbols; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Leukemia; Middle Aged; Monocytes; Muramidase; Phagocytosis

Plasma and intracellular levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), phosphohexose isomerase (PHI) and lysozyme activities were investigated in 20 patients with acute myelocytic leukemia (AML), 18 patients with acute lymphatic leukemia (ALL) and 10 patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia in blast transformation (CML/BT). Though the plasma levels of LDH and PHI in all patients with acute leukemia were elevated as compared to control persons there was no distinctive pattern which could be of use in the classification of acute leukemia. On the other hand the intracellular levels of these enzymes could be of value in classifying acute leukemia. The leukemic lymphoblasts were characterized by low levels of PHI and lysozyme as compared to leukemic myeloblasts or to normal lymphocytes (p less than 0.01). The LDH/PHI ratio is also significantly higher in leukemic lymphoblasts than in leukemic myeloblasts or in normal lymphocytes (p always less than 0.01). These characteristics might also be made use of in identifying the blasts of CML/BT als "lymphoid" or "myeloid" in corresponding cases.

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Female; Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Neoplasm Proteins; Neoplastic Stem Cells; Stem Cells

Eighty nine patients were examined that had various clinical-morphological forms of acute leukosis, the phagocytic activity of leukosis cells being determined and the synthesis and secretion of lysozyme by them followed up, reflected in its serum level. Leukosis cells of monoblast type were established to have the ability to ingest staphylococci, candida and particles of latex, as well as to synthesize lysozyme, confirmed by the highly elevated enzyme quantity in the sera of the patients. Those functional manifestations are proposed to be used as additional criteria in the determination of cellular type of leukosis proliferation.

Topics: Acute Disease; Bone Marrow; Diagnosis, Differential; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Leukocytes; Microscopy, Electron; Muramidase; Phagocytosis

Using FAB criteria, we retrospectively classified 195 adult acute leukemia cases seen over a six-year period. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was separated from acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL) by negative peroxidase. The dysmyelopoietic syndrome was separated from ANLL when the percentage of immature leukemic cells was less than 30%. The 55 cases of ALL and 140 cases of ANLL thus defined were initially independently subclassified with Wright's stained smears by three observers. Cases were then jointly reviewed by using all available information, and a final consensus diagnosis was reached. For ALL, there was complete agreement (of initial independent observations) about subtype in 32 of 55 (58%); for only one case was there total disagreement. For ANLL there was complete agreement in 89 of 140 (64%) and total disagreement in 5 of 140 (4%). Frequent disagreement of independent observations with the consensus diagnosis were L1 interpreted as 12, M5 interpreted as M4, L3 interpreted as L2, L2 interpreted as L1, M1 interpreted as M2 and M4 interpreted as M5. Although there appears to be variation between observers, all but 6 of 195 cases had at least two observers in agreement. Disagreement appeared to be partly based on varying interpretations of subjective criteria and partly on the variability in determining percentages of cell types present. The use of nonspecific esterase stain or lysozyme appeared to improve diagnostic agreement over that observed using Wright's stained slides alone in approximately 5% of cases of ANLL.

Topics: Esterases; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Muramidase; Peroxidases; Retrospective Studies; Staining and Labeling

Intracytoplasmic lysozyme was studied by the peroxidase antiperoxidase (PAP) and protein A-peroxidase methods in 130 cases of various myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative disorders and 21 lymph nodes and bone marrow metastases from solid primary tumors. This marker, which can be identified in formalin or Zenker-fixed tissues, as well as in peripheral blood and bone marrow smears, proved useful to distinguish malignant myeloid and histiocytic tumors from malignant lymphoid and undifferentiated epithelial metastases. The diagnostic application of these findings are discussed.

Topics: Cytoplasm; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Leukemia; Lymphoma; Lymphoproliferative Disorders; Monocytes; Muramidase; Myeloproliferative Disorders

Immunoadsorption affinity chromatography was used to isolate and purify human lysozyme. The immunoadsorbent was prepared by coupling sheep anti-(human leukemic lysozyme) IgG to epoxy-activated Sepharose 6B. Lyophilized parotid saliva (21) was resuspended in distilled water (325 ml, 50 mg/ml, w/v) and applied to a column which had a capacity to bind 4.25 mg human enzyme. Non-adsorbed material did not contain lysozyme, as determined by enzymatic and immunological analyses. All lysozyme activity present in the applied sample (1.97 mg) bound to and was desorbed from the column by elution with 0.2 M sodium acetate HCl buffer, pH 1.8. The isolated material was homogeneous as determined by cationic and sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, ultracentrifugation, amino acid and amino-terminal analyses, and immunoelectrophoretic analysis. The one-step purification procedure yielded a 1370-fold increase in specific activity. Human lysozyme was also selectively purified by this method from an ammonium sulfate precipitate of the urine of a patient with chronic monocytic leukemia. Amino acid and polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analyses indicated that the purified enzyme was identical to human lysozyme isolated from leukemic urine by classical biochemical techniques.

Topics: Chromatography, Affinity; Humans; Immunosorbent Techniques; Leukemia; Muramidase; Parotid Gland

Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Colony-Forming Units Assay; DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase; DNA Nucleotidyltransferases; Female; Humans; Interleukin-2; Leukemia; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Phenotype; Prognosis

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Cell Differentiation; DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase; Esterases; Granulocytes; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Monocytes; Muramidase; Peroxidase

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Male; Muramidase

Topics: Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Hairy Cell; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Leukocytes; Muramidase

Topics: Acute Disease; Humans; Leukemia; Muramidase; Potassium

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bacterial Infections; Blood Bactericidal Activity; Complement System Proteins; Granulocytes; Humans; Immunoglobulins; Leukemia; Leukocyte Count; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Phagocytosis

Topics: Humans; Leukemia; Leukocyte Count; Muramidase

Topics: Enzyme Activation; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Leukocytes; Muramidase; Phagocytosis

A patient with aleukemic leukemia of the acute granulocytic type, who initially had granulocytic sarcoma of the skin, is described. The skin contained focal infiltrates of pleomorphic mononuclear cells that were identified as granulocytes by demonstration of intracytoplasmic naphthol-ASD-chloroacetate esterase and lysozyme.

Topics: Aged; Female; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Muramidase; Naphthol AS D Esterase; Sarcoma; Skin; Skin Neoplasms

Topics: Antibodies, Viral; Child; Humans; Immunoglobulins; Leukemia; Lymphoma; Muramidase

In two patients with acute non-lymphocytic leukemia, leukemic cell as well as plasma concentrations of Daunorubicin (D) and Daunorubicinol (DOH) were studied after administration of D as free drug or as a complex with DNA. The peak plasma concentration of D was slightly higher after infusion of the D-DNA complex than after free drug while the intracellular pattern was the opposite. The intracellulr peak concentrations were found to be 50-100 fold higher and displayed a kinetic pattern which was completely different from that of D in plasma. We therefore suggest that assays of the concentrations of the drug and its toxic metabolite in leukemic cells are more relevant than the monitoring of plasma concentrations in the evaluation of the clinical effect of this drug's action.

Topics: Adult; Biotransformation; Blood Cell Count; Daunorubicin; DNA; Female; Humans; Hydroxylation; Kinetics; Leukemia; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase

Topics: Animals; Humans; Leukemia; Lymph Nodes; Lymphocytes; Mice; Mice, Inbred AKR; Muramidase

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Female; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase

We describe a simple, rapid, sensitive, and highly reproducible assay for lysozyme, with use of concentrated cell suspensions of Micrococcus lysodeikticus in Tris-buffered glycerol/water (40/60 by vol), pH 7.5. Stored at -20 degrees C, the cells' susceptibility to lysozyme remains unaltered over long periods. Almost identical concentration curves were obtained with different aliquots of the same preparation during eight months. Lysozyme activity was reflected in the decrease in absorbance of the reaction mixture after incubation for 15 min at 37 degrees C. Concentrations of egg-white lysozyme as low as 0.02 mg/L can be accurately assayed.

Topics: Biological Assay; Humans; Kinetics; Leukemia; Meningitis; Meningitis, Viral; Micrococcus; Muramidase

The diagnostic and prognostic value of the assay of lysozyme in serum and urine was appreciated in 184 cases of acute leukemia. The levels were decreased in the lymphoblastic, mainly of the non B-non T type, and undifferenciated varieties, markedly raised in the monoblastic and myelo-monocytic varieties, while in the myeloblastic ones they were found normal, decreased or slightly increased, and, on the average, significantly higher in the well differenciated than in the poorly differenciated types. For a given cytological type, the level of lysozyme is not correlated with the frequency of the induction of complete remission. However, in the acute myeloblastic leukemia, a significantly higher frequency of infection during or after the induction treatment was observed in the cases presenting initially without a raised serum lysozyme level.

Topics: Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Muramidase; Prognosis

Cationic lysosomal proteins such as cationic leukocyte antigen (CLA) and lysozyme were estimated in leukocyte lysates of acute and chronic leukaemics using quantitative enzymatic and immunoprecipitation techniques. The studies demonstrate that both lysosomal conponents are markers of non-lymphatic leukaemias. Therefore the determination of CLA and lysozyme is valuable for the differential diagnosis of acute leukaemias. The intracellular cationic protein contents showed characteristic kinetic variations as showing during X-irradiation of the spleen in cases of chronic myelocytic leukaemia. White cells in leukocytosis could be distinguished from normals by remarkably low cationic protein contents in leukocyte lysates. The results are interpreted in the light of current results revealed by immunofluorescent analyses.

Topics: Antigens; Blood Proteins; Cations; Diagnosis, Differential; Epitopes; Humans; Immunoelectrophoresis; Leukemia; Leukocytes; Leukocytosis; Muramidase

The in vitro bactericidal reaction of human plasma serum against Bacillus subtilis was investigated. Human lysozyme was purified to homogeneity, and antiserum was prepared against the enzyme. The anti-lysozyme immunoglobulin G was used as a specific inhibitor in bactericidal and bacteriolytic reactions. It was found that at low serum concentrations lysozyme was the primary bactericide active against B. subtilis. At appreciably higher serum concentrations, a lysozyme-independent bactericidal activity was also demonstrated.

Topics: Antibodies; Bacillus subtilis; Bacteriolysis; Blood Bactericidal Activity; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Enzyme Activation; Hot Temperature; Humans; Leukemia; Muramidase

Serum lysozyme activity was measured in samples from children with acute leukemia, malignant tumours, and in normal children. All children with acute lymphatic leukemia (ALL) had significantly reduced levels of lysozyme at diagnosis, and none of the children fell within the normal range. Children with ALL in complete remission had lysozyme levels comparable to normal chidren, while children with ALL in relapse also had pathological low levels. Children with ALL in remission and off therapy also had normal levels of lysozyme. Children with acute myelogenous leukemia had normal lysozyme levels, while children with monomyelocytic leukemia had substantially elevated lysozyme levels before treatment. Determination of serum lysozyme activity in children with acute leukemia is of value both for diagnosis and for evaluating the effect of therapy.

Topics: Acute Disease; Child; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Muramidase; Remission, Spontaneous

The authors report the data on immunoglobulins G, A, M content and their relationship with other factors of natural immunity in 55 patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia and in 43 patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia. The results have evidenced the impaired synthesis of immunoglobulins in acute in acute leukemia and the reduction of IgA and IgM already in the initial stage of chronic lymphatic leukemia. A correlation between mean values of immunoglobulins content and other factors of immunological resistance allowed a statement to be made that in the absence of impaired immunoglobulins synthesis there is a distinct coincidence of immunoglobulin content curves and titres of agglutinating and bacteriolytic antibodies.

Topics: Agglutination Tests; Antibodies, Bacterial; Bacteriolysis; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Immunoglobulin A; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin M; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Muramidase; Phagocytosis; Salmonella typhimurium; Staphylococcus

Topics: Acetylglucosamine; Amino Acids, Dicarboxylic; Animals; Arginine; Cattle; Chickens; Egg White; Humans; Kinetics; Leukemia; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Muramidase; Ribonucleases

Topics: Acute Disease; Chronic Disease; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Leukemia; Muramidase; Reference Values

For the isolation of human lysozyme from the urine of leukemia patients, a simple method has been established which involves precipitation of urinary proteins by 60% saturation with ammonium sulfate, fractionation of crude lysozyme on Sephadex G-50 and purification by CM-Sepharose chromatography. By this method approximately 60% of the lysozyme in the urine was isolated in a pure state in ten days.

Topics: Amino Acids; Humans; Kinetics; Leukemia; Muramidase

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anemia, Aplastic; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Leukemia; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Pancytopenia

We present a radioimmunoassay for lysozyme in human serum, based upon human lysozyme isolated from the urine of leukemic patients and antiserum prepared against this lysozyme in the goat. In the separation step, a second antibody is used. By properly adjusting the concentrations of unlabeled and 125I-labeled lysozyme and of the antibodies, maximal precision (SD, 0.04 mg/litre) was obtained in the range 0.00 to 2.00 mg/litre. In 20 normal volunteers the lysozyme concentration was 4.6 +/- 0.8 mg/litre (mean +/- SD), in 13 patients with monocytic leukemia 34.4 +/- 8.6 mg/litre. Correlation with lysoplate determinations was excellent in leukemic sera (r = 0.97) but was poor in normal sera (r = 0.35), possibly owing to the existence of isoenzymes.

Topics: Humans; Leukemia; Muramidase; Radioimmunoassay

Topics: Animals; Biological Evolution; Chickens; Coliphages; Egg White; Geese; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Leukemia; Muramidase; Oligosaccharides; Peptidoglycan; Plants; Structure-Activity Relationship

The amount of lysozyme in the leukocytes of 47 patients with different forms of leukaemia and 6 healthy persons was investigated. The lysozyme determination was carried out in the lysate of isolated leukocytes obtained after freezing and thawing it seven times. The results expressed in microgram per 10(6) cells were compared with the simultaneously determined lysozyme concentration of serum and urine. A substantial reduction of the lysozyme amount as compared with the normal value (3.1 microgram/10(6) cells) was determined in the leukocytes of patients suffering from chronic lymphatic leukaemia, acute lymphatic leukaemia and the blastic crisis of chronic myeloid leukaemia. Different amounts of lysozyme ranging from extremely low ones to strongly elevated ones were found in leukocytes taken from patients with acute myeloblastic and chronic monocytic leukaemia. In many cases there was a lack of correlation between the lysozyme content of leukocytes on the one hand and that of serum and urine on the other hand. Possible causes underlying this lack of correlation are discussed.

Topics: Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Leukocytes; Muramidase

Topics: Granulocytes; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Monocytes; Muramidase

A simple cytochemical and cytobacterial method for the simultaneous demonstration of peroxidase and lysozyme (muramidase) activities in individual cells was devised. In characterization of myeloid and monocyte series, the combination of these myeloid- and monocyte-specific enzymes not only was more informative than a single enzyme but made it easier to differentiate acute myelomonocytic leukemia, with higher lysozyme activity, from acute myeloid leukemia, with higher peroxidase activity. Acute lymphocytic leukemia had no lysozyme or peroxidase activity.

Topics: Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Muramidase; Peroxidases

Topics: Antigens, Neoplasm; Blood Proteins; Isoelectric Point; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Lysosomes; Muramidase; Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction

Topics: Humans; Infection Control; Leukemia; Muramidase

Topics: Child; Colitis, Ulcerative; Humans; Infections; Kidney Diseases; Leukemia; Muramidase; Sarcoidosis

Topics: Adult; Agranulocytosis; Child; Humans; Infant; Leukemia; Muramidase; Neutropenia

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Bone Marrow; Child; Child, Preschool; Complement System Proteins; Humans; Infant; Leukemia; Lymphocytes; Muramidase

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Hematologic Diseases; Hemophilia A; Humans; Leukemia; Male; Muramidase

Topics: Cell Wall; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kinetics; Leukemia; Mathematics; Micrococcus; Muramidase; Osmolar Concentration

Malign diseases and thus also leucoses are pathogenetically as well as therapeutically an up to now unsolved problem. Since according to the modern standard of our knowledge a chance of healing at best is to be found in the recognition of the pre-stages and the early stages, therefore, intensive diagnostic efforts are necessary. In these cases the usual hematological methods of examination alone cannot help on. Without doubt, the cytochemical and autoradiographic investigation methods are an essential enrichment in the diagnostics. Hopeful perspectives in the early recognition of leucaemic diseases, however, indicate themselves only by new realizations in the field of cytogenetics and by further research of the metabolic function and the molecular biology of the tumour cells.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Cytogenetics; Glucuronidase; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Immunoglobulins; Leukemia; Muramidase; RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase

134 cases of acute leukemia in adults were classified according a "double blind" cytological diagnosis, a cytochemical study, and lysozyme assay. Each type has distinct characters, allowing a good nosological definition. The histochemical methods, as well as lysozyme assay are usually unnecessary, particularly in well differenciated myeloblastic, promyelocytic or myelo-monocytic acute leukemia. They are, on the contrary, frequently useful in poorly differenciated myeloblastic or monoblastic leukemia. But, they cannot help to solve every problem in cytological diagnosis: there are still 10% of undifferenciated acute leukemia, the lymphoblastic acute leukemia are not clearly defined and 4% of cases of acute leukemia have atypical characters leading to difficulties in cytological classification. The need for new methods and markers is emphasized.

Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Blood Cells; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Diagnosis, Differential; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Muramidase

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Leukemia; Muramidase

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Leukemia; Liver Neoplasms; Muramidase; Neoplasms

Topics: Acute Disease; Chronic Disease; Humans; Leukemia; Muramidase

A prospective study was conducted to define the content, significance, and source of lysozyme present in the pleural fluid in human diseases. The pleural fluid lysozyme activity is similar in various malignant and nonmalignant transudates and exudates, and is of limited diagnostic value. The pleural fluid activity correlated well with that of paired serum samples but it had poor correlation with the disease state, the pleural fluid granulocyte counts, and total white blood cell counts. The data suggest that the pleural fluid lysozyme may be derived primarily from the blood and that it is not the product of inflammatory or neoplastic cells in the fluid itself.

Topics: Carcinoma; Female; Granulocytes; Heart Failure; Humans; Leukemia; Liver Cirrhosis; Lung Neoplasms; Lymphoma; Male; Muramidase; Pleural Effusion

A quick and simple method for the estimation of lysozyme activity using the Fragiligraph, was described. Diminution of turbidity in a suspension of Micrococcus lysodeikticus produced by the addition of standard lysozyme (hen egg white) or serum sample, was continuously recorded for 5 min by the Fragiligraph. The normal mean serum lysozyme activity value obtained by this method is 6,80 mug/ml +/- 1.85.

Topics: Autoanalysis; Bacteriolysis; Humans; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Leukemia; Micrococcus; Muramidase; Spectrophotometry

Topics: Acute Disease; Diagnosis, Differential; Leukemia; Muramidase

Urinary proteins from human leukemic patients have been found to alter quantitatively macromolecular synthesis in primary mouse bone marrow cultures. Urinary protein-stimulated incorporation of [3H]uridine into RNA was found after 1 day of culture. Increased levels of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase and lysozyme were demonstrable at 3 and 5 days, respectively, with urinary protein-supplemented cultures. The incorporation of 3H-labeled deoxynucleosides into DNA was higher in the presence of urinary proteins after 2 days of culture. The rate of incorporation of [3H]deoxyuridine into DNA was strongly inhibited by 10(-5) M Methotrexate and 10(-6) M 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, however, the effect of urinary proteins on incorporation of [3H]uridine into RNA and lysozyme accumulation were not inhibited. Urinary proteins also stimulated the formation of "colonies" (groups of at least 30 cells) in media containing methylcellulose. This latter phenomenon was also not inhibited by 10(-5) M Methotrexate or 10(-6) M 5-fluorodeoxyuridine. The results of these studies are consistent with the postulate that in the presence of human urinary proteins, mouse bone marrow cells in culture proceed to a phenotype characteristic of circulating peripheral white cells.

Topics: Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase; Amidophosphoribosyltransferase; Animals; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Cell Division; Cells, Cultured; Deoxyuridine; DNA; Female; Floxuridine; Humans; Leukemia; Male; Methotrexate; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Muramidase; Neoplasm Proteins; Proteinuria; RNA; Thymidine Kinase

Blood lysozyme estimation seems to be important in hematological practice. Serum levels are roughly proportional to the size of the pool and, above all, granulocytic renewal. Thus levels are increased compared with levels of circulating polynuclear cells. In bone marrow disorders, and particularly in myelofibrosis, owing to the infective granulopoiesis and/or increased destruction of the neutrophil polymorphs. It is lowered in neutropenia with a scanty bone marrow. It provides an important contribution to diagnosis of the type of acute leukemia, the fall in the lymphoblastic forms contrast with normal or increased levels in myeloblastic forms. Finally, there is a marked increase in lysosome urea in acute monocytic or myelomonocytic leukemia.

Topics: Anemia; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Granulocytes; Hematologic Diseases; Humans; Leukemia; Leukocyte Count; Muramidase; Myeloproliferative Disorders; Polycythemia Vera; Prognosis; Splenomegaly

Topics: Acetylglucosamine; Binding Sites; Freezing; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kinetics; Leukemia; Muramidase; Oligosaccharides; Protein Binding; Protein Conformation; Solvents; Thermodynamics; X-Ray Diffraction

The unsaturated vitamin B12-binding capacities of the 'large molecular size vitamin B12-binding protein' (LBP) and the 'small molecular size vitamin B12-binding protein' (SBP) were determined by a Sephadex G 150 gel filtration method in 9 patients with chronic myelocytic leukaemia (CML), 5 patients with blast cell leukaemia and 12 patients with non-neoplastic leucocytosis. EDTA plasma and serum separated after 20 min and after 120 min were examined. In the 20 min EDTA plasma samples, the mean LBP value was 8,009 pg/ml in CML, 2,468 in blast leukaemia, 175 in non-neoplastic leucocytosis, and 57 in normal controls. The in vitro release of LBP into serum was much smaller in the leukaemias than in non-neoplastic leucocytosis. No correlation was found between the LBP values and the white blood cell counts or lysozyme values, but lysozyme was correlated to white cell count in CML. It is suggested that the plasma LBP levels reflect the fraction of LBP decay taking place at sites, e.g. the spleen, from which the released LBP can enter the circulation.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Carrier Proteins; Edetic Acid; Female; Granulocytes; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Leukocytosis; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Protein Binding; Vitamin B 12

Infusion of cycloheximide i.v., an antibiotic known to inhibit synthesis of protein, at a rate of 0.2 mg/kg/hr, reliably caused lysis of fever in 15 chronically febrile patients with Hodgkin's disease who did not have detectable bacterial, fungal, or viral infection. Antipyretic effects were also seen in some patients with reticulum cell sarcoma, lymphosarcoma, acute leukemia, histiocytic medullary reticulosis, plasma cell myeloma, carcinoma of the lung, and carcinoma of the cervix. The drug failed to produce defervescence in four patients with normal granulocyte reserves, who were febrile due to bacterial infection. When infused at a rate of 0.2 mg/kg/hr, the drug apparently caused an acute alteration of protein metabolism in man in that plasma amino acid nitrogen rose acutely while plasma levels of muramidase and ribonuclease fell during the period of the infusion. The data suggest that continuing synthesis of protein may be involved in nonbacterial fever of neoplastic disease. Mammalian granulocytes and monocytes are known to elaborate a pyrogenic protein following appropriate stimulation; it is suggested that in some types of neoplastic disease, particularly Hodgkin's disease, tumor cells may produce and release a pyrogenic protein and that drug-induced inhibition of its synthesis is responsible for the observed lysis of fever.

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Cycloheximide; Female; Fever; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Leukemia; Lung Neoplasms; Lymphatic Diseases; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Multiple Myeloma; Muramidase; Neoplasm Proteins; Neoplasms; Nitrogen; Ribonucleases; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

Topics: Humans; Leukemia; Lymphatic Diseases; Muramidase

A series of 30 unselected patients with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL) was treated with combination chemotherapy, including three courses of cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) by 5-day continuous i.v. infusion, vincristine i.v. weekly, and prednisone daily to complete remission. Ara-C was administered alone as a 5-day continuous i.v. infusion monthly for maintenance. Ten (33%) achieved a complete remission (CR). The remaining 30 (67%), including temporary partial remissions, hematologic improvements, inadequate trials, and early deaths, were all considered failures. The CR rate was 57% in those 17 cases receiving an adequate trial. After After 5 1/2 years' followup, the overall median survival, including cases failing to achieve CR, was 3.1 months. For those having adequate trials the median survival was 16.6 months, and for those achieving a CR, 36.6 months. Two patients are still alive, one at 55.2 months on maintenance therapy, and the other at 62.8 months, currently unmaintained.

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Bone Marrow Diseases; Child; Cytarabine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Leukemia; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Prednisone; Vincristine

Topics: Animals; Chickens; Egg White; Geese; Humans; Leukemia; Muramidase; Peptidoglycan

Topics: Cell Line; Granulocytes; Humans; Leukemia; Leukocytes; Lymphatic Diseases; Monocytes; Muramidase; Spectrophotometry

Topics: Humans; Leukemia; Muramidase

Topics: Adult; Animals; Cattle; Centrifugation; Contraceptives, Oral; Erythrocytes; Female; Ferritins; Humans; Iron; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Leukocyte Count; Leukocytes; Male; Muramidase; Radioimmunoassay; Serum Albumin, Bovine; Sex Factors; Sodium Chloride; Ultrasonics

Topics: Aged; Female; Hepatomegaly; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocyte Count; Male; Middle Aged; Monocytes; Muramidase; Sarcoidosis; Splenomegaly; Tuberculosis, Miliary; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Blood Bactericidal Activity; Carmustine; Cell Membrane; Complement System Proteins; Cyclophosphamide; Cytarabine; Daunorubicin; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Escherichia coli; Fluorouracil; Humans; Immunoglobulins; Leukemia; Mechlorethamine; Methotrexate; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Muramidase; Prednisone; Vincristine

Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Antilymphocyte Serum; Humans; Immunosuppression Therapy; L Forms; Leukemia; Leukocyte Count; Mercaptopurine; Mice; Muramidase; Penicillins; Pneumonia; Prednisolone

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Female; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Esterases; Exudates and Transudates; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Monocytes; Muramidase; Skin Window Technique

The cytochemical methods for lysozyme and nitroblue-tetrazolium reduction have been used to study the blast cells of acute myeloid leukaemia. Both proved useful in characterizing the cases with predominant monocytic differentiation. THE DEMONSTRATION OF LYSOZYME ACTIVITY HELPED TO DEFINE TWO MAIN GROUPS: (a) with predominantly lysozyme-negative cells (myeloblastic-promyelocytic), and (b) with considerable numbers of positive cells (monoblastic-monocytic). In addition this test was also of value in the differentiation of other leukaemic disorders. Reduction of nitroblue-tetrazolium was also a feature of monocytic differentiation. The combination of these two methods with those for myeloperoxidase and non-specific esterase activity contributes to the cytological characterization of acute myeloid leukaemia.

Topics: Cell Differentiation; Esterases; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Muramidase; Oxidation-Reduction; Peroxidases; Tetrazolium Salts

Topics: Adult; Female; Hematologic Diseases; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Leukocyte Count; Lymphocyte Activation; Male; Muramidase; Remission, Spontaneous; Uric Acid

Topics: Adult; Anemia; Anemia, Sideroblastic; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemoid Reaction; Leukocytosis; Monocytes; Muramidase; Myeloproliferative Disorders; Polycythemia Vera; Primary Myelofibrosis

Topics: Acute Disease; Age Factors; Aged; Agranulocytosis; Anemia; Bone Marrow Examination; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Ecchymosis; Erythropoiesis; Female; Hematocrit; Humans; Iron; Leukemia; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Myeloproliferative Disorders; Splenomegaly; Syndrome; Thrombocytopenia

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Diabetes Mellitus; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Muramidase

Topics: Acetates; Alkaline Phosphatase; Biopsy; Blood Cell Count; Blood Proteins; Bone Marrow; Chlorine; Chronic Disease; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Diagnosis, Differential; Esterases; Humans; Leukemia; Lymphatic Diseases; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Monocytes; Muramidase; Neutrophils; Primary Myelofibrosis; Reticulocytes

Topics: Adult; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Female; Hematopoiesis; Humans; Leukemia; Leukocyte Count; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Remission, Spontaneous

Topics: Basophils; Erythrocytes; Humans; Leukemia; Leukocytes; Lymphocytes; Mast Cells; Megakaryocytes; Monocytes; Muramidase; Neutrophils; Plasma Cells

Topics: Female; Hematologic Diseases; Humans; Leukemia; Lymphoma; Male; Muramidase

Topics: Body Fluids; Gastric Juice; Humans; Leukemia; Muramidase

Topics: Acute Disease; Bacteriolysis; Humans; Leukemia; Leukocytes; Methods; Muramidase

Topics: Adult; Anemia, Sideroblastic; Bone Marrow Diseases; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid; Lymphoma; Monocytes; Multiple Myeloma; Muramidase; Polycythemia Vera; Primary Myelofibrosis

Topics: Acute Disease; Adenine Nucleotides; Adenosine Diphosphate; Adult; Aged; Blood Platelets; Collagen; Epinephrine; Female; Fibrin; Humans; Kaolin; Leukemia; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Platelet Adhesiveness; Remission, Spontaneous; Thrombin

Topics: Adult; Aged; Blood Cell Count; Bone Marrow Cells; Bone Marrow Examination; Child; Cytarabine; Densitometry; Female; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Remission, Spontaneous; Thioguanine; Vincristine

Topics: Adult; Electrophoresis; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Muramidase; Polycythemia; Polycythemia Vera

Topics: Alkaline Phosphatase; Autopsy; Bone Marrow Cells; Chromosome Aberrations; Endocarditis; Eosinophilia; Eosinophils; Heart Failure; Humans; Karyotyping; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Myocardium; Neutrophils; Sex Chromosomes; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adult; Female; Hematologic Diseases; Humans; Hypokalemia; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Muramidase

Topics: Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Electrophoresis; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Function Tests; Kidney Glomerulus; Kidney Tubules; Leukemia; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic; Multiple Myeloma; Muramidase; Neoplasms; Proteinuria

Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Antigen-Antibody Reactions; Binding Sites; Birds; Cattle; Chickens; Chromatography, Gel; Coliphages; Ducks; Ethers, Cyclic; Female; Glucosamine; Glycosides; Goats; Humans; Immune Sera; Immunoassay; Lactalbumin; Leukemia; Muramidase; Ovalbumin; Protein Binding; Species Specificity; Turkeys

Topics: Albumins; Amino Acid Sequence; Amino Acids; Animals; Binding Sites; Camelus; Cattle; Chickens; Circular Dichroism; Ducks; Geese; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Leukemia; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Milk; Muramidase; Optical Rotatory Dispersion; Ovalbumin; Peptides; Species Specificity; Ultraviolet Rays

Topics: Blood Cells; Cytoplasm; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Monocytes; Muramidase; Neutrophils

Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Chickens; Complement Fixation Tests; Cross Reactions; Egg White; Humans; Immune Sera; Immunochemistry; Immunodiffusion; Iodine Isotopes; Leukemia; Muramidase; Oxidation-Reduction; Protein Conformation; Radioimmunoassay

Topics: Autoradiography; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Cell Count; Cytarabine; Daunorubicin; Humans; Leukemia; Muramidase; Thymidine; Tritium

Topics: Clinical Enzyme Tests; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Muramidase

Topics: Clinical Enzyme Tests; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Leukocytes; Monocytes; Muramidase; Prognosis

Topics: Acute Disease; Aged; Anemia; Blood Cell Count; Bone Marrow Examination; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Hematocrit; Humans; Infections; Karyotyping; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase

Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Chickens; Egg White; Humans; Leukemia; Models, Structural; Molecular Biology; Muramidase; X-Ray Diffraction

Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Chickens; Egg White; Geese; Humans; Leukemia; Muramidase

Topics: Bone Marrow Examination; Hematologic Diseases; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocyte Count; Muramidase; Time Factors

Topics: Egg White; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Mass Screening; Muramidase; Pyelonephritis; Sarcoidosis; Tears; Tuberculosis

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Agranulocytosis; Allopurinol; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; Blood Transfusion; Cytarabine; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Mercaptopurine; Methotrexate; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Nausea; Prednisolone; Thrombocytopenia; Vincristine

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Female; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase

Topics: Animals; Dogs; Humans; Leukemia; Models, Chemical; Muramidase; Rabbits; Rats

Topics: Candida; Candidiasis; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Leukemia; Leukocytes; Lymphoma; Multiple Myeloma; Muramidase; Neoplasms; Neutrophils; Peroxidases; Phagocytosis; Polycythemia Vera

Topics: Adult; Bone Marrow Examination; Densitometry; Female; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Leukocytes; Male; Methods; Muramidase; Spectrophotometry

Topics: Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Muramidase

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Asthma; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Leukemia; Liver Diseases; Male; Muramidase; Nephrotic Syndrome; Sex Factors

Topics: Adult; Anemia, Aplastic; Child; Hematologic Diseases; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Leukemoid Reaction; Lymphoma; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Multiple Myeloma; Muramidase; Mycosis Fungoides; Myeloproliferative Disorders; Polycythemia Vera

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Body Fluids; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Female; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Middle Aged; Multiple Myeloma; Muramidase; Pregnancy; Synovial Fluid; Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia

Topics: Humans; Leukemia; Muramidase

Topics: Humans; Leukemia; Muramidase

Topics: Alkaline Phosphatase; Humans; Leukemia; Leukocytes; Muramidase; Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Glomerulonephritis; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Tubules; Leukemia; Muramidase; Nephritis; Nephrocalcinosis; Nephrotic Syndrome; Urinary Calculi

Topics: Albumins; Amino Acid Sequence; Amino Acids; Animals; Binding Sites; Cattle; Chromatography, Gel; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Chromatography, Paper; Colorimetry; Egg White; Female; Humans; Iodoacetates; Leukemia; Milk, Human; Muramidase; Peptides; Trypsin

Topics: Humans; Leukemia; Muramidase

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Bacteria; Bacteriological Techniques; Blood Cells; Culture Media; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Ethambutol; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Leukemia; Lymphoma; Muramidase; Neoplasms; Staining and Labeling

Topics: Abscess; Amino Acids; Animals; Cytoplasmic Granules; Electrophoresis; Guinea Pigs; Histocytochemistry; Immunity; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Lysosomes; Muramidase; Peritonitis; Rabbits; Ribonucleases

Topics: Humans; Leukemia; Leukocytes; Muramidase

Topics: Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Muramidase