muramidase and Leukemia--Myeloid

Topics: Antigens, CD; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; Cell Adhesion Molecules; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line; Cytokines; Gene Expression Regulation; Hematopoiesis; Hematopoietic Stem Cells; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Muramidase; NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases; NADPH Oxidases; Receptors, Cell Surface; Receptors, Fc; Tumor Cells, Cultured

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Azo Compounds; Cell Line; Esterases; Glucuronidase; Hematology; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Muramidase; Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction; Peroxidases

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Marrow Cells; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Daunorubicin; Female; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Glucuronidase; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Leukocytes; Male; Middle Aged; Monocytes; Muramidase; Naphthol AS D Esterase; Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction; Peroxidases; Pregnancy; Prognosis; Remission, Spontaneous

Topics: Adult; Blood Cell Count; Blood Transfusion; Bone Marrow Cells; Bone Marrow Examination; Diagnosis, Differential; Erythrocytes; Erythrocytes, Abnormal; Erythropoiesis; gamma-Globulins; Hemorrhagic Disorders; Humans; Infections; Karyotyping; Leukemia, Myeloid; Liver; Lymph Nodes; Monocytes; Muramidase; Peroxidases; Prognosis; Spleen; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Anemia, Aplastic; Animals; Bacteriological Techniques; Bone Marrow; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Histological Techniques; Humans; Hypersplenism; Immunologic Techniques; Iodine Radioisotopes; Kidney; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Muramidase; Neutrophils; Phosphorus Radioisotopes; Polycythemia Vera; Rabbits

Topics: Cytarabine; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Methods; Muramidase; Neutrophils; Thioguanine

Topics: Acute Disease; Aged; Female; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Leukocytes; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Remission, Spontaneous

Topics: Aneuploidy; Basophils; Blood Platelets; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Child; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Cytogenetics; Eosinophilia; Fetal Hemoglobin; Fever; Hematologic Diseases; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocyte Count; Lymphatic Diseases; Muramidase; Primary Myelofibrosis; Prognosis; Skin Manifestations; Thrombocytosis; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Animals; Body Fluids; Cell Wall; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Humans; Hydrolysis; Immunodiffusion; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Tubules; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Leukocytes; Micrococcus; Molecular Weight; Muramidase; Rats; Spectrophotometry

Topics: Bence Jones Protein; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulins; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Plasma Cell; Lymphoma; Multiple Myeloma; Muramidase; Proteins; Proteinuria; Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia

Topics: Chronic Disease; Granuloma; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Infections; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Lymphadenitis; Lysosomes; Muramidase; Neutrophils; Peroxidases

The histologic diagnosis of myeloid leukemia cutis (LC) can be difficult, requiring confirmatory immunohistochemical stains.. We reviewed 21 biopsy-proven cases of LC with emphasis on the use of immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis.. Clinical and histologic features were reviewed on 21 cases of biopsy proven LC. Immunohistochemical stains for CD4, CD34, CD56, CD68, CD117, CD123, TdT, lysozyme and myeloperoxidase were performed on 12 with available tissue blocks.. Ages ranged from 24 to 88 years (mean = 57), with 12 men: 9 women. Primary hematologic diagnoses included acute myeloid leukemia (n = 14), myelodysplastic syndrome (n = 3), essential thrombocythemia (n = 1) and myeloid leukemia, NOS (n = 3). Monocytic myeloid LC was most common (35%). There was 100% positivity with CD68 and lysozyme. Myeloperoxidase, CD117 and CD34 immunostains were less sensitive in myeloid LC (58%, 33% and 17%, respectively). CD4 was positive in 67%. CD56 was positive in 33%.. Myeloid leukemia with monocytic differentiation more commonly involves the skin than other types of myeloid leukemia. CD68 and lysozyme immunostains, although not lineage specific for monocytes/macrophages, are the most sensitive immunostains in the detection of myeloid LC. Myeloperoxidase immunostains are useful, but immunostains for CD117 and CD34 are insufficiently sensitive. CD4 expression is common, but CD56 expression is not.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antigens, CD; Biomarkers, Tumor; DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase; Female; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Peroxidase; Skin Neoplasms

Myeloid sarcoma is a malignant neoplasia composed of abnormal myeloid or monocytic cells, often localized in bones, but also rarely in extra-medullary sites such as lymph nodes, skin and soft tissue. We report a case of caecal myeloid sarcoma, diagnosed in a 60 year old woman who complained from abdominal pain and weight loss, in absence of any medullary disorder. Initially misdiagnosed as a B lymphoma because of a weak positivity for CD79a, the diagnosis of primitive caecal myeloid sarcoma was eventually established after further investigations showing a positivity for lysozyme and myeloperoxidase. This report of such a rare clinical and pathological presentation of a myeloid sarcoma underlines a difficult differential diagnosis for which adequate immunohistochemistry, including lysozyme and myeloperoxydase is mandatory.

Topics: Abdominal Pain; Antigens, CD; CD79 Antigens; Cecal Neoplasms; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Leukemia, Myeloid; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Peroxidase; Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell; Weight Loss

Lysozyme values are sometimes used as an aid for diagnostic subtyping of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), since monocytic forms often show high levels. We wanted to study if pretreatment serum lysozyme has any relation to prognosis in AML. For this purpose, 232 adult AML patients who had received remission induction therapy at two hospitals were reviewed retrospectively. Their median age was 65.5 yr. Sixty-three patients were FAB classified as "monocytic" AML (M4, M5) and 169 as "non-monocytic" AML (M0, M1, M2, M3, M6). A linear relation was rejected, and a bimodal relation was found between lysozyme and prognosis where values below 20 or above 80 mg L-1 were indicative of better outcome than values in the range 20-80 mg L-1. Analysed in three categories with cut-off levels at 20 and 80 mg L-1, lysozyme showed an independent effect on complete remission (CR) frequency (P = 0.0003), overall survival (P < 0.0001), and CR duration (P = 0.0005) in multivariate analysis. The hazard ratios (HR) for lysozyme <20, 20-80, and >80 mg L-1 regarding overall survival were 1.0, 3.3, and 0.7. Influence of lysozyme on survival was bimodal both in "non-monocytic" AML (HR 1.0, 3.0, and 0.1) and M4-M5 (HR 1.0, 10.1, and 1.2). Our finding of a bimodal relation between serum lysozyme and prognosis in AML should be regarded as a new hypothesis and controlled in other studies.

Topics: Acute Disease; Aged; Biomarkers; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Female; Humans; Kidney Function Tests; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Muramidase; Prognosis; Renal Insufficiency; Reproducibility of Results; Retrospective Studies; Survival Analysis

We examined the effects of various adenine analogues on the growth and differentiation of human myeloid leukemia HL-60 cells. Some of these analogues inhibit growth and induce nitroblue tetrazolium reducing activity in HL-60 cells. Cytokinins such as kinetin, isopentenyladenine, and benzyladenine were very effective in inducing nitroblue tetrazolium reduction and morphological changes in the cells into mature granulocytes. On the other hand, cytokinin ribosides such as kinetin riboside, isopentenyladenosine, and benzylaminopurine riboside were the most potent for growth inhibition and apoptosis. Cytokinin ribosides greatly reduced the intracellular ATP content and disturbed the mitochondrial membrane potential and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, whereas cytokinins did not. When the cells were incubated with cytokinin ribosides in the presence of O(2)(-) scavenger, antioxidant or caspase inhibitor, apoptosis was significantly reduced and differentiation was greatly enhanced. These results suggest that both cytokinins and cytokinin ribosides can induce granulocytic differentiation of HL-60 cells, but cytokinin ribosides also induce apoptosis prior to the differentiation process.

Topics: Adenosine; Adenosine Triphosphate; Annexin A5; Antineoplastic Agents; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Caspase 3; Caspases; Cell Differentiation; Cell Division; Cytokinins; Granulocytes; HL-60 Cells; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Macrophage-1 Antigen; Muramidase; Nitroblue Tetrazolium; Reactive Oxygen Species; Tumor Cells, Cultured

Topics: Acute Disease; Azure Stains; Cytodiagnosis; Fatal Outcome; Hematuria; Humans; Kidney Neoplasms; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Peroxidase; Staining and Labeling; Urine

To describe the clinicopathological and immunophenotypic features of 26 cases of extra-medullary myeloid tumour (EMMT)/granulocytic sarcoma, which remains poorly recognized and is frequently confused with malignant lymphoma, and to discuss the main diagnostic problems experienced by the referring pathologist.. Haematoxylin and eosin (H & E) sections of 26 cases of EMMT were re-examined. Immunostains for myeloperoxidase, lysozyme, neutrophil elastase, LCA, CD79a, CD20, CD43, CD45RO, CD3, CD30, CD15, CD68, MAC387, VS38C, MIC2, and the Leder stain for naphthol-ASD-chloroacetate esterase were performed on all cases. Clinical and follow-up data were obtained through a questionnaire to the referring pathologist or from the notes of the patients where available. In the 10 cases with known myeloproliferative disease, the initial diagnosis was correct in 10 whereas all cases presenting with EMMT without a previous history of myeloproliferative disorder had an initial incorrect diagnosis. The most common suggested diagnosis was that of a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The morphology of the tumours varied from well differentiated which included all stages of myeloid differentiation to poorly differentiated or blastic showing little or no evidence of myeloid differentiation. The proportion of positive cells for each stain varied. Chloroacetate esterase, myeloperoxidase and CD15 stained a large proportion of cells of the majority of the well differentiated tumours and a smaller proportion of the poorly differentiated/blastic tumours with very focal staining of some of the cases. Lysozyme and CD43 were the most sensitive of the markers staining a large proportion of cells of the majority of the tumours in both groups. Neutrophil elastase was the least sensitive of the markers of myeloid differentiation. CD79a, CD20, CD3 and CD30 were negative in all cases. CD43 was positive in all cases. CD68 stained a substantial number of cells in the majority of tumours. A smaller proportion of the tumours stained with MAC387. Four of the tumours showed positivity for MIC2. One tumour was positive for VS38C.. This series documents continuing difficulties in the diagnosis of EMMT. Even well differentiated tumours are frequently mistakenly diagnosed as malignant lymphomas when they present without any history of antecedent myeloproliferative disorder. Careful evaluation of morphology for evidence of myeloid differentiation and a high index of suspicion when confronted with a less differentiated neoplasm are required to avoid this important diagnostic error. We suggest that a panel which includes chloroacetate-esterase, myeloperoxidase, lysozyme and CD43, together with other B- and T-lineage markers, in particular CD79a and CD3 should be used to confirm the diagnosis.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antigens, CD; Biomarkers, Tumor; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; Cell Differentiation; Female; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukosialin; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Peroxidase; Sialoglycoproteins

Granulocytic sarcoma (GS), or chloroma, is a rare extramedullary tumor composed of immature myeloid cells. It most commonly involves bone, soft tissue, lymph nodes and skin and develops during the course of or preceding myelogenous leukemia (ML). Involvement of other organs has been rarely reported including ovary, uterus and cervix, lung and the gastrointestinal tract; however, GS presenting as upper and lower gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding from ulcerated gastric mass and concurrent bleeding vaginal mass is an unusual rare manifestation of GS. We describe a case of GS in a 70 year old black woman who presented with a bleeding "lump" in the vaginal wall and suffered fatal GI bleeding from an ulcerated gastric lesion. She was diagnosed with myelodysblastic syndrome a few months earlier. From the review of the available English literature, this is a unique presentation of GS. It is important to include this entity in the differential diagnosis when encountering GI bleeding particularly in a patient previously diagnosed with myeloid leukemia or preleukemia. The importance of Naphthol Chloracetate Esterase (NCAE) stain and lysozyme immunoperoxidase stain in establishing the diagnosis is breifly discussed.

Topics: Aged; Coloring Agents; Diagnosis, Differential; Fatal Outcome; Female; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Leukemia, Myeloid; Muramidase; Myelodysplastic Syndromes; Naphthol AS D Esterase; Stomach Ulcer; Uterine Hemorrhage; Vaginal Diseases

Using a direct one-color (fluorescein isothiocyanate; FITC) staining method with a Facscan flow cytometer, we evaluated the intracellular expression of two granular constituents of myeloid cells [myeloperoxidase (MPO) and lysozyme] on leukemic cells from 21 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and 6 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Three different permeabilization techniques were used [FACS Lysing Solution (FLy), B.Dis; Ortho-PermeaFix (OPF); Fix and Perm (F&P), Caltag] prior to monoclonal antibody (McAb) staining, in order to verify the specificity and the sensitivity of the three labelling methods towards the two model antigens. Peripheral blood cells from 15 healthy subjects and Ortho Absolute Control served as controls. Data were expressed as percentage of positivity, net fluorescence intensity, ratio between mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of positive cells and that of isotypic controls (P/N ratio; evaluated in both geometric and arithmetic scale), and, in 12 representatives cases (7 AML, 5 normal samples), in the form of both molecules of equivalent soluble fluorochromes (MESF) and antibody binding capacities (ABC). As far as the antigenic expression of MPO and lysozyme in normal samples is concerned, F&P resulted, in our hands, in the most specific and sensitive staining, followed by FLy solution and OPF, which showed positivity for MPO, and, to lesser extent, for lysozyme in a considerable manner of lymphocytes (means 64% and 54%, respectively, for OPF and FLy; range of ABC/cell: 0.9-5.2 x 10(3)) obtained from healthy subjects. With the reference F&P permeabilizing solution, 90% and 80% of FAB M1-M5 cases were found to be positive for MPO and lysozyme, respectively. However, M1, M2, and M3 AML FAB (French-American-British) subvarieties were characterized by a brighter expression for MPO (mean ABC/cell: 89 x 10(3)) than that of lysozyme (mean ABC/cell: 12.5 x 10(3D)), whereas blast cells from patients with M5a FAB subtypes showed higher levels of lysozyme (mean ABC/cell: 65 x 10(3)) than that of MPO (mean ABC/cell: 0.1 x 10(3)). One of five cases of FAB MO AML showed a dull positivity for MPO-7 McAb. Patients with ALL were MPO and lysozyme negative using both F&P and FLy reagents, although a certain degree of positivity was documented in some cases with OPF. Taking these data together, it can be stated that the use of anti-MPO McAbs may be of great value for the diagnosis and monitoring of acute leukemia and, along with ly

Topics: Adult; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Bone Marrow Cells; Cell Membrane Permeability; Cytoplasmic Granules; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Fixatives; Flow Cytometry; Fluorescent Dyes; Humans; Immunophenotyping; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Muramidase; Peroxidase; Sensitivity and Specificity

Protein factors playing a significant part in differentiation and development have been recently elucidated. However, low molecular factors which also seem to be essential remain still unknown, although only retinoic acid has become such a candidate. Cotylenins had been isolated as the plant-growth regulators, and have been found to affect a number of physiological processes of higher plants. Here we report that at the concentrations above 12.5 microg/ml (20 microM) cotylenin A induced the functional and morphological differentiation in murine (M1) and human myeloid leukemia (HL-60) cells. Although cotylenin A has some similarity to PMA both in carbotricyclic diterpene structure and in biological activity (i.e. differentiation-induction of HL-60 cells into macrophages), the activation of PKC and the elevation of Ca2+-levels by cotylenin A were not observed. Quite recently it has been reported that fusicoccin (closely related to cotylenin A)-targets are 14-3-3 proteins, which are at the crosspoint of a huge array of signalling and regulatory pathways. These results suggest that cotylenin A might become a useful tool for the elucidation of molecular mechanisms of differentiation and development.

Topics: Animals; Calcium; Cell Differentiation; Cladosporium; Diterpenes; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enzyme Activation; Enzyme Induction; Growth Inhibitors; HL-60 Cells; Humans; Intracellular Fluid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Mice; Muramidase; Plant Growth Regulators; Protein Kinase C; Tumor Cells, Cultured

Topics: Acute Disease; Antibodies; Cell Membrane Permeability; Flow Cytometry; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Muramidase; Peroxidase; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma

We examined the effect of vesnarinone, an oral cardiotonic, on the growth and differentiation of human myeloid leukemia cells. Vesnarinone alone markedly induced erythroid differentiation of HEL cells. All-trans-retinoic acid also induced erythroid differentiation of the cells, and the differentiation was greatly enhanced by combined treatment with vesnarinone and retinoic acid. HEL cells are highly resistant to some anticancer drugs, including vincristine, but treatment with vesnarinone greatly increased the sensitivity of HEL cells to vincristine. Enhancement of vincristine sensitivity by vesnarinone was not as significant for other leukemia cells. Expression of P-glycoprotein in HEL cells was effectively inhibited by vesnarinone, suggesting that the restoration of vincristine sensitivity is associated with decrease of P-glycoprotein expression in HEL cells. The plasma level of vesnarinone required to induce differentiation of leukemia cells is 30 micrograms/mL, which could be achieved with oral administration. These results suggest that vesnarinone should be useful in differentiation therapy for some types of myelogenous leukemia.

Topics: ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; Calcium; Cardiotonic Agents; Cell Differentiation; Drug Interactions; Drug Resistance; Humans; Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid; Muramidase; Pyrazines; Quinolines; Stimulation, Chemical; Tretinoin; Tumor Cells, Cultured; Vincristine

We report two cases of extramedullary myeloid cell tumor that arose in patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. In both cases, the tumors were difficult to recognize histologically because the neoplasms lacked cytological evidence of granulocyte maturation, such as cytoplasmic granulation or eosinophilic myelocytes, and the Leder stains for chloroacetate esterase were negative. Immunohistochemical studies were necessary to establish the correct diagnosis. The neoplastic cells in both tumors expressed myeloperoxidase, lysozyme, and CD43 and were negative for B-cell, T-cell, and other nonhematopoietic antigens tested. We report these cases to emphasize that extramedullary myeloid cell tumors may rarely precede transformation to acute myeloid leukemia in patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Extramedullary myeloid cell tumors of monocytic lineage may be difficult to recognize in routine and Leder-stained sections, and immunohistochemical studies may be essential for establishing the diagnosis.

Topics: Aged; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antigens, CD; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunophenotyping; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic; Leukosialin; Lymph Nodes; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Peroxidase; Sialoglycoproteins; Skin Neoplasms; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53

The revised French-American-British (FAB) classification system for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) recommends the determination of serum lysozyme (SL) or urine lysozyme (UL) levels as an aid in distinguishing acute myeloblastic leukemia with maturation (FAB M2) from acute myelomonocytic leukemia (M4). We reviewed retrospectively 208 cases of adult leukemia in which SL and/or UL were obtained. Elevated lysozyme levels were not found in any of the M0, M3, or M7 cases, but were increased (false positive) in three (14%) M1 cases, 18 (19%) M2 cases and one (20%) M6 case. Although a UL value in excess of 3x normal was found in most cases of AML M4 and M5, only five (11%) M4 cases and three (20%) M5 cases had SL elevations of this magnitude. Lysozyme levels need to be interpreted in conjunction with other parameters for FAB classification.

Topics: Aged; Female; Humans; Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute; Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase

Granule protein deficiencies in morphologically mature neutrophil cells of peripheral blood from human patients with acute myeloid leukemia was demonstrated using post-embedding immunocytochemistry. Abnormal immunoreactivity of granule proteins was detected in seven of nine patients. Decreased immunoreactivity patterns were found more for the primary granule markers elastase and myeloperoxidase than for the secondary granule marker lactoferrin. Leukemias with a predominant myeloid component, in contrast to those with a predominant monocytoid component, had more neutrophil cells showing immunodeficiencies for one or more granule markers. The proportion of neutrophil cells showing immunodeficiencies varied greatly for each granule marker; more variation was obtained for elastase, lactoferrin and myeloperoxidase than for lysozyme, possibly because lysozyme is a marker for both granule types. In addition, no correlation could be found between any of the immunoreactivity deficiencies for the neutrophil granule glycoproteins elastase, lactoferrin, lysozyme and myeloperoxidase and the abundance of a particular set of ultrastructural features in the circulating leukemic cells from any of the nine patients. Nonetheless, most of the immature myeloid cells from peripheral blood of leukemic patients showing neutrophil protein immunoreactivity abnormalities in one or more granule markers often and randomly displayed one or more unusual ultrastructural features. The clinical and pathological significance of neutrophil granule protein deficiencies and the abundance of fibrillar structures in malignant myeloid cells presently is uncertain.

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Aged; Cytoplasmic Granules; Female; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Lactoferrin; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocyte Elastase; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Neutrophils; Pancreatic Elastase; Peroxidase

Using an ultrastructural immunogold method, we performed a quantitative study on cellular lysozyme (LZ) content in young normal bone marrow cells and in 14 cases of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) of the M2, M3, M4 and M5 types. In five cases of M2 we found significantly lower LZ content than in normal promyelocytes and than in nine cases of M3, M4 and M5. In M3, M4 and M5 cells a very high LZ content was observed whereas the serum LZ activity was high in M4 and M5 and normal in M3. The intragranular LZ content was especially high in M5 and in most granules of M4 cells. The immunogold reaction (IGR) for LZ was also performed in cells previously reacted for myeloperoxidase (MPO). In M2 the granules showed definite positive MPO reactivity and low LZ density (granulocytic pattern), whereas in M5 we found high granular LZ content and weak or almost negative MPO activity (monocytic pattern). In M4 we found 'granulocytic' and 'monocytic' type of granules in the same cell. The IGR for LZ performed in post-embedded M5 cells which were previously subjected to phagocytosis of latex particles, showed granules that had moved toward the phagosome, releasing LZ without degranulation. The above findings and those showing normal serum LZ in M3 despite their high cellular LZ content, definitely indicate that only leukaemic M4 and M5 cells secrete LZ into their environment, explaining the high serum LZ observed in those leukaemias.

Topics: Acute Disease; Bone Marrow; Gold Colloid; Humans; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute; Microscopy, Electron; Muramidase; Peroxidase; Phagocytosis

The murine myeloid leukemia cell line M1 induced by interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a model system to study the differentiation of blast cells to mature macrophages. We have recently shown that IL-6 induces the expression of the IL-4 receptor (IL-4R) in these cells. In the present study we investigate the mechanism of action of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), an antagonist of IL-4 in numerous cells and a cofactor in both induction and suppression of myelopoiesis, on the expression of IL-4R. Flow cytometry shows that IFN-gamma downregulates the IL-6-induced expression of IL-4R whereas it has no such effect on the high-affinity receptors for monomeric IgG2a (Fc gamma RI). As demonstrated by Scatchard analysis, the number of IL-4R decreases by more than 50% after IFN-gamma treatment whereas the receptor affinity remains unchanged. Northern analysis shows that this decrease is paralleled by a decrease in IL-4R mRNA but not Fc gamma RI or lysozyme mRNA. Nuclear run-on analysis shows that IFN-gamma suppresses the IL-6-induced transcription of the IL-4R gene, whereas actinomycin-D chase experiments showed no change of IL-4R mRNA stability. Furthermore, the production of soluble IL-4R protein is suppressed by IFN-gamma as well. These data explain how IL-4R can be modulated by IFN-gamma in myeloid cells and are consistent with the myelosuppressive capacity of IFN-gamma.

Topics: Animals; Gene Expression Regulation; Interferon-gamma; Interleukin-6; Leukemia, Myeloid; Macrophages; Mice; Muramidase; Receptors, IgG; Receptors, Interleukin-4; Receptors, Mitogen; RNA, Messenger; Transcription, Genetic; Tumor Cells, Cultured

Murine myeloid leukemia M1 cells undergo terminal differentiation to mature macrophages after stimulation with interleukin-6 (IL-6). This process can be monitored by measuring the expression of early markers such as the high affinity receptor for monomeric IgG2a (Fc gamma RI) and Ia antigen followed by late markers such as lysozyme production and finally morphological changes from blast cells to mature macrophages. The same early markers that are expressed on M1 cells after induction with IL-6 are also expressed on monocytic cells after activation with interferon-gamma (IFN gamma). We used IL-6 and IFN gamma to investigate whether the early stages of M1 cell differentiation could be accomplished without commitment of the cells to terminal differentiation. Cytofluorometry shows that the expression of the same early differentiation markers (Fc gamma RI and Ia antigen) that are inducible by IL-6 on M1 cells can be induced by IFN gamma as well. However, stimulation with IFN gamma, in contrast to IL-6, does not induce the late differentiation markers such as lysozyme production, phagocytic activity, and morphological changes. Northern analysis supports these findings in that expression of Fc gamma RI mRNA is induced by either cytokine, whereas expression of mRNA for lysozyme is inducible by IL-6 only. Nuclear run-on analysis reveals that the changes in steady state mRNA levels of both Fc gamma RI and lysozyme are regulated by a transcriptional mechanism. These data suggest that early stages in the process of myeloid differentiation can be separately induced by IFN gamma and thus are independent from the later events induced by IL-6.

Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Cell Differentiation; Immunoglobulin G; Interferon-gamma; Interleukin-6; Leukemia, Myeloid; Mice; Muramidase; Phagocytosis; Receptors, Fc; RNA, Messenger; Time Factors; Transcription, Genetic

Recombinant human interleukins 1 and 2 (rhIL-1 and rhIL-2) have recently been shown to interact with cells not only of the lymphoid lineage but also of myeloid origin. In fact, rhIL-1 indirectly stimulates normal haemopoietic cell proliferation without any influence on the differentiation, and can also induce lysozyme secretion by leukaemic cells. On the other hand, rhIL-2 is capable of indirectly stimulating the proliferation of monocytic precursors. Nevertheless, the effect of both factors on the expression of Fc receptors or on the proliferation of cells of myeloid origin has not been evaluated thus far. In order to assess whether these interleukins take part in the induction to proliferation of Fc receptor expression by homogeneous populations of myeloid cells, two leukaemic cell lines were used in this work, namely, WR19M.1, macrophagic, and WEHI3BD-, myelomonocytic. The results achieved show that: 1) rhIL-1 strongly stimulated the expression of Fc receptors in both leukaemic cell lines; 2) rhIL-1 does not stimulate the proliferation of these lineages; 3) on the contrary, rhIL-2 stimulated cell proliferation in both leukaemic cell lines, and 4) rhIL-2 had no effect on the induction of Fc receptors or on the stimulation of lysozyme secretion. The role played by the proliferative effect of rhIL-2, as well as the rhIL-1-mediated appearance of Fc receptors, in myeloid proliferation and differentiation are discussed.

Topics: Animals; Cell Division; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; Interleukin-1; Interleukin-2; Leukemia, Myeloid; Mice; Muramidase; Neoplasm Proteins; Neoplastic Stem Cells; Receptors, Fc; Recombinant Proteins; Rosette Formation; Tumor Cells, Cultured

An unusual case of granulocytic sarcoma with a large retro-orbital tumor mass is described. The tumor had an uncommon cytomorphology and ultrastructure that mimicked a signet ring cell lymphoma. It was negative by chloroacetate esterase (CAE) stain. The patient was treated successfully with CHOP-regimen polychemotherapy and irradiation. Seventeen months after the initial diagnosis of malignant lymphoma, acute myeloid leukemia developed. Additional immunohistochemistry, including an immunoperoxidase staining for lysozyme, clearly demonstrated the early myeloid nature of the original tumor. This case emphasizes the importance of staining for lysozyme and other myeloid markers in addition to CAE staining in cases that demonstrate unusual morphological features.

Topics: Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms

A 20-year-old male developed both coccygeal and leg pain and followed by rectocystic disturbance. Disc herniation between L5 and S was suspected and laminectomy was performed. At surgery, an easily curretable tumor occupied the epidural space from L5 to the end of the sacrum. In part, the tumor spread out of the vertebral canal and invaded the surrounding muscle tissue. This muscle tissue and part of the lamina were checked histologically. Initial blood analysis revealed 5% blast-like cells, but failed to confirm them as leukemic cells. Histologically, the tumor cells had round or oval nuclei with large nucleoli and scanty cytoplasm without granulocytic differentiation. Malignant lymphoma or Ewing's sarcoma was initially suspected, but the definite diagnosis was uncertain. Immunohistochemical staining with the PAP method and enzyme histochemistry revealed that the tumor cells were positive for lysozyme and naphthol ASD chloracetate esterase. Thus, granulocytic sarcoma was finally diagnosed. Electron microscopic findings supported this diagnosis. Subsequent karyotyping of bone marrow cells revealed 8; 21 translocation, thus the final diagnosis of this patient was myelodysplastic syndrome, refractory anemia with excess blast cells in transformation or acute myelogenous leukemia, M2, by the FAB classification.

Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8; Cytoplasmic Granules; Epidural Neoplasms; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Karyotyping; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Muramidase; Naphthol AS D Esterase; Translocation, Genetic

Eight cases of myelosarcoma without acute leukaemia at time of diagnosis were reviewed and biopsies were immunostained using antibodies reacting with myeloid/monocytic markers. Initial tumour location included lymph nodes, paranasal sinuses, nasopharyngeal and/or orbital regions and other extranodal locations. Three cases developed acute myeloblastic leukaemia within 1-9 months. Diagnosis was correct in four of the cases, in the other cases a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was initially diagnosed. Morphological examination showed a blastic but variable appearance of the tumours. In a few cases cytoplasmic granulation was present. Chloroacetate esterase was present in all cases. In paraffin sections cathepsin G. elastase or lysozyme were present in all cases except one. In frozen material from four of the cases, the myeloid markers CD 11c and CD 33 were present (all cases) and CD 13 and Ki M8 in 3/4 cases.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; Cathepsin G; Cathepsins; Female; Humans; Infant; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Serine Endopeptidases

The effect of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) on induction of differentiation of mouse myeloid leukemia M1 cells was investigated. TGF-beta 1 induced adherence of M1 cells to plastic dishes and inhibited their proliferation. However, it did not induce differentiation-associated properties, such as phagocytic activity, lysozyme activity or morphological maturation. TGF-beta 1 also caused dose-dependent inhibition of dexamethasone-induced differentiation of M1 cells. The inhibitory activity of TGF-beta 1 was 20 times that of TGF-beta 2 on M1 cells. These results suggest that TGF-beta 1 inhibits proliferation and dexamethasone-induced differentiation of M1 cells by interacting with receptors that can distinguish between TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2. TGF-beta 1 had a much lower inhibitory effect on the growth of a variant M1 cell clone, which was resistant to differentiation inducers, and it did not induce adherence of the resistant M1 cells.

Topics: Animals; Cell Adhesion; Cell Differentiation; Cell Division; Dexamethasone; Leukemia, Myeloid; Mice; Muramidase; Phagocytosis; Transforming Growth Factors; Tumor Cells, Cultured

An immunoblotting technique was developed to detect human lysozyme and lysozyme complexes in body fluids. The unoccupied binding capacity of proteins was demonstrated by addition of surplus lysozyme. The sensitivity of immunoblotting to the free enzyme in human albumin solution was less than 5 ng. In serum and pleural fluid, part of exogenous lysozyme was bound to alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2-M). At high concentrations of lysozyme in leukemic sera, part of the enzyme formed an endogenous alpha 2-M complex. On the other hand, the formation of alpha 2-M complexes with exogenous lysozyme was especially striking in sera from nephrotic patients with elevated alpha 2-M. The findings corroborate with previous reports on lysozyme binding to purified alpha 2-M in vitro and suggest that the binding is concentration-dependent with respect to both reaction partners. In vivo the mechanism may provide a pathway for extrarenal lysozyme catabolism medicated by reticuloendothelial cells. No other binding proteins were seen in the present study: lysozyme did not bind to serum immunoglobulins in 35 samples with an immunoglobulin paraprotein, three samples with polyclonally elevated gamma-globulins, 20 other patient sera and 10 normal sera. Neither did lysozyme bind to urinary proteins in five samples from patients with myeloic leukemias nor in 10 samples from myeloma patients with urinary excretion of a monoclonal immunoglobulin light chain.

Topics: alpha-Macroglobulins; Humans; Immunoblotting; Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes; Leukemia, Myeloid; Muramidase; Nephrosis; Pleura; Pleurisy

Mouse myeloid leukemic M1 cells are induced to differentiate by various differentiation inducers. Activity for inhibition of induction of differentiation of M1 cells (I-factor activity) was detected in conditioned medium of variant M1 cell clones that were resistant to differentiation inducers, and this I-factor activity was shown to be closely associated with resistance of the cells to differentiation inducers. In this work, the I-factor was purified to apparent homogeneity from conditioned medium of resistant M1 cells. The purification procedure consisted of ammonium sulfate precipitation, CM-Sepharose CL-6B, Sephadex G-200, reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography on a C18 hydrophobic support, and high-performance liquid chromatography on a gel filtration column. The factor was analyzed by radioiodination, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and autoradiography. The purified factor gave a single band of protein with a molecular weight of 68,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis which coincided with its biological activity. The concentration of I-factor required for 50% inhibition of dexamethasone-induced differentiation of M1 cells was 24 pM. At its effective concentration it had no effect on cell proliferation, and even at 1.2 nM it did not inhibit colony formation of normal bone marrow cells, suggesting that it was distinct from the inhibitor of normal precursors of macrophages and/or granulocytes.

Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line; Chromatography, Gel; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Growth Inhibitors; Leukemia, Experimental; Leukemia, Myeloid; Mice; Muramidase; Neoplasm Proteins; Phagocytosis; Receptors, Fc

Ninety-seven cases of chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML) were examined retrospectively for survival and possible prognostic factors including age, total white cell count, peripheral blood and bone marrow monocyte counts, % double esterase (DE) positive cells in bone marrow and serum lysozyme. Age, absolute monocyte counts and serum lysozyme proved to be significant independent prognostic indicators but Cox model analyses showed serum lysozyme to be the most important factor whether taken as a continuous or discrete (two groups) variable. Twelve cases of second malignancy were found, including 2 cases of multiple myeloma, but this was not significantly greater than expected when compared with an age and sex matched group.

Topics: Aged; England; Female; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocyte Count; Male; Middle Aged; Monocytes; Muramidase; Neoplasms, Multiple Primary; Prognosis; Retrospective Studies

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a low molecular weight polypeptide produced by monocyte-macrophage lineage cells. IL-1 production by primary-cultured leukaemic cells of several FAB subtypes was estimated and compared with in vitro and in vivo lysozyme production. The results indicate that IL-1 production by monocytic leukaemia cells (M4 and M5) is significantly higher than that of myelocytic leukaemia cells (M1, M2 and M3). On the other hand, the serum lysozyme level was not correlated with the FAB subtypes and in vitro lysozyme production by monocytic leukaemia cells was higher than that of myelocytic leukaemia cells, but the M2 subtype was indistinguishable from monocytic leukaemia cells solely on the basis of lysozyme production. We concluded that measurement of IL-1 production by leukaemic cells, as a marker of monocytic leukaemias, was convenient and reliable, and might be useful for the diagnosis of morphologically or cytochemically atypical cases.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Cells, Cultured; Female; Humans; Interleukin-1; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase

In a retrospective multicenter study by the Groupe Français de Cytogénétique Hématologique, chromosome investigation was undertaken in 120 cases of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, which was diagnosed in accordance with the French-American-British (FAB) criteria. Chromosome abnormalities of the clonal type were present at diagnosis in 30% of the patients. Median age of these patients was lower than for these without karyotypic abnormalities, and prognosis was less favorable. The most frequently encountered characteristic chromosome change was monosomy 7; chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMLL) with monosomy 7 occurs in younger age groups and has a very poor prognosis. Next in frequency were trisomy 8, iso(17q), and a 12p anomaly. The latter may have to be classified among the so-called primary characteristic chromosome changes in leukemia. All chromosome changes were of the type usually found in myeloid proliferation, and no anomaly specific for CMML was discovered. Isochromosome 17q was found only during blastic phase. Several of the CMML cases with chromosome anomalies were secondary leukemias, and among these was one case with a homogeneously staining region (HSR), which is rarely reported in leukemia. A paraproteinemia was found in 12% of the patients. No correlation of its occurrence with presence or type of karyotypic anomaly could be found.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Chromosome Aberrations; Chromosome Disorders; Female; Humans; Karyotyping; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Paraproteinemias; Retrospective Studies

Topics: Aged; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocyte Count; Male; Middle Aged; Monocytes; Muramidase; Philadelphia Chromosome

A 36 year old woman presented with a nasopharyngeal tumour which was diagnosed and treated as diffuse large cell lymphoma. Twelve mth later the patient developed acute myeloid leukemia. At this stage, the original biopsies were reviewed and considered in retrospect to be granulocytic sarcoma on the basis of staining for chloracetate esterase and lysozyme. She achieved and maintained marrow and peripheral blood remission with chemotherapy, but developed several cutaneous nodules and 2 breast lumps. One breast lump was excised and was found, by the use of monoclonal antibodies, to carry myeloid markers. Thus monoclonal antibodies provided additional confirmatory evidence for the diagnosis of granulocytic sarcoma.

Topics: Adult; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; Female; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Muramidase; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms

The effect of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) on induction of differentiation of mouse myeloid leukemic M1 cells was examined. Purified G-CSF caused dose-dependent induction of phagocytic activity and lysozyme activity in M1 cells. Its half-maximally effective concentration was 10 ng/ml. On treatment of M1 cells with G-CSF (100 ng/ml) for 4 days, 30-50% of the cells differentiated morphologically into macrophage cells; 30-40% of the cells were blast cells and 20-30% of the cells were forms intermediate between blastic cells and mature macrophages.

Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line; Colony-Stimulating Factors; Glycoproteins; Granulocytes; Growth Inhibitors; Interleukin-6; Leukemia Inhibitory Factor; Leukemia, Myeloid; Lymphokines; Macrophages; Mice; Muramidase; Phagocytosis; Recombinant Proteins

Blood and bone marrow samples from 20 individuals with reactive conditions and 26 cases of acute and chronic myeloid leukemias were tested for the presence of lysozyme, alpha-1-antitrypsin (alpha-1-AT), and alpha-1-antichymotrypsin (alpha-1-ACT). We compared the reactivity of samples in smears, cytocentrifuge preparations, and paraffin sections. Lysozyme, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and alpha-1-antichymotrypsin were found only in polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes and their precursors. Lymphocytes, E-rosetting cells, Con A-activated lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, red blood cells, erythroblasts, and megakaryocytes were consistently negative. Leukemic myeloblasts showed definite reactivity for both alpha-1-antitrypsin and alpha-1-ACT, but not for lysozyme. By contrast, lysozyme was present in poorly differentiated leukemic monoblasts, while alpha-1-antitrypsin and alpha-1-antichymotrypsin showed only weak reactivity. More mature myeloid and moncytic cells showed positive staining for all three antigens tested with differences in staining distribution and intensity. In four cases of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), circulating mature polymorphonuclear leukocytes were deficient in both lysozymne and alpha-1-antitrypsin. The use of lysozyme, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and alpha-1-antichymotrypsin identifies normal and leukemic cells of the myeloid-monocytic series at all stages of maturation and is applicable to a variety of sample preparations.

Topics: alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin; alpha 1-Antitrypsin; Bone Marrow; Cell Separation; Chymotrypsin; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Flow Cytometry; Hematopoietic Stem Cells; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Killer Cells, Natural; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Microtomy; Monocytes; Muramidase; Paraffin

A megakaryoblastic cell line, designated MEG-01, was established from the bone marrow of a patient with blast crisis of Philadelphia (Ph1) chromosome-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia. MEG-01 cells grew in single-cell suspension with a doubling time of 36 to 48 hours. Under the usual culture conditions, approximately half of the cells adhered to the culture flask with extention of pseudopods. MEG-01 cells were positive for the periodic acid-Schiff reaction, alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase, and acid phosphatase, and negative for myeloperoxidase, alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase, naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase, and alkaline phosphatase. Ultrastructural platelet peroxidase was positive in MEG-01 cells. Cytoplasmic factor VIII (FVIII)-related antigen was weakly positive in larger MEG-01 cells by both an indirect immunofluorescent technique with monoclonal antibodies and a direct immunoperoxidase technique using horseradish peroxidase-conjugated conventional rabbit anti-human FVIII antibody. Platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa antigen was uniformly demonstrated on the surface of MEG-01 cells by both indirect immunofluorescent and immunoperoxidase techniques using antiplatelet GP IIb/IIIa monoclonal antibodies; platelet GP lb antigen was demonstrated only in the cytoplasm of larger MEG-01 cells. MEG-01 cells possessed no markers for B or T lymphocytes or for myeloid cells. Chromosome analysis of this cell line revealed a human male hyperdiploid karyotype with a modal chromosome number of 56 to 58. The Ph1 chromosome was observed in all karyotypes analyzed. This novel human megakaryoblastic cell line may provide a useful model for the study of human megakaryopoiesis and of the biosynthetic mechanisms of proteins unique to megakaryocytic lineage.

Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antigens, Viral; Blood Platelets; Cell Line; Cells, Cultured; DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans; Karyotyping; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Megakaryocytes; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Neoplastic Stem Cells; Peroxidases; Phagocytosis; Rosette Formation

A patient with chronic granulocytic leukemia in acute blastic transformation was treated with mithramycin, an RNA synthesis inhibitor, after in vitro exposure of her leukemic cells to mithramycin showed differentiation to normal appearing granulocytes. Mithramycin therapy in vivo resulted in a prompt and dramatic hematologic response. Before therapy, the patient's leukemic cells had high levels of transcription of the cellular myc and abl protooncogenes. After initiation of therapy, protooncogene mRNA decreased rapidly. These observations indicate that mithramycin can induce differentiation both in vitro and in vivo and suggest that such changes may be associated with altered oncogene expression.

Topics: Adolescent; Cell Differentiation; Female; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Muramidase; Oncogenes; Plicamycin; RNA, Messenger; RNA, Viral

Seven patients with Hodgkin's disease were studied for the presence of lysozyme and alpha-1-antitrypsin activity by immunoelectron microscopy. As a result, Reed-Sternberg cells, Hodgkin's cells, and atypical cells were distinctly positive for lysozyme in four cases and weakly positive in the remaining three cases. These cells were also positive for alpha-1-antitrypsin in all cases. Because the cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage also bore lysozyme and alpha-1-antitrypsin, it is suggested that Reed-Sternberg cells, Hodgkin's cells, and the atypical cells are derived from the monocyte-macrophage lineage.

Topics: alpha 1-Antitrypsin; Histocytochemistry; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Leukemia, Myeloid; Lymph Nodes; Lymphatic Diseases; Macrophages; Microscopy, Electron; Monocytes; Muramidase; Sarcoidosis; Tuberculosis

Mouse monocytic Mm-A cells are a highly leukemogenic variant line of the monocytic and non-leukemogenic cell line Mm-1, which developed spontaneously from mouse myeloid leukemia M1 cells. Studies were made on whether Mm-A cells could be induced to differentiate further by agents that were effective for inducing differentiation of the parent M1 cells and other leukemic cells. Of the agents tested, butyrate, conditioned medium from concanavalin A-stimulated spleen cells, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and N6,O2-dibutyryl adenosine 3'5'-cyclic-monophosphate (dbcAMP) significantly stimulated the lysozyme activity of Mm-A cells, which is one of the most characteristic biochemical markers of monocytes and macrophages. Butyrate was the most effective agent for increasing lysozyme production by Mm-A cells; culture with 0.5mM butyrate for 3 days increased lysozyme production by Mm-A cells about 50-fold. Inducers of M1 cell differentiation such as dexamethasone, 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, arginase, and proteinous inducer did not increase the lysozyme activity. Butyrate also induced NBT reduction and stimulated other differentiation-associated functions, such as expressions of Fc receptors on the cell surface, immune phagocytosis and production of inducer for M1 cell differentiation. Its effect in stimulating differentiation of Mm-A cells was synergistic with that of dbcAMP or LPS. Incubation with butyrate inhibited the proliferation of Mm-A cells, about 0.3mM butyrate causing 50% inhibition. These results indicate that monocytic, leukemogenic Mm-A cells can be induced to differentiate further by butyrate and that the inducers of differentiation of Mm-A cells are markedly different from those of the parent myeloblastic M1 cells.

Topics: Animals; Butyrates; Cell Differentiation; Cells, Cultured; Culture Media; Drug Interactions; Enzyme Induction; Fatty Acids; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Lipopolysaccharides; Mice; Muramidase; Phagocytosis; Receptors, Fc

Topics: Cell Adhesion; Cell Differentiation; Cells, Cultured; Esterases; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Kinetics; Leukemia, Myeloid; Lipids; Macrophages; Monocytes; Muramidase; Peroxidases; Phagocytosis

Using the peroxidase antiperoxidase (PAP) method, lysozyme (LZM) was shown to exist in normal, reactive and neoplastic cells belonging to the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), but was not detected in histiocytosis X cells. Immunostaining for cytoplasmic LZM by the PAP method is useful for identification of mononuclear phagocytes and for diagnosis of the diseases in which these cells participate.

Topics: Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis; Histiocytes; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Inflammation; Leukemia, Myeloid; Lymphadenitis; Lymphatic Diseases; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Mononuclear Phagocyte System; Muramidase; Neoplasms

Thirty-five patients who fulfilled the FAB diagnosis criteria of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), i.e., myelodysplastic features, monocytosis over 10(9)/liter, bone marrow monocyte infiltration, blast cells less than 5% in the peripheral blood and less than 30% in the bone marrow, are analyzed. CMML appears as an entity distinct from myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative disorders. Splenomegaly, anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis with monocytes and granulocytic cells in all stages of development, increased blood and urine lysozyme levels without renal failure, and polyclonal hyperimmunoglobulinemia are its main clinical and biologic features. With conventional cytotoxic drugs (6-mercaptopurine, hydroxyurea), the prognosis of CMML appears poor (median survival 475 days). None of the clinical hematologic or biologic parameters tested had a significant effect on prognosis. As other chemotherapy trials seemed necessary, we recently administered small doses of cytosine-arabinoside (ARA-C) to six patients over several consecutive days and obtained a complete remission in four. These preliminary results must be confirmed by larger series using the diagnostic criteria proposed by the FAB cooperative group.

Topics: Aged; Bone Marrow; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Cytarabine; Female; Humans; Hydroxyurea; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Middle Aged; Monocytes; Muramidase; Prognosis

Plasma and intracellular levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), phosphohexose isomerase (PHI) and lysozyme activities were investigated in 20 patients with acute myelocytic leukemia (AML), 18 patients with acute lymphatic leukemia (ALL) and 10 patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia in blast transformation (CML/BT). Though the plasma levels of LDH and PHI in all patients with acute leukemia were elevated as compared to control persons there was no distinctive pattern which could be of use in the classification of acute leukemia. On the other hand the intracellular levels of these enzymes could be of value in classifying acute leukemia. The leukemic lymphoblasts were characterized by low levels of PHI and lysozyme as compared to leukemic myeloblasts or to normal lymphocytes (p less than 0.01). The LDH/PHI ratio is also significantly higher in leukemic lymphoblasts than in leukemic myeloblasts or in normal lymphocytes (p always less than 0.01). These characteristics might also be made use of in identifying the blasts of CML/BT als "lymphoid" or "myeloid" in corresponding cases.

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Female; Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Neoplasm Proteins; Neoplastic Stem Cells; Stem Cells

Topics: Female; Humans; Hypokalemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Middle Aged; Muramidase

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Chromosomes, Human, 21-22 and Y; Female; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase

The phorbol esters phorbol 12-retinoate 13-acetate (RPA) and 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (TPA) were used to investigate the role of tumor promoters in the control of hormone response in normal and leukemic myeloid cells. RPA and TPA inhibited the binding of [20-3H]phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate to the leukemic cells in a competitive manner with 50% inhibition values of 5.2 +/- 1.3 and 1.1 +/- 0.6 nM, respectively. RPA, like TPA, enhanced (1) prostaglandin E1-induced cyclic AMP synthesis, (2) the differentiation of leukemic cells induced by the normal myeloid differentiation-inducing protein, and (3) the formation of normal myeloid cells colonies induced by the normal myeloid growth-inducing protein. Both compounds can thus control endogenous cell regulators. Since RPA functions in the second stage of tumor promotion in mouse skin, it is suggested that the control of such endogenous regulators may involve biochemical pathways similar to those that are activated in the second stage of tumor promotion.

Topics: Animals; Binding, Competitive; Cell Differentiation; Cells, Cultured; Cyclic AMP; Glycoproteins; Growth Inhibitors; Interleukin-6; Leukemia Inhibitory Factor; Leukemia, Myeloid; Lymphokines; Mice; Muramidase; Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate; Phorbol Esters; Phorbols; Prostaglandins E; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate

A human hematopoietic cell line (K-23-M) was established from a patient with chronic myelocytic leukemia in blast crisis. Morphologically, the cultured cells were lymphoblastoid cells that produced IgA and were Epstein-Barr viral nuclear antigen positive. But they showed high phagocytic activity to glutaraldehyde-treated sheep red cells and had properties of a monocyte or macrophage that included surface Fc receptors, alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase positivity blocked by NaF, migration in soft agar and the ability to attach to a glass surface. Lysozyme secretion was absent, and chromosomes were diploid and Ph1 negative. This cell line is unique in that it has strong phagocytic activity. Its existence shows that lymphoblastoid cell line may be a more important cell line for the study of human hematopoietic cells than previously has been believed.

Topics: Antigens, Viral; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; Cell Line; Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens; Female; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans; Immunoglobulin A; Karyotyping; Leukemia, Myeloid; Lymphocytes; Macrophage-1 Antigen; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Phagocytosis; Receptors, Complement; Receptors, Fc

Mouse myeloid leukemia (M1) cells were induced to differentiate in vitro by treatment with dexamethasone. After 8 h of treatment, induction of phagocytic and lysozymic activities and depression of DNA synthesis started at the same time and proceeded irreversibly. DNA synthesis in the nuclear system reflected primarily DNA replication rather than repair and this activity declined during M1 cell differentiation.

Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line; Cell Nucleus; Dexamethasone; DNA, Neoplasm; Leukemia, Experimental; Leukemia, Myeloid; Mice; Muramidase; Phagocytosis

A further case of chronic neutrophilic leukaemia is reported and compared to fourteen previously reported cases. The presence of enlarged lymph nodes as the first clinical sign and the existence of a relative lysozyme deficiency of the granulocytes were striking features.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Female; Granulocytes; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Lymph Nodes; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Neutrophils

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Neutrophils; Phagocytosis

Suspension cultures of a human monocytic leukemia cell line, THP-1, were treated with 0.16 to 160 nM 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). In an original cell line, THP-1-O, cultured again from -80 degrees cryopreservation, more than 80% of the cells adhered to the glass substrate with marked morphological change within 3 hr of TPA treatment. Adherent cells became flat and amoeboid in shape, and many microvilli and flaps of the cell surface disappeared. Well-developed Golgi apparatus, rough endoplasmic reticula, and a large amount of free ribosomes were seen in the cytoplasm. On the other hand, in THP-1-R cells cultured continuously without cryopreservation for 26 months, approximately 80% of the cells adhered to the substrate 48 hr after TPA treatment. Round and ovoid shapes were kept in THP-1-R cells treated with TPA. Surface Fc receptors for immunoglobulin G were present on more than 90% of THP-1-O and THP-1-R cells and were little affected by treatment with TPA. Sixty to 70% of the TPA-treated THP-1-O and THP-1-R cells were able to phagocytize yeasts and immunoglobulin G-coated sheep erythrocytes. Less than 20% of the untreated THP-1 cells were able to phagocytize yeasts and immunoglobulin G-coated sheep erythrocytes. In histochemical staining, alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase was enhanced after treatment with TPA. Lysozyme activity in culture supernatants was not affected by TPA treatment. When exposed to latex beads and TPA, increased 14CO2 production from [1-14C]glucose in THP-1-O cells was observed. These results indicate that, after treatment with TPA, human monocytic leukemia cells may be converted into mature cells with functions of macrophages.

Topics: Cells, Cultured; Glucose; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Muramidase; Phagocytosis; Phorbols; Rosette Formation; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate

The two types of granule in polymorphonuclear neutrophils may have distinct functions. The primary granule enzymes are responsible for killing and digesting ingested micro-organisms while the secondary granule constituents may have regulatory functions outside the cell. This hypothesis is supported by finding that during immune phagocytosis of a yeast, nearly all of the neutrophil's secondary granule vitamin B12-binding protein is lost from the cell and 80% can be accounted for in the medium. Much less of the primary granule enzymes, beta-glucuronidase and acid phosphatase, are lost from the cells and very little can be detected in the medium. Lysozyme is a constituent of both types of granule and its behaviour is intermediate. There is no difference in the release of these granule constituents from chronic granulocytic leukaemia neutrophils compared with normal neutrophils.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Candida; Cytoplasmic Granules; Glucuronidase; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Leukemia, Myeloid; Muramidase; Neutrophils; Phagocytosis; Transcobalamins

Mouse myeloid leukemia M1 cells were induced to differentiate in vitro into macrophages and granulocytes by various inducers, including dexamethasone. Prostaglandin F2 alpha inhibited the inductions by dexamethasone of phagocytic and lysozyme activities in M1 cells. Prostaglandin F2 alpha stimulated the production of differentiation-inhibiting activity (I-activity) in M1 cells. I-activity production by prostaglandin F2 alpha was decreased by simultaneous treatment with actinomycin D (5 ng/ml) but not with 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (10 ng/ml). The I-activity was inactivated by heating (70 degrees, 20 min) or by treatment with trypsin but not with mixed glycosidases or ribonuclease, suggesting that I-activity was due to a proteinous substance(s). B-Type prostaglandins also stimulated I-activity production, whereas A-, E- and D-type ones did not. Induction of prostaglandin E2. Retinoic acid stimulated the synthesis and release of prostaglandin F2 alpha and production of I-activity in M1 cells. Indomethacin completely inhibited induction of I-activity by retinoic acid. On the basis of these results, the relationship between I-activity production and prostaglandin F2 alpha production is discussed.

Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cells, Cultured; Dexamethasone; Dinoprost; Dinoprostone; Leukemia, Experimental; Leukemia, Myeloid; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Muramidase; Phagocytosis; Prostaglandins E; Prostaglandins F; Tretinoin

Comparative studies were performed on the cloned myelomonocytic leukemia cell line, WEHI-3B, and a subcloned line, WEHI-3BM6. WEHI-3BM6 cells were less responsive than WEHI-3B cells to differentiation factor (DF) present in the sera of mice injected with endotoxin (endotoxin serum, ES). WEHI-3BM6 cells produced only 8% monocytes after 6 days of incubation with ES compared with 68% monocytes produced by WEHI-3B cells. In the presence of ES the rate of differentiation of both cell lines was enhanced by the addition of actinomycin D (5 ng/ml) such that after 2 days of stimulation 62% of the cells were mature monocytes. Lysozyme content as well as the expression of alpha-napthyl acetate esterase were also increased by actinomycin D. As indicated by the shifts in modal fluoresence levels (209 vs 63), differentiating WEHI-3B cells showed an increase in the binding of an anti-neutrophil serum compared with untreated WEHI-3B cells. The binding of anti-neutrophil antibodies allowed the sorting of the mature monocytes from the blast cells in DF-treated WEHI-3B cells achieving a purity of 78%. Electrophoretic analysis of radiolabelled proteins from the cell extracts of WEHI-3B-derived monocytes showed close similarities to normal murine peritoneal macrophages and distinct differences from the protein profiles of purified murine peritoneal polymorphs. A protein of 75,000 mol, wt present in the polymorphs was absent from the WEHI-3B monocytes.

Topics: Animals; Cell Count; Cell Differentiation; Cell Division; Cell Line; Cell Separation; Clone Cells; Dactinomycin; Esterases; Immune Sera; Leukemia, Myeloid; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Muramidase

Light and electron microscopy of neutrophils from chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL) did not reveal differences from normal mature neutrophils. However, functional characterization of CNL cells showed marked differences when compared to normal cells. CNL neutrophils were much less viable in suboptimal conditions. Their survival was further reduced by autologous serum and was corrected by normal human serm. CNL cells showed very active phagocytosis, but their bactericidal activity was reduced in suboptimal conditions. The total content of lysozyme and beta-glucuronidase was lower in CNL cells compared to normal neutrophils, but the release of these enzymes from stimulated cells was much higher than normal. This observation is compatible with a marked lysosomal lability. Cells from the patients' peripheral blood and bone marrow showed excessive growth in CFU-C assays. Marked susceptibility of CNL cells to cytotoxic activity of cold agglutinins, SLE sera, and CSFs was observed and may signify qualitative and/or quantitative differences in the membrane structure of CNL neutrophils, as compared to normal cells.

Topics: Aged; Blood Bactericidal Activity; Colony-Forming Units Assay; Glucuronidase; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Muramidase; Neutrophils; Phagocytosis; Skin Window Technique

Clones of myeloid leukemic cells varying in their competence for induction of differentiation have been continuously grown in serum-free medium. In the medium used, which contained transferrin, the growth rates of these cells were nearly similar to those found in serum-containing medium. The clones also maintained in this medium their competence for induction of differentiation by the normal macrophage and granulocyte differentiation-induction protein MGI-2, the steroid dexamethasone, and lipopolysaccharide. In contrast to the results with these inducters, some clones continuously cultured in a serum-free medium showed a gain of inducibility by insulin and another clone a gain of inducibility by the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in low serum and serum-free medium. Induction of differentiation by these two compounds was therefore inhibited in these clones by the presence of serum. It is suggested that serum-free medium may also show the existence of other inducers of differentiation not detected in serum-containing medium and that these results are relevant to the possible therapeutic use of compounds such as insulin for the induction of normal differentiation in leukemic cells in vivo.

Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Clone Cells; Colony-Stimulating Factors; Culture Media; Dexamethasone; Hematopoietic Stem Cells; Insulin; Leukemia, Myeloid; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Muramidase; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; Transferrin

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Cell Differentiation; DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase; Esterases; Granulocytes; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Monocytes; Muramidase; Peroxidase

Retinoic acid and retinol induced functional and morphological differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60) into mature granulocytes, but did not induce functional or morphological differentiation of mouse myeloid leukemia cells (M1). Cellular retinoic acid-binding protein, but not retinol-binding protein, was detected on HL-60 cells. Neither binding protein could be detected on M1 cells. These results suggest that retinoic acid-binding protein may be necessary for induction by retinoids of functional and morphological differentiation of myeloid leukemia cells.

Topics: Animals; Carrier Proteins; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Cells, Cultured; Enzyme Induction; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Mice; Muramidase; Neoplasm Proteins; Rats; Receptors, Retinoic Acid; Retinol-Binding Proteins; Tretinoin

Hypokalemia has been noted as a frequent complication of acute leukemia. To our knowledge, an association of this electrolyte disturbance with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), not in blast crisis, has never been reported. We report a unique case of hypokalemia that complicated the clinical course of a patient with nonblastic CML. The pathogenesis of the hypokalemia was shown to be inappropriate hyperkaluresis, which appeared to be related to lysozymuria and a large tumor burden. We discuss the pathogenesis of hypokalemia in leukemia. We think that the unusual features associated with CML in this case make a large tumor burden their most likely underlying cause. This may help explain the still confusing and unresolved relationship between lysozymuria and potassium wasting in leukemia.

Topics: Humans; Hypokalemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Potassium

We describe a radioimmunoassay for lysozyme (EC 3.2.1.17, mucopeptide N-acetylmuramohydrolase) in plasma and urine. It involves use of an antibody, raised in rabbits, to lysozyme from urine from a patient with monocytic leukemia. This antiserum, diluted 4000-fold, is incubated with radiolabeled lysozyme for 2 h and antibody-bound lysozyme is separated from free lysozyme with dextran-coated charcoal. Validation of the assay included precision and parallelism studies with serum and urine samples from patients with monocytic leukemia and analgesic nephropathy. Results of the radioimmunoassay and those obtained with a Micrococcus lysodeikticus lytic assay correlated well (r = 0.94). Sensitivity of the assay was 3.5 micrograms/L for both serum and urine. The main advantages of the assay are its good precision and reproducibility and its high sensitivity.

Topics: Humans; Immune Sera; Kinetics; Leukemia, Myeloid; Muramidase; Radioimmunoassay

Topics: Aged; Anemia; Bone Marrow; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocyte Count; Middle Aged; Mortality; Muramidase; Splenomegaly; Thrombocytopenia

Retinoic acid induced lysozyme activity in mouse myeloid leukemia M1 cells. It also stimulated the synthesis and release of prostaglandins such as prostaglandin F2alpha, E2, and D2 by the cells. The particulate fraction of retinoic acid-treated M1 cells converted arachidonate to prostaglandins, and this conversion was almost completely inhibited by indomethacin. Retinol, retinal and retinyl acetate, but not the pyridyl analog of retinoic acid, also induced lysozyme activity and stimulated synthesis and release of prostaglandins. Indomethacin inhibited the induction of lysozyme activity by retinoic acid. The induction of lysozyme activity and the stimulation of prostaglandin E2 production were dependent on the concentration of retinoic acid. Kinetic studies showed that stimulation of prostaglandin E2 production by retinoic acid was followed by induction of lysozyme activity. The tumor promotor 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and phorbol 12,13-didecanoate inhibited the induction of lysozyme activity by retinoic acid, but 4 alpha-phorbol didecanoate and phorbol did not. TPA and phorbol 12, 13-didecanoate, but not 4 alpha -phorbol didecanoate, also inhibited the stimulation of prostaglandin E2 production by retinoic acid. These results suggest that stimulation by retinoic acid of prostaglandin E2 production in M1 cells is a prerequisite for the induction of lysozyme activity. On the other hand, both retinoic acid and TPA inhibited the induction by dexamethasone of phagocytic activity, which is a typical functional marker of differentiation of M1 cells, without causing significant growth inhibition. Suboptimal concentrations of retinoic acid and TPA had synergistic inhibitory effects on the induction of phagocytic activity of M1 cells by dexamethasone.

Topics: Animals; Cell Line; Dinoprostone; Enzyme Induction; Indomethacin; Leukemia, Myeloid; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Muramidase; Prostaglandins; Prostaglandins E; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; Tretinoin

Topics: Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Hairy Cell; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Leukocytes; Muramidase

Topics: Bone Marrow; Cells, Cultured; Clone Cells; Diagnosis, Differential; Etoposide; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Mercaptopurine; Muramidase; Prognosis; Transcobalamins

We have systematically investigated a variety of fixation and plastic embedding procedures and arrived at a method that allows processing of approximately 2-micron sections of bone marrow biopsies for examination by light microscopy. More importantly, this method permits the use of enzyme histochemical and immunohistochemical procedures that are rapidly becoming mandatory in the diagnosis of hematologic malignancies. Over 200 full-length bone marrow biopsy specimens were fixed in a mixture of paraformaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, and acrolein, dehydrated in acetone, and embedded in a mixture of methyl and glycolmethacrylate. All procedures were carried out at 4 degrees C. Decalcification was unnecessary. Sections 2-micron thick were cut and incubated for peroxidase, naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase, alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase, acid phosphatase (with and without tartrate), or alkaline phosphatase and then examined by light microscopy. Specimens could be prepared for examination within 48 hr. This approach, which provides definitive markers for various hematopoietic cell lines in intact tissues, is invaluable when aspirated material is unavailable. It is also useful in the analysis of focal lesions of bone marrow due to inflammation or neoplasia and shows potential as an investigative tool. For example, we have discovered that early myelofibrosis is accompanied by a marked increase in the number of alkaline-phosphatase-positive reticulum cells.

Topics: Bone Marrow; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; Fixatives; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Incubators; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Macrophages; Monocytes; Muramidase; Phagocytes

Granulocytic sarcoma is an uncommon tumor composed of granulocytic precursor cells. Because it occurs in a variety of clinical settings and because the tumor cells are primitive it is frequently unrecognized during life. This presentation details the authors' experience with 61 biopsy-proven granulocytic sarcomas. The patient age range was from 2 to 81 years (mean 48 years). In eight patients the tumors were multiple. Most common sites of involvement were bone, periosteum, soft tissue, lymph node and skin. Twenty-two tumors occurred in 15 patients with no known disease, 26 occurred in 24 patients with a known myeloproliferative disorder, and 13 occurred in 11 patients with proven acute myeloid leukemia. Thirteen of the 15 patients with no known disease developed acute leukemia in from one to 49 months after the biopsy of their tumors (mean 10 months). Most tumors occurring in patients with a known myeloproliferative disorder were associated with blast crisis. The authors' cases displayed a morphologic range from well-differentiated to those tumors that displayed virtually no evidence of differentiation by conventional microscopy. It was therefore not surprising that most tumors were originally diagnosed as lymphoma. Chloro-acetate esterase (CAE) stains were performed on 56 tumors and 47 were studied with antilysozyme immunoperoxidase technique. Fifty-six of the 57 specimens studied by either technique were positive. Antilysozyme immunoperoxidase stains were particularly useful in confirming the diagnosis.

Topics: Acetates; Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Myeloproliferative Disorders; Neoplasms, Multiple Primary

Mouse myeloid leukemia M1 cells were induced to differentiate in vitro into macrophages and granulocytes by various inducers including ascitic fluid. Differentiated M1 cells induced with ascitic fluid expressed a differentiation-associated cell surface glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 180,000 (p180), which can be labeled by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radioiodination or metabolic labeling with L-[14C]fucose. p180 was also induced by treatment with conditioned medium of hamster embryo cells, dexamethasone, dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate, and prostaglandin E1. Ascitic fluid, conditioned medium of hamster embryo cells, and dexamethasone induced all the differentiation-associated properties tested, whereas dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate and prostaglandin E1 induced lysozyme activity and adhesiveness to the substratum but not phagocytosis, locomotive activity, Fc receptors, or morphological changes. The adherent cells induced by dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate produced a large amount of p180, while the floating cells produced very little, but no difference was detected in the lysozyme activities of the two cell types. These results suggest that p180 is associated with cell-substratum adhesion of differentiated M1 cells.

Topics: Animals; Cell Adhesion; Cell Differentiation; Cells, Cultured; Cyclic AMP; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Fucose; Glycoproteins; Leukemia, Myeloid; Membrane Proteins; Mice; Muramidase; Neoplasms, Experimental; Prostaglandins E

Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line; Dexamethasone; Drug Resistance; Floxuridine; Leukemia, Experimental; Leukemia, Myeloid; Lipopolysaccharides; Mice; Muramidase; Phagocytosis; Phospholipids; Receptors, Fc

Tunicamycin, an antibiotic that specifically blocks the synthesis of N-acetylglucosamine-lipid intermediates and thereby prevents glycosylation of glycoproteins, induced differentiation of both human (HL-60) and murine (M1) myeloid leukemia cell lines in culture. At 0.1-1.0 microgram/ml, it induced differentiation of both HL-60 and M1 cells, characterized by increase in phagocytic cells and changes to resemble mature myeloid cells. Fc receptors were also induced in M1 but not in HL-60 cells; induction of intracellular lysozyme activity was not detected in either HL-60 or M1 cells. With this concentration of tunicamycin, there was marked decrease in rate of incorporation of radioactive glucosamine into macromolecules and a decrease in the rate of DNA synthesis. These data show that glycosylation of cellular proteins has an important role in maintaining these myeloid leukemia cells in an undifferentiated state in culture. The results also indicate that induction of phagocytosis in both HL-60 and M1 myeloid leukemia cells and of Fc receptors in M1 cells does not require continued synthesis of the oligosaccharide portions of cellular proteins by the lipid-linked pathway.

Topics: Cell Differentiation; Cell Division; Cell Line; DNA, Neoplasm; Enzyme Induction; Glucosamine; Glycoproteins; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Muramidase; Neoplasm Proteins; Phagocytosis; Receptors, Fc; RNA, Neoplasm; Tunicamycin

A cultured line of human myeloid leukemic cells has been used, to test for the ability of compounds used in chemotherapy to induce partial or complete differentiation of these leukemic cells. The compounds differed in their ability to induce specific differentiation-associated properties. Effectiveness of induction of Fc and C3 rosettes was of the order actinomycin C greater than cytosine arabinoside greater than mitomycin-C greater than adriamycin greater than bromodeoxyuridine greater than hydroxyurea. Induction of rosettes by actinomycin-D required a 8212-fold lower concentration than induction by hydroxyurea. All these compounds, except bromodeoxyuridine, induced the synthesis and secretion of lysozyme with the same order of effectiveness as for rosettes, but only actinomycin-D and to a lesser extent bromodeoxyuridine induced the formation of mature granulocytes. Vincristine induced only a small increase in lysozyme. The results indicate that actinomycin-D was the most potent inducer of differentiation in these human myeloid leukemic cells. It is suggested that pre-screening of individual patients for the most effective compounds that can induce differentiation of their myeloid leukemic cells in culture, may prove beneficial for treatment in a form of chemotherapy based on the induction of normal differentiation in leukemic cells.

Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Bromodeoxyuridine; Cell Line; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Complement C3; Cytarabine; Dactinomycin; Doxorubicin; Humans; Hydroxyurea; Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Mitomycins; Muramidase; Rosette Formation

The effect of chloroquine on differentiation of cultured mouse myeloid leukemia Ml cells was examined. On treatment with 5 approximately 25 microgram/ml of chloroquine diphosphate for 1 approximately 4 days, the cells were induced to phagocytize latex beads, to form Fc rosettes, to form dispersed colonies in soft agar, and to synthesize lysozyme, unlike untreated cells. The morphology of about 40% of the cells changed during treatment with 20 microgram/ml of chloroquine diphosphate for 4 days; some cells developed small eccentrically located nuclei, and others ring-shaped or segmented nuclei. These results show that Ml cells differentiate into cells resembling macrophages or granulocytes on treatment with chloroquine.

Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line; Cell Movement; Chloroquine; Leukemia, Experimental; Leukemia, Myeloid; Mice; Muramidase; Phagocytosis; Rosette Formation

A patient with aleukemic leukemia of the acute granulocytic type, who initially had granulocytic sarcoma of the skin, is described. The skin contained focal infiltrates of pleomorphic mononuclear cells that were identified as granulocytes by demonstration of intracytoplasmic naphthol-ASD-chloroacetate esterase and lysozyme.

Topics: Aged; Female; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Muramidase; Naphthol AS D Esterase; Sarcoma; Skin; Skin Neoplasms

Fifteen of 73 newly diagnosed patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), admitted to Mount Sinai Hospital between July 1977 and October 1979, presented with leukocyte counts greater than 100,000/microliter. Eleven of these 15 patients with hyperleukocytosis had myelomonocytic (AMML-M4) or monocytic (AMOL-M5) leukemia compared to 15 of 58 patients with lower white cell counts (p < 0.001). Identification of type of leukemia, using the FAB classification, was based on morphology and special stains, including myeloperoxidase, Sudan black B, periodic acid-Schiff and nonspecific esterase with and without inhibition by fluoride. The proportion of patients with splenomegaly is higher in those with hyperleukocytosis (73 percent) than in those with lower white blood cell counts (p < 0.001) regardless of cell type. Leukemic infiltration of the skin, gums and central nervous system was seen exclusively in patients with AMML and AMOL. The serum lysozyme levels were significantly higher for all patients with AMML and AMOL regardless of the white blood cell count. The mean serum lysozyme for M-4, M-5 patients was 59.7 microgram/ml compared to 18.9 microgram/ml in patients with other cell types (p < 0.0001). Patients with a white blood cell count less than or equal to 100,000/microliter had a complete remission rate of 69 percent compared to 47 percent for patients with higher white blood cell counts.

Topics: Humans; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocyte Count; Leukocytosis; Muramidase; Splenomegaly

Topics: Clinical Enzyme Tests; Cytarabine; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Mercaptopurine; Monocytes; Muramidase; Naphthol AS D Esterase

The clinical and laboratory features of 37 patients with variants of acute monocytic leukemia are described. Three of these 37 patients who had extensive extramedullary leukemic tissue infiltration are examples of true histiocytic "lymphomas." Three additional patients with undifferentiated leukemias, one patient with refractory anemia with excess of blasts, one patient with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, one patient with B-lymphocyte diffuse "histiocytic" lymphoma and one patient with "null" cell, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-positive lymphoblastic lymphoma had bone marrow cells with monocytic features. Another patient had dual populations of lymphoid and monocytoid leukemic cells. The true monocytic leukemias, acute monocytic leukemia (AMOL) and acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AMMOL), are closely related to acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) morphologically and by their response to chemotherapy. like AML, the leukemic cells from the AMMOL and AMOL patients form leukemic clusters in semisolid media. Cytochemical staining of leukemic cells for nonspecific esterases, presence of Fc receptor on the cell surface, phagocytic ability, low TdT activity, presence of surface "ruffles" and "ridges" on scanning EM, elevations of serum lysozyme, and clinical manifestations of leukemic tissue infiltration are features which accompanied monocytic differentiation in these cases.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Blood Cells; Bone Marrow; Female; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Middle Aged; Muramidase

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Female; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase

The diagnostic and prognostic value of the assay of lysozyme in serum and urine was appreciated in 184 cases of acute leukemia. The levels were decreased in the lymphoblastic, mainly of the non B-non T type, and undifferenciated varieties, markedly raised in the monoblastic and myelo-monocytic varieties, while in the myeloblastic ones they were found normal, decreased or slightly increased, and, on the average, significantly higher in the well differenciated than in the poorly differenciated types. For a given cytological type, the level of lysozyme is not correlated with the frequency of the induction of complete remission. However, in the acute myeloblastic leukemia, a significantly higher frequency of infection during or after the induction treatment was observed in the cases presenting initially without a raised serum lysozyme level.

Topics: Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Muramidase; Prognosis

The data on 31 patients who fit into the clinical spectrum of subacute myeloid leukemia have been reviewed. The majority of patients were male with a median age of 61 years. The interval from onset of symptoms to actual diagnosis was extremely variable, with a mean of 16 months and a median of six months. Most patients presented with anemia and thrombocytopenia, although the white blood cell count varied from striking leukopenia to marked leukocytosis. Examination of the bone marrow invariably revealed abnormalities of all cell lines with megaloblastoid erythrogenesis and dysplastic megakaryocytopoiesis. Although the white cell line showed prominence of immature forms, there was more maturation than is seen in acute myeloid leukemia. Survival from diagnosis was variable, from less than one month to greater than 68 months, with a median of only six months. Anemia and hepatosplenomegaly were prognosticators of a poor outlook; patients with hepatosplenomegaly in association with either leukocytosis or thrombocytopenia had a particularly poor outlook, with a median survival of only one and a half months. Approximately half the patients received chemotherapy with no demonstrated effect on survival.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Antineoplastic Agents; Blood Cell Count; Bone Marrow Cells; Hematocrit; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Prognosis; Thrombocytopenia

Chronic neutrophilic leukemia is a rare, infrequently recognized, myeloproliferative disorder. It usually manifests as a leukemoid reaction, with mostly mature granulocytes in the peripheral blood, with rare to occasional immature forms, and sometimes with normoblasts. The clinical manifestations also include hepatosplenomegaly, elevated leukocytic alkaline phosphatase, elevated serum vitamin B12 and serum vitamin B12 binder ("R" fraction), and elevated serum uric acid. Distinction from a leukemegaly, the absence of sepsis, usually normal erythrocytic sedimentation, and the absence of fever. Leukemoid reactions may be associated with elevated serum vitamin B12 and uric acid, but the levels are usually lower than those found in chronic neutrophilic leukemia. Many patients have gouty symptoms, especially after treatment with Busulfan, and many have an unexplained hemorrhagic tendency, making major operations a risk. The authors add two cases to the 11 previously described.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Marrow; Chromosomes, Human, 21-22 and Y; Hemorrhagic Disorders; Hepatomegaly; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Uric Acid; Vitamin B 12

Lysozyme was induced by dexamethasone during normal differentiation of cultured mouse myeloid leukemia cells (M1) to macrophages and granulocytes. A large amount of lysozyme was produced by macrophage-like line cells (Mm-1), established from spontaneously differentiated macrophage-like cells from a clonal line of M1 cells. Lysozyme purified from the culture medium of these Mm-1 cells (Mm-1 lysozyme) had a molecular weight of 15,000, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and showed maximal activity at pH 6.6 with an optimal NaCl concentration of 0.04 M. Its mobility on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 4.5 was distinctly lower than those of lysozymes from hen egg white and human urine. Rabbit anti-Mm-1 lysozyme serum inhibited the activities of lysozyme preparations from peritoneal macrophages of normal mice and rats and dexamethasone-induced differentiated M1 cells, but not those of preparations from hen egg white and human urine. Lysozyme was also purified from normal mouse lung, which is rich in alveolar macrophages and was found to be similar to lysozyme purified from the culture medium of Mm-1 cells in size and electrophoretic mobility and in its pH optimum, trypsin peptide map, and antigenicity. Thus the molecular structure of the lysozyme induced in differentiated mouse myeloid leukemia cells is similar to that of lysozyme produced by normal cells.

Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cells, Cultured; Chromatography, Gel; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Immune Sera; Immunoassay; Leukemia, Myeloid; Mice; Molecular Weight; Muramidase

The clinical and laboratory features of nine patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia are described. Hepatic or splenic enlargement accompanied by an absolute monocytosis in an older patient with an elevated serum or urine lysozyme and serum vitamin B12 levels were characteristic of the majority of patients in this series. No single clinical or laboratory finding was diagnostic for the disease. Most importantly, seven of nine patients had abnormal coagulation values; in two cases the abnormalities were consistent with disseminated intravascular coagulation and correlated with a hemorrhagic diathesis. It is concluded that patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia who have thrombocytopenia or a bleeding tendency should be evaluated for evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation.

Topics: Aged; Bone Marrow; Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation; Female; Hepatomegaly; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Middle Aged; Monocytes; Muramidase; Splenomegaly; Vitamin B 12

Studies were made on the effect of cancer chemotherapeutic drugs on in vitro differentiation of a clone (R4) of mouse myeloid leukemic cells (MI) that is resistant to inducers. Treatment of the cells with 50% ascitic fluid (an inducer) plus 0.25 microgram/ml of adriamycin or 0.3 microgram/ml of daunomycin induced phagocytic activity and suppressed cell growth, but had little effect on cell viability; treatment with ascitic fluid or the drugs alone had no effect. In combination with ascitic fluid, mitomycin-C, hydroxyurea, 5-fluorouracil, or bleomycin also induced phagocytic activity, but 6-mercaptopurine, amethopterin, or aminopterin did not. These drugs also induced other differentiation-associated properties, lysozyme activity, and locomotive activity. The present results indicate that some cancer chemotherapeutic drugs sensitive resistant leukemic cells to an inducer of cell differentiation.

Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Ascitic Fluid; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line; Clone Cells; Colony-Stimulating Factors; Daunorubicin; Doxorubicin; Fluorouracil; In Vitro Techniques; Leukemia, Myeloid; Methotrexate; Mitomycins; Muramidase; Phagocytosis

Topics: Animals; Aspartic Acid; Chickens; Female; Glutamates; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Leukemia, Myeloid; Muramidase; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Turkeys

Topics: Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Antigens, Viral; Bone Marrow; Butyrates; Cell Line; Cells, Cultured; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Esterases; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Muramidase; Rats

Fourteen continuous tissue culture cell lines derived from mouse, rat, or human granulocyte-macrophage cancers were studied for expression of spontaneous and inducible markers of differentiated cells. Five cell lines (two mouse, two rat, and one human) synthesized myeloperoxidase spontaneously, and a fifth mouse line showed biochemically inducible enzyme. Twelve lines (6 mouse, 3 rat, and 3 human) produced lysozyme (muramidase), and all had detectable beta-glucuronidase. Superoxide generation was detected in one mouse, and three human cell lines following stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate. Maturation to differentiated polymorphonuclear leukocyte or macrophage morphology was induced in 3 cell lines (2 mouse and 1 human) following culture in diffusion chambers in total-body-irradiated rats. In vitro morphological differentiation was inducible in one (mouse) cell line exposed to casein, thioglycolate, or plasma from irradiated rats or mice. These findings indicate that mammalian cell lines derived from granulocyte-macrophage cancers stably express several combinations of differentiation markers. The patterns of expression of these markers did not always correlate with the morphological stage of differentiation.

Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line; Glucuronidase; Granulocytes; Humans; Leukemia, Experimental; Leukemia, Myeloid; Macrophages; Mice; Muramidase; Peroxidase; Rats; Superoxide Dismutase

Serum lysozyme activity was measured in samples from children with acute leukemia, malignant tumours, and in normal children. All children with acute lymphatic leukemia (ALL) had significantly reduced levels of lysozyme at diagnosis, and none of the children fell within the normal range. Children with ALL in complete remission had lysozyme levels comparable to normal chidren, while children with ALL in relapse also had pathological low levels. Children with ALL in remission and off therapy also had normal levels of lysozyme. Children with acute myelogenous leukemia had normal lysozyme levels, while children with monomyelocytic leukemia had substantially elevated lysozyme levels before treatment. Determination of serum lysozyme activity in children with acute leukemia is of value both for diagnosis and for evaluating the effect of therapy.

Topics: Acute Disease; Child; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Muramidase; Remission, Spontaneous

Topics: Aminopeptidases; Analysis of Variance; Cholestasis; Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures; Enzymes; Fatty Liver; Female; Glucuronidase; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Muramidase; Myocardial Infarction; Phosphorylases; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Tests

Topics: Hematologic Diseases; Humans; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Lymphoma; Muramidase; Myeloproliferative Disorders

Topics: Animals; Binding Sites; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line; Granulocytes; Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments; Leukemia, Experimental; Leukemia, Myeloid; Macrophages; Muramidase; Nucleoside Diphosphate Sugars; Phagocytosis; Poly Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; Time Factors

Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Division; Clone Cells; Dexamethasone; Enzyme Induction; Genes; Interferons; Leukemia, Experimental; Leukemia, Myeloid; Muramidase; Mutation

Topics: Adult; Chromosomes, Human, 21-22 and Y; Humans; Karyotyping; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Muramidase

The effects of some synthetic polyribonucleotides on induction of differentiation of mouse myeloid leukemic M1 cells were examined. Poly(I) was found to be a potent inducer; on treatment with 100--200 microgram/ml of poly(I) for 2--4 days, M1 cells differentiated into cells resembling macrophages and granulocytes and developed phagocytosis and locomotive activities, Fc receptors and lysozyme activity. Poly(C) was less effective than poly(I) for induction of phagocytic activity, while the other single-stranded RNAs, poly(U) and poly(A), had no effect. Double-stranded RNAs, such as poly(I) . poly(C) and poly(A) . poly(U), were cytotoxic to M1 cells, and differentiation of the cells could not be detected even at the highest tolerable concentrations of these double-stranded RNAs.

Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Movement; Cells, Cultured; Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments; Leukemia, Experimental; Leukemia, Myeloid; Muramidase; Phagocytosis; Poly I; Polyribonucleotides

MGI(+)D(+), MGI(+)D(-), and MGI(-)D(-) mouse myeloid leukemic cells, which genetically differ in their competence to be induced to undergo normal cell differentiation in vitro by the normal macrophage- and granulocyte-inducing protein MGI, were analyzed for their ability to undergo cell differentiation in diffusion chambers in vivo. As after induction by MGI in vitro, MGI(+)D(+) clones were induced for Fc and C3 rosettes, lysozyme, and mature macrophages and granulocytes in normal syngeneic or allogeneic mice. MGI(+)D(-) clones were also induced in these mice for all these properties, although in vitro they were not induced by MGI for mature cells. The MGI(-)D(-) clones were induced in vivo for C3 and Fc rosettes, lysozyme, and intermediate stages but not for mature cells, whereas none of these properties were induced in these clones by MGI in vitro. Thus, certain types of myeloid leukemic cells differentiate better in vivo, possibly due to the presence of higher effective concentrations of MGI and/or other inducing factors, and MGI(+)D(+) and MGI(+)D(-) cells can completely differentiate in vivo to mature cells. In vivo differentiation was inhibited in mice treated with cyclophosphamide. It was also inhibited in various strains of nude mice, except for one MGI(+)D(+) clone, where it was inhibited in C57BL/6 but not in ICR nude mice. This MGI(+)D(+) clone was also the only clone that was induced to differentiate normally in vitro by a 23,000 molecular weight form of purified MGI. The results suggest that different clones respond to different molecular forms of MGI, which may be present in different proportions in some animals, that in vivo differentiation by MGI possibly with other factors may be regulated by cells involved in the immune response, and that this differentiation can be genetically controlled. Differentiation in vivo was enhanced by injection of conditioned medium containing MGI and by inoculation of MGI-producing cells, including normal granulocytes. This indicates that the induction of normal differentiation of myeloid leukemic cells in vivo can be enhanced by these treatments.

Topics: Animals; Bone Marrow Cells; Cell Differentiation; Colony-Stimulating Factors; Cyclophosphamide; Granulocytes; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukopenia; Macrophages; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Inbred ICR; Mice, Nude; Muramidase; Neoplasms, Experimental; Phenotype; Species Specificity

The association constants for the binding of various saccharides to hen egg-white lysozyme and human lysozyme have been measured by fluorescence titration. Among these are the oligosaccharides GlcNAc-beta(1 leads to 4)-MurNAc-beta(1 leads to 4)-GlcNAc-beta(1 leads to 4)-GlcNAc, GlcNAc-beta(1 leads to 4)-MurNAc-beta(1 leads to 4)-GlcNAc-beta(1 leads to 4)-N-acetyl-D-xylosamine, and GlcNAc-beta(1 leads to 4-GlcNAc-beta(1 leads to 4)-MurNAc, prepared here for the first time. The binding constants for saccharides which must have N-acetylmuramic acid, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, or N-acetyl-D-xylosamine bound in subsite D indicate that there is no strain involved in the binding of N-acetyl-D-glycosamine in this site, and that the lactyl group of N-acetylmuramic acid (rather than the hydroxymethyl group) is responsible for the apparent strain previously reported for binding at this subsite. For hen egg-white lysozyme, the dependence of saccharide binding on pH or on a saturating concentration of Gd(III) suggests that the conformation of several of the complexes are different from one another and from that proposed for a productive complex. This is supported by fluorescence difference spectra of the various hen egg-white lysozyme-saccharide complexes. Human lysozyme binds most saccharides studied more weakly than the hen egg-white enzyme, but binds GlcNAc-beta(1 leads to 4)-MurNAc-beta(1leads to 4)-GlcNAc-beta(1 leads to 4)-MurNAc more strongly. It is suggested that subsite C of the human enzyme is "looser" than the equivalent site in the hen egg enzyme, so that the rearrangement of a saccharide in this subsite in response to introduction of an N-acetylmuramic acid residue into subsite D destabilizes the saccharide complexes of human lysozyme less than it does the corresponding hen egg-white lysozyme complexes. This difference and the differences in the fluorescence difference spectra of hen egg-white lysozyme and human lysozyme are ascribed mainly to the replacement of Trp-62 in hen egg-white lysozyme by Tyr-63 in the human enzyme. The implications of our findings for the assumption of superposition and additivity of energies of binding in individual subsites, and for the estimation of the role of strain in lysozyme catalysis, are discussed.

Topics: Acetylglucosamine; Animals; Chickens; Egg White; Female; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kinetics; Leukemia, Myeloid; Ligands; Muramidase; Oligosaccharides; Protein Binding; Species Specificity; Spectrometry, Fluorescence

The amount of lysozyme in the leukocytes of 47 patients with different forms of leukaemia and 6 healthy persons was investigated. The lysozyme determination was carried out in the lysate of isolated leukocytes obtained after freezing and thawing it seven times. The results expressed in microgram per 10(6) cells were compared with the simultaneously determined lysozyme concentration of serum and urine. A substantial reduction of the lysozyme amount as compared with the normal value (3.1 microgram/10(6) cells) was determined in the leukocytes of patients suffering from chronic lymphatic leukaemia, acute lymphatic leukaemia and the blastic crisis of chronic myeloid leukaemia. Different amounts of lysozyme ranging from extremely low ones to strongly elevated ones were found in leukocytes taken from patients with acute myeloblastic and chronic monocytic leukaemia. In many cases there was a lack of correlation between the lysozyme content of leukocytes on the one hand and that of serum and urine on the other hand. Possible causes underlying this lack of correlation are discussed.

Topics: Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Leukocytes; Muramidase

The levels of haptoglobin, alpha1 antitrypsin and alpha1 acid glycoprotein are moderately raised in chronic leukaemias. In CGL the level of haptoglobin and acid glycoprotein show the highest correlation with cell number, whilst no such correlations occur in CLL or CMML. There does not appear to be a relation between blood lysozyme levels and the levels of antiprotease (alpha1 antitrypsin and alpha2 macroglobulin).

Topics: alpha 1-Antitrypsin; alpha-Macroglobulins; Chronic Disease; Haptoglobins; Humans; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Muramidase; Orosomucoid

The purified chromatin of leukocyte nuclei from two patients, one with chronic granulocytic and another with acute myelomonocytic leukemia, has been investigated for lysozyme activity. The chromatin contained 4.8% resp. 4% of the total amount of lysozyme found in the leukocytes. The function of lysozyme in the nucleus remains unclear.

Topics: Blood Proteins; Cell Nucleus; Chromatin; Humans; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Leukocytes; Muramidase

Topics: Granulocytes; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Monocytes; Muramidase

Electrophoresis of lysozyme into agarose gel containing Micrococcus lysodeikticus causes lysis of the microorganism, allowing the development of two methods, one for quantitation ("lyso-rocket electrophoresis") and the other for electrophoretic characterization ("crossed lyso-electrophoresis") of lysozyme. The lyso-rocket technique provides an alternative to the method currently used for quantitative assay. By the use of crossed lyso-electrophoresis we have provided evidence, for the first time, of the electrophoretic heterogeneity of urinary lysozyme from patients with monocytic leukemia. We halve also documented the influence of concentration on the electrophoretic mobility of lysozyme.

Topics: Body Fluids; Electrophoresis, Agar Gel; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Micrococcus; Muramidase; Saliva

A simple cytochemical and cytobacterial method for the simultaneous demonstration of peroxidase and lysozyme (muramidase) activities in individual cells was devised. In characterization of myeloid and monocyte series, the combination of these myeloid- and monocyte-specific enzymes not only was more informative than a single enzyme but made it easier to differentiate acute myelomonocytic leukemia, with higher lysozyme activity, from acute myeloid leukemia, with higher peroxidase activity. Acute lymphocytic leukemia had no lysozyme or peroxidase activity.

Topics: Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Muramidase; Peroxidases

Topics: Adult; Aged; Fanconi Syndrome; Female; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Tubules, Proximal; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Metabolic Clearance Rate; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Renal Artery; Renal Veins

44 patients suffering from myelomonocytic leukemia (MML) have been observed over the last four years. They have been subclassified in acute myelomonocytic and acute monoblastic leukemias (AMML, n = 12; AMoL, n = 10), subacute myelomonocytic leukemias (SMML, n = 13), and chronic myelomonocytic leukemias (CMML, n = 9) on the basis of bone marrow cytology(blast and promonocyte counts, maturation of granulopoesis) and cytochemical findings (peroxydase and unspecific esterase reaction). This subclassification has been proved to be of prognostic relevance by its good correlation with the mean survival times (AMML : 4.5 months, AMoL : 2.4 months, SMML : 8 months, CMML : 18 months). The acute forms have been treated in general with combined cytostatic chemotherapy, whereas SMML and CMML have been treated this way only in case of progression to an acute phase. These progressions to an AMML have been observed more often and earlier in subacute forms than in chronic forms. The diagnosis of SMML and CMML is supported by the finding of sea-blue histiocytes in the bone marrow, increased lysozyme levels in serum and urine and by the absence of the Philadelphia-Chromosome.

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bone Marrow Examination; Chronic Disease; Female; Histiocytes; Humans; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Prognosis

A method of two-dimensional electrophoresis has been devised to allow the study of the electrophoretic mobility of urinary lysozyme. Three different phenotypes have been defined in a study of thirteen purified lysozymes obtained from different patients with monocytic leukemia.

Topics: Electrophoresis; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Methods; Muramidase; Phenotype

Topics: Adult; Bone Marrow; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase

Normal myeloid precursors and MGI(+)D(+) myeloid leukemic cells can be induced to differentiate to mature cells by the normal protein inducer MGI. The sequence of differentiation is the induction of C3 and Fc rosettes, C3 and Fc immune phagocytosis (IP), synthesis and secretion of lysozyme, and formation of mature macrophages and granulocytes. Mutant clones of myeloid leukemic cells have been isolated with differences in the time of induction of C3 and Fc rosettes and C3 and Fc IP, in which lysozyme was induced without going through the stage of Fc or C3 IP, and with differences in inducibility by MGI to mature macrophages or granulocytes. Only one out of five MGI(-)D(-) clones gave rise to MGI(+)D(+) mutants. The ability to obtain mutants from this clone was associated with its special chromosome constitution, and these mutants showed a change in their ability for cap formation by concanavalin A. The steroid inducer dexamethasone can induce in MGI(+)D(+) clones differentiation to macrophages but not to granulocytes. Differentiation by steroid inducer in different clones occurred either with or without induction of Fc rosettes and Fc IP, and induction of C3 rosettes was not always associated with induction of C3 IP. The use of mutants that differ in their competence to be induced by MGI or steroid inducer has shown that there are separate controls for the induction of C3 and Fc rosettes, C3 and Fc IP, lysozyme, macrophages, and granulocytes.

Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line; Complement C3; Granulocytes; Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments; Immunologic Capping; Leukemia, Experimental; Leukemia, Myeloid; Macrophages; Muramidase; Phagocytosis; Rosette Formation

Topics: Antigens, Neoplasm; Blood Proteins; Isoelectric Point; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Lysosomes; Muramidase; Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction

Serum lysozyme activity has been determined in patients suffering from myeloproliferative diseases, chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML), acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML), chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL) and pancytopenia (P). Lysozyme activity was tested in undiluted and tenfold diluted sera. Increased lysozyme activity was found in patients with CML and CLI, whereas there was no change in patients with AML and P. Dilution of sera enhanced lysozyme activity. These data may indicate the presence of inhibitor in the sera tested. The diagnostic significance of the presented findings is discussed.

Topics: Humans; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Muramidase; Myeloproliferative Disorders; Pancytopenia

Four murine monocyte, myelomonocyte, and histiocyte or macrophage tumor cell lines adapted to culture were growth inhibited by one or more of the following macrophage-activating substances: Mycobacterium bovis, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin strain, zymosan, lipopolysaccharide, and dextran sulfate, as well as tuberculin purified protein derivative, but not latex beads. Lipopolysaccharide was effective with one line at 4 ng/ml. All four lines actively phagocytosed zymosan and latex beads. In many cases the growth inhibition was apparently immediate but only cytostatic, and cell proliferation resumed upon removal of the drug. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, live or boiled, was toxic to some of the tumor lines. Synthesis of lysozyme by all the cell lines in the monocyte series and production of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor by the myelomonocytic leukemia were not inhibited during several days of zero growth conditions in the presence of drugs. Since these agents had no direct effect on other hematopoietic tumor types (myeloma, T-lymphoma, mastocytoma) at the same or up to 10(4) higher concentrations, it is proposed that the sensitive tumors retain specific receptors for immunostimulants, either at the cell surface or within the cell in the case of phagocytosable particles. The binding of these agents to physiological receptors leads to stimulation and mitogenesis in normal macrophages and lymphocytes but leads to growth inhibition without affecting differenetiated functions in the corresponding tumor lines.

Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; BCG Vaccine; Cell Division; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Dextrans; Latex; Leukemia, Myeloid; Lipopolysaccharides; Lymphocyte Activation; Lymphoma; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Microspheres; Monocytes; Muramidase; Mycobacterium bovis; Neoplasms, Experimental; Tuberculin; Zymosan

Lysozyme activity was studied in blood smears, serum, and urine of patients suffering from leukaemia or other haematological diseases. Increased enzyme activity was found in myelocytic, myelomonocytic and monocytic leukaemia and equally in secondary granulocytosis and polycythaemia vera. Reduced rates were found in lymphocytie leukaemia, malignant lymphoma with bone marrow involvement, and myelophthisic conditions. A rise in urinary lysozyme occurred when the serum level exceeded 50 microgram/ml. Abundant activities were found in myelomonocytic and monocytic leukaemias. Using the bacteriolytic method in blood smears, no enzyme activity was demonstrated in cells of acute or chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, in monocytic leukaemia however, almost all cells show strong reaction. In acute myelocytic or myelomonocytic leukaemia, the portion of positive cells changes from case to case depending on the degree of cell differentiation and maturation. In chronic myelocytic leukaemia there was no difference as compared to enzyme activity of myelocytes in bone marrow of control cases. Thus the bacteriolytic demonstration of lysozyme in blood smears may additionally contribute to distinction of different types of blastic leukaemias, and serum lysozyme also may allow more reliable insight into granulocytic and monocytic myelopoiesis than morphologic studies of blood or bone marrow smears can do, e.g. in agranulocytosis and pancytopenia.

Topics: Anemia, Aplastic; Hematologic Diseases; Humans; Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Leukocytes; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Muramidase; Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia

Topics: Animals; Basophils; Cell Membrane; Eosinophils; Humans; Immune Sera; Immunodiffusion; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Lymphocytes; Lymphoma; Methanol; Monocytes; Muramidase; Neutrophils; Rats; Rats, Inbred WF

Topics: Adult; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Hematologic Diseases; Humans; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Muramidase; Polycythemia Vera; Primary Myelofibrosis; Urine

The production of colony-stimulating factor (CSF) by the peripheral blood cells of untreated patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) was measured in the agar culture system using normal human bone marrow as the source of colony-forming units (CFUc). CSF production was found to be variable and was related to the morphologic subtype of AML--cells from patients with monocytic leukemia produced normal or large quantities of CSF, while (with one exception) those from patients with myeloblastic leukemia produced little or no CSF. There was a general relationship between CSF production and serum lysozyme levels. Attempts to demonstrate a consistent inhibitory effect exerted by leukemic peripheral blood cells on normal leukopoiesis in vitro were negative. Results instead suggested that the addition to the feeder layer of cells from patients with monocytic leukemia could raise CSF levels above those obtained with normal peripheral blood leukocytes alone, possibly by recruiting additional CFUc from normal marrow.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Cells, Cultured; Colony-Stimulating Factors; Culture Techniques; Female; Glycoproteins; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Leukocytes; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase

A spontaneous oscillation of the white blood cell count was observed in a 58 year old man with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Similar cyclic variations were noted in the platelet and reticulocyte counts with no apparent alterations in marrow cellularity to account for such changes. Since direct correlation was noted between white blood cells, platelets, and reticulocyte counts versus spleen size, it suggests that splenic hemopoiesis may be responsible for these cyclic changes. A possible inverse relationship between colony-stimulating factor (CSF) activity and the white blood cell count was noted, suggesting that CSF may be the humoral agent controlling granulocyte production. A direct correlation between the white blood cell count and serum unsaturated vitamin B12 binding capacity (UBBC) and lysozyme was also noted and further supports the concept that the latter two are measures of the granulocyte pool and metabolism. An inverse relationship between CSF activity and the UBBC suggests that these may be two different entities. Finally a modified form of standard chemotherapy may be effective in inducing remission in cases of CML with marked cyclic leukocytosis-leukopenia.

Topics: Alkaline Phosphatase; Blood Cell Count; Blood Platelets; Bone Marrow Examination; Colony-Stimulating Factors; Erythropoietin; Hemoglobins; Humans; Karyotyping; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocyte Count; Leukocytosis; Leukopenia; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Periodicity; Reticulocytes; Spleen; Vitamin B 12

The ingestion, bactericidal activity and metabolism of isolated mature neutrophil leucocytes during phagocytosis was studied in 17 patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) with the simultaneous use of normal controls. Seven patients had received no treatment and the others had been treated previously with Busulphan. The phagocytic indices for killed yeast cells did not differ from those of the controls. A diminished bactericidal activity against E. coli was found in nine CGL cases. The bactericidal capacity closely correlated with the degree of leucocytosis since patients with a WBC count of 90 000/mul or higher with one exception showed decreased bactericidal activities while patients with WBC counts below 90 000/mul with two exceptions showed normal bactericidal activities. The [I-14C]-glucose oxidation during phagocytosis was increased in four patients and decreased in three patients. Some correlation was found between abnormally high or low [I-14C]glucose oxidation and diminished bactericidal activity. The intracellular iodination reaction during phagocytosis was decreased in 10 cases while the extracellular iodination was increased in six cases and decreased in one case. The data for granulocyte iodination did not correlate with WBC count, bactericidal capacity or [I-14C]glucose oxidation. The time course for the bactericidal activity and granulocyte iodination seemed to deviate from the controls indicating a slow initial ingestion and/or degranulation phase. The CGL granulocyte content of myeloperoxidase was normal or increased, the lysozyme content was decreased in half of the cases while the amount of antibacterial cationic proteins was increased, normal or low. The present findings indicate a variety of abnormalities in the mature CGL granulocyte, which are not closely interrelated.

Topics: Blood Bactericidal Activity; Glucose; Granulocytes; Humans; Iodides; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Muramidase; Peroxidase; Phagocytosis

The kidneys of 18 autopsy cases of myelomonocytic leukemia (MML) were examined for MML-specific features. Nine cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) served as controls. The kidneys of the cases of MML showed macroscopically detectable signs of hemorrhagic diathesis and secondary uric acid diathesis more often than those of CLL. In the MML group most of the kidneys weighed more than the normal average for the corresponding age group, but the average renal weights for the 2 groups were about the same. Renal weight and grade of leukemic infiltration, particularly in MML, revealed no significant positive correlation. In most of the cases of MML there were unevenly distributed poorly defined leukemic, infiltrates in the renal cortex and medulla. The histology resembled that of pyelonephritis. In CLL, on the other hand, the leukemic infiltrates were usually sharply defined and localized in foci in the outer cortex and the corticomedullary border region. Renal dysfunction in cases of MML has been attributed by others to hyperlysozymemia. It was found occasionally but there was no MML-typical morphological substrate in our material. Hyaline droplet change of the tubular epithelium was more frequent and more pronounced in MML than in CLL. However, we also determined that it was nonspecific and that it was not a parameter of cell damage. Tubular hyaline droplet change and the morphological criteria of acute renal failure were not positively correlated with the degree of leukemic infiltration of the kidneys or with the leukemic proliferation as a whole. Instead, they were considered to be signs and symptoms of accompanying or secondary diseases which complicated the leukemia.

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adult; Aged; Edema; Female; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Glomerulus; Kidney Tubules; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Liver; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Nephrocalcinosis; Organ Size; Pyelonephritis; Spleen; Uric Acid

The unsaturated vitamin B12-binding capacities of the 'large molecular size vitamin B12-binding protein' (LBP) and the 'small molecular size vitamin B12-binding protein' (SBP) were determined by a Sephadex G 150 gel filtration method in 9 patients with chronic myelocytic leukaemia (CML), 5 patients with blast cell leukaemia and 12 patients with non-neoplastic leucocytosis. EDTA plasma and serum separated after 20 min and after 120 min were examined. In the 20 min EDTA plasma samples, the mean LBP value was 8,009 pg/ml in CML, 2,468 in blast leukaemia, 175 in non-neoplastic leucocytosis, and 57 in normal controls. The in vitro release of LBP into serum was much smaller in the leukaemias than in non-neoplastic leucocytosis. No correlation was found between the LBP values and the white blood cell counts or lysozyme values, but lysozyme was correlated to white cell count in CML. It is suggested that the plasma LBP levels reflect the fraction of LBP decay taking place at sites, e.g. the spleen, from which the released LBP can enter the circulation.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Carrier Proteins; Edetic Acid; Female; Granulocytes; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Leukocytosis; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Protein Binding; Vitamin B 12

Purified human lysozyme (muramidase) stimulated potassium excretion by the isolated perfused rat kidney. Lysozyme is filtered and reabsorbed, without a tubular maximum. Over 90% of lysozyme filtered is retained within the kidney; 50% was recovered by enzymic assay and histologically localized to the proximal tubular cells. Hypokalaemia seen in some patients with myelomonocytic leukaemia may be directly attributed to an elevated circulating lysozyme level.

Topics: Animals; Humans; Hyperkalemia; Kidney; Leukemia, Myeloid; Muramidase; Potassium; Rats

Topics: Amino Acids; Aminocaproates; Animals; Blood Proteins; Centrifugation, Zonal; Chromatography, Gel; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Cytoplasmic Granules; Dextrans; DNA; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Humans; Immune Sera; Immunodiffusion; Immunoelectrophoresis; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Molecular Weight; Muramidase; Polysaccharides; Rabbits; RNA; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Ultrafiltration

Topics: Abnormalities, Multiple; Bone Marrow Cells; Bone Marrow Examination; Busulfan; Cells, Cultured; Child; Chromosome Aberrations; Chromosomes, Human, 21-22 and Y; Clone Cells; Densitometry; Fibroblasts; Humans; Karyotyping; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Lymphocyte Activation; Macrophages; Male; Mosaicism; Muramidase; Sex Chromosomes; Skin; Thymidine; Tritium

Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Amino Acids; Animals; Chickens; Circular Dichroism; Egg White; Fluorescence; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Leukemia, Myeloid; Muramidase; Neoplasms, Experimental; Rats; Species Specificity; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Tryptophan; Tyrosine

Topics: Aged; Bone Marrow Cells; Cell Differentiation; Electrophoresis, Starch Gel; Erythrocytes; Female; Fetal Hemoglobin; Humans; Karyotyping; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Female; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Muramidase

Topics: Aged; Anemia; Chronic Disease; Female; Hepatomegaly; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukopenia; Muramidase; Reticulocytes; Splenomegaly

Topics: Acetates; Acute Disease; Amino Acids; Animals; Binding Sites; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Chickens; Circular Dichroism; Egg White; Glucosamine; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Leukemia, Myeloid; Mathematics; Mice; Muramidase; Protein Binding; Protein Conformation; Rats; Tryptophan; Tyrosine

Topics: Adult; Animals; Cattle; Centrifugation; Contraceptives, Oral; Erythrocytes; Female; Ferritins; Humans; Iron; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Leukocyte Count; Leukocytes; Male; Muramidase; Radioimmunoassay; Serum Albumin, Bovine; Sex Factors; Sodium Chloride; Ultrasonics

Topics: Aged; Female; Hepatomegaly; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocyte Count; Male; Middle Aged; Monocytes; Muramidase; Sarcoidosis; Splenomegaly; Tuberculosis, Miliary; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Animals; Antibodies; Antigen-Antibody Reactions; Blood Protein Electrophoresis; Cytoplasm; Electrophoresis; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Tubules, Proximal; Leukemia, Experimental; Leukemia, Myeloid; Methylcholanthrene; Microscopy, Electron; Muramidase; Rats

Topics: Busulfan; Chronic Disease; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Muramidase; Neutrophils; Phagocytosis; Skin Window Technique; Tetrazolium Salts

Topics: Animals; Azo Compounds; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Chitin; Cytoplasm; Glucosamine; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Lacrimal Apparatus; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Muramidase; Rabbits; Staining and Labeling

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Female; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Esterases; Exudates and Transudates; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Monocytes; Muramidase; Skin Window Technique

Topics: Aged; Antigen-Antibody Complex; Blood Protein Electrophoresis; Humans; Immunodiffusion; Immunoelectrophoresis; Immunoglobulin G; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Muramidase; Precipitins; Protein Binding

Topics: Animals; Antibody Specificity; Antigens, Neoplasm; Cross Reactions; Humans; Immunodiffusion; Immunoelectrophoresis; Leukemia, Myeloid; Molecular Weight; Muramidase; Neoplasm Proteins; Proteinuria; Rabbits

Topics: Animals; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Cell-Free System; Cells, Cultured; Complement Fixation Tests; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral; Cytoplasmic Granules; Extracellular Space; Hematopoietic Stem Cells; Histiocytes; Leukemia Virus, Murine; Leukemia, Experimental; Leukemia, Myeloid; Megakaryocytes; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Microscopy, Electron; Monocytes; Muramidase; Peroxidases

Topics: Animals; Kidney; Leukemia, Myeloid; Metabolic Clearance Rate; Muramidase; Nephrectomy; Rats; Time Factors

The cytochemical methods for lysozyme and nitroblue-tetrazolium reduction have been used to study the blast cells of acute myeloid leukaemia. Both proved useful in characterizing the cases with predominant monocytic differentiation. THE DEMONSTRATION OF LYSOZYME ACTIVITY HELPED TO DEFINE TWO MAIN GROUPS: (a) with predominantly lysozyme-negative cells (myeloblastic-promyelocytic), and (b) with considerable numbers of positive cells (monoblastic-monocytic). In addition this test was also of value in the differentiation of other leukaemic disorders. Reduction of nitroblue-tetrazolium was also a feature of monocytic differentiation. The combination of these two methods with those for myeloperoxidase and non-specific esterase activity contributes to the cytological characterization of acute myeloid leukaemia.

Topics: Cell Differentiation; Esterases; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Muramidase; Oxidation-Reduction; Peroxidases; Tetrazolium Salts

Topics: Animals; Biological Assay; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Leukemia, Myeloid; Methods; Micrococcus; Muramidase

Topics: Adult; Female; Hematologic Diseases; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Leukocyte Count; Lymphocyte Activation; Male; Muramidase; Remission, Spontaneous; Uric Acid

Topics: Acetates; Binding Sites; Binding, Competitive; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Egg White; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Leukemia, Myeloid; Mathematics; Muramidase; Oligosaccharides; Protein Binding; Quantum Theory; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Spectrophotometry; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet

Topics: Adolescent; Bone Marrow Cells; Cell Survival; Child; Cytogenetics; Diseases in Twins; Female; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocyte Count; Leukocytosis; Muramidase; Neutrophils; Periodicity

In human leukemic myeloblasts, the granule enzymes beta-glucuronidase, myeloperoxidase and acid phosphatase were associated with light particles of varying densities that were separable from each other by means of zonal density gradient centrifugation. In more mature granulocytic cells of chronic myelogenous leukemia the three enzymes merged within a single group of denser particles; such particles were absent in myeloblasts. Myeloblast particles had two to three times higher activity of beta-glucuronidase and acid phosphatase, but only one-tenth of the myeloperoxidase activity. Some of the cationic proteins and lysozyme were not found in leukemic myeloblasts but were present in particles of chronic myelogenous leukemia; alkaline phosphatase was absent from both types of leukemic cells.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Centrifugation, Density Gradient; Cytoplasmic Granules; Electrophoresis, Paper; Glucuronidase; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Leukocytes; Muramidase; Peroxidases; Subcellular Fractions

Topics: Acetylesterase; Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Aminopeptidases; Cytoplasmic Granules; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Galactosidases; Glucuronidase; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Muramidase; Sodium Chloride; Sulfatases; Temperature

Topics: Adult; Anemia; Anemia, Sideroblastic; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemoid Reaction; Leukocytosis; Monocytes; Muramidase; Myeloproliferative Disorders; Polycythemia Vera; Primary Myelofibrosis

Topics: Acute Disease; Age Factors; Aged; Agranulocytosis; Anemia; Bone Marrow Examination; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Ecchymosis; Erythropoiesis; Female; Hematocrit; Humans; Iron; Leukemia; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Myeloproliferative Disorders; Splenomegaly; Syndrome; Thrombocytopenia

Topics: Aged; Allopurinol; Bone Marrow Examination; Busulfan; Chromosome Aberrations; Female; Humans; Kidney; Leukemia, Myeloid; Liver; Male; Muramidase; Prednisone; Spleen

Topics: Adult; Cytarabine; Daunorubicin; Diagnosis, Differential; Drug Evaluation; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Muramidase; Prognosis; Remission, Spontaneous; Thymidine; Tritium

Topics: Aged; Agranulocytosis; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Cell Survival; Child; Creatinine; Cyclophosphamide; Female; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocyte Count; Male; Melphalan; Methotrexate; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Neutrophils; Phosphorus Isotopes; Time Factors; Vinblastine

Topics: Humans; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid; Muramidase

Topics: Acute Disease; Antineoplastic Agents; Blood Bactericidal Activity; Complement System Proteins; Escherichia coli; Female; Humans; Immunoglobulins; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Muramidase; Remission, Spontaneous; Transferrin

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Diabetes Mellitus; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Muramidase

Topics: Binding Sites, Antibody; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Leukemia, Myeloid; Macrophages; Monocytes; Muramidase; Neutrophils; Skin Window Technique

Topics: Animals; Biological Evolution; Complement Fixation Tests; Electrophoresis, Starch Gel; Haplorhini; Hominidae; Humans; Immune Sera; Immunoelectrophoresis; Leukemia, Myeloid; Macaca; Milk; Muramidase; Primates; Rabbits

Topics: Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Marrow; Esterases; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Monocytes; Muramidase; Peroxidases; Phagocytosis

Lysozyme turnover studies with (125)I-labeled human lysozyme were carried out on 22 patients, viz. nine control patients, seven nephrological patients with varying degrees of renal insufficiency, including three bilaterally nephrectomized patients, and six hematological patients with disturbed turnover of the neutrophilic granulocytes. It was found that plasma lysozyme has a rapid turnover with a fractional catabolic rate of 76%/hr of the plasma content. Lysozyme catabolism varied with the endogenous creatinine clearance; in addition however, extrarenal sites of catabolism were demonstrated since lysozyme could be broken down in the anephric patients, although only at a rate amounting to about 15% of the rate found in persons with intact kidneys. In the uremic patients the increased plasma lysozyme concentration was due to decreased rates of catabolism; in the hematological patients the increased plasma lysozyme level was due to increased rates of synthesis which supports the hypothesis that plasma lysozyme mainly stems from disintegrating neutrophilic granulocytes. Furthermore, it was shown that in the nonhematological patients examined, the rate of synthesis varied with the endogenous creatinine clearance.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Creatinine; Female; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Iodine Isotopes; Kidney Diseases; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Nephrectomy; Time Factors

Topics: Adult; Aged; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Female; Humans; Hypokalemia; Kidney Tubules; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Leukocyte Count; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Myeloproliferative Disorders; Polycythemia Vera; Primary Myelofibrosis; Radiography; Spleen

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Agar; Alkaline Phosphatase; Amylases; Animals; Cattle; Chickens; Chromatography, Gel; Deoxyribonucleases; Diffusion; Egg White; Gels; Intestines; Kinetics; Leukemia, Myeloid; Macaca; Male; Methods; Muramidase; Pancreas; Plants; Polysaccharides; Ribonucleases; Semen; Swine; Triticum

Topics: Adult; Anemia, Sideroblastic; Bone Marrow Diseases; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid; Lymphoma; Monocytes; Multiple Myeloma; Muramidase; Polycythemia Vera; Primary Myelofibrosis

Topics: Acute Disease; Adenine Nucleotides; Adenosine Diphosphate; Adult; Aged; Blood Platelets; Collagen; Epinephrine; Female; Fibrin; Humans; Kaolin; Leukemia; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Platelet Adhesiveness; Remission, Spontaneous; Thrombin

Topics: Adult; Aged; Allopurinol; Cells; Female; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Methods; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Neutrophils; Prognosis; Spleen; Urea

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Blood Cell Count; Blood Proteins; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Ceruloplasmin; Female; Humans; Immunoelectrophoresis; Immunoglobulin A; Immunoglobulin D; Immunoglobulin G; Kidney Function Tests; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Transferrin

Topics: Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Anemia; Autopsy; Bone Marrow Cells; Chromosomes; Humans; Karyotyping; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytosis; Lymphocytes; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Neutrophils

Topics: Chromatography; Humans; Isoelectric Focusing; Leukemia, Myeloid; Muramidase

Topics: Adult; Electrophoresis; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Muramidase; Polycythemia; Polycythemia Vera

Topics: Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Anemia; Blood Cell Count; Bone Marrow Examination; Female; Hematocrit; Hemoglobinometry; Humans; Karyotyping; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Binding Sites; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Glucosamine; Glycosides; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Leukemia, Myeloid; Muramidase; Ovalbumin; Protein Binding; Spectrometry, Fluorescence

Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Hypokalemia; Kidney; Kidney Tubules; Leukemia, Myeloid; Muramidase; Neoplasm Transplantation; Potassium; Rats

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Cell Fractionation; Centrifugation, Density Gradient; Humans; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Monocytes; Muramidase; Neutrophils; Phagocytosis

Topics: Alkaline Phosphatase; Autopsy; Bone Marrow Cells; Chromosome Aberrations; Endocarditis; Eosinophilia; Eosinophils; Heart Failure; Humans; Karyotyping; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Myocardium; Neutrophils; Sex Chromosomes; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adult; Female; Hematologic Diseases; Humans; Hypokalemia; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Muramidase

Topics: Amino Acids; Catalysis; Chromatography, Gel; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Dansyl Compounds; Electrophoresis; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Molecular Weight; Muramidase; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Umbilical Cord

Topics: Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocyte Count; Muramidase; Radiation Effects; Radiotherapy; Radiotherapy Dosage; Spleen

Topics: Female; Humans; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid; Micrococcus; Muramidase

Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Amino Acids; Animals; Biological Evolution; Birds; Cellulose; Chickens; Chromatography, Gel; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Complement Fixation Tests; Cross Reactions; Ducks; Egg White; Electrophoresis; Epitopes; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Immune Sera; Immunization; Immunodiffusion; Immunoelectrophoresis; Ion Exchange Resins; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Mathematics; Muramidase; Protein Conformation; Rabbits; Species Specificity; Time Factors; Turkeys; Ultracentrifugation

Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Antibodies; Antigen-Antibody Reactions; Chromatography, Gel; Coliphages; Cyanides; Cyanogen Bromide; Dextrans; Disulfides; Epitopes; Formates; Homoserine; Humans; Iodine Isotopes; Lactones; Leukemia, Myeloid; Methionine; Muramidase; Peptides; Rabbits; Structure-Activity Relationship

Topics: Blood Cells; Cytoplasm; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Monocytes; Muramidase; Neutrophils

Topics: Animals; Blood Cell Count; Bone Marrow Cells; Bone Marrow Examination; Chromosome Aberrations; Chromosome Disorders; Dogs; Female; Fetus; Gestational Age; Karyotyping; Leukemia, Experimental; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Radiation-Induced; Leukocyte Count; Male; Muramidase; Neoplasm Transplantation; Pregnancy

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Marrow Examination; Female; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocyte Count; Leukocytes; Male; Muramidase; Nitrophenols; Remission, Spontaneous; Sarcoidosis

Topics: Clinical Enzyme Tests; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Muramidase

Topics: Adult; Antibody Formation; Bence Jones Protein; Female; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Melphalan; Monocytes; Multiple Myeloma; Muramidase; Plasma Cells

Topics: Clinical Enzyme Tests; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Leukocytes; Monocytes; Muramidase; Prognosis

Topics: Adult; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Humans; Immunoelectrophoresis; Leukemia, Myeloid; Middle Aged; Muramidase

Topics: Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Leukemia, Myeloid; Lung Neoplasms; Mitomycins; Mononuclear Phagocyte System; Muramidase; Neoplasms; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Stomach Neoplasms; Stomach Ulcer

Topics: Acute Disease; Aged; Anemia; Blood Cell Count; Bone Marrow Examination; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Hematocrit; Humans; Infections; Karyotyping; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase

Topics: Adult; Densitometry; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Muramidase; Remission, Spontaneous

Topics: Bone Marrow Examination; Hematologic Diseases; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocyte Count; Muramidase; Time Factors

Topics: Adult; Aged; Child; Creatinine; Electrophoresis, Paper; Female; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Neoplasms; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocyte Count; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Proteinuria

Topics: Egg White; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Mass Screening; Muramidase; Pyelonephritis; Sarcoidosis; Tears; Tuberculosis

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Agranulocytosis; Allopurinol; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; Blood Transfusion; Cytarabine; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Mercaptopurine; Methotrexate; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Nausea; Prednisolone; Thrombocytopenia; Vincristine

Topics: Agranulocytosis; Anemia, Aplastic; Anemia, Macrocytic; Bone Marrow; Chronic Disease; Folic Acid; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocyte Count; Leukocytes; Muramidase; Myeloproliferative Disorders; Neutrophils; Polycythemia Vera; Protein Binding; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Female; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adult; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Female; Humans; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Lymphoma; Male; Middle Aged; Multiple Myeloma; Muramidase; Sarcoidosis; Seasons

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bromine; Busulfan; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocyte Count; Leukocytes; Mannitol; Mercaptopurine; Micrococcus; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Spleen

A transplantable mouse tumor, GPC-11, produces large amounts of lysozyme. The tumor is a reticulum cell sarcoma, type A, and is a neoplasm of monocytes. The lysozyme was purified from mouse urine in quantities sufficient for structural analysis. Comparison of mouse lysozyme with lysozymes from; chicken egg white and patients with monocytic leukemia reveals similarities in size and electrophoretic mobility and, with human lysozyme, in functional properties; but considerable differences are found in antigenic characteristics and amino acid composition.

Topics: Animals; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Egg White; Electrophoresis; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Leukemia, Myeloid; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Mice; Monocytes; Muramidase; Ultracentrifugation

Topics: Adult; Bone Marrow Examination; Densitometry; Female; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Leukocytes; Male; Methods; Muramidase; Spectrophotometry

Topics: Female; Humans; Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Leukocyte Count; Male; Monocytes; Muramidase; Myeloproliferative Disorders; Neutrophils; Precancerous Conditions

Topics: Acetates; Aspartic Acid; Carbon Isotopes; Citric Acid Cycle; Glucose; Glutamates; Glycogen; Glycolysis; Humans; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Lipids; Muramidase; Pentoses

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Blood Platelets; Fibrinogen; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immunochemistry; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Lysosomes; Microscopy, Electron; Muramidase; Uranium

Topics: Age Factors; Aged; Blood Cell Count; Blood Platelets; Bone Marrow Cells; Busulfan; Chromosome Aberrations; Chromosomes; Cytogenetics; Female; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Sex Factors

Serum levels, urinary excretion, and clearances of several proteins of different molecular weights were studied in 18 patients with mono- and myelomonocytic leukemia. Nine patients had normal renal function (group A) and nine had impaired renal function with azotemia (group B). The majority of patients in both groups had increased concentration of immunoglobulins, particularly IgG, IgA, and IgM; IgD level was normal. Serum transferrin and alpha(2)-macroglobulin were frequently reduced while the level of ceruloplasmin was often increased, especially in patients with azotemia. The activity of lysozyme in the serum was high in all patients, but was considerably higher in group B. Proteinuria was found in most patients but was more prominent in group B. Almost invariably albumin constituted less than 25% of the total protein excreted. Qualitative analysis of various urinary proteins by immunochemical techniques and clearance studies suggested the presence of glomerular as well as tubular dysfunction. Determination of urinary lysozyme frequently showed no direct correlation between the serum level of the enzyme and its concentration in the urine or its clearance by the kidney. In addition to glomerular filtration, impaired tubular reabsorption may account for the high level of lysozyme in the urine. It is postulated that the very high level of lysozyme in the glomerular filtrate and possibly hypergammaglobulinemia may play a role in the induction of tubular damage. Renal impairment has been correlated with histological changes in the kidneys. From a comparative study of various leukemias, it seems that the combined glomerular-tubular dysfunction is a manifestation unique to mono- and myelomonocytic leukemia.

Topics: Adult; Agammaglobulinemia; Aged; Albuminuria; Blood Chemical Analysis; Blood Proteins; Ceruloplasmin; Female; Humans; Hypergammaglobulinemia; Immunoglobulins; Kidney Glomerulus; Kidney Tubules; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Nitrogen; Proteinuria; Transferrin; Uremia

Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic; Birds; Chickens; Coliphages; Ducks; Goats; Humans; Immune Sera; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Muramidase; Poultry; Species Specificity

Topics: Adult; Anemia, Aplastic; Child; Hematologic Diseases; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Leukemoid Reaction; Lymphoma; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Multiple Myeloma; Muramidase; Mycosis Fungoides; Myeloproliferative Disorders; Polycythemia Vera

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Antigens; Cytoplasmic Granules; Esterases; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Hydrolases; Iron; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Macrophages; Monocytes; Muramidase; Rabbits; Skin Window Technique; Sodium

Topics: Clinical Enzyme Tests; Culture Techniques; Esterases; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Macrophages; Monocytes; Muramidase; Skin Window Technique

Topics: Animals; Blood Cells; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Immune Sera; Immunodiffusion; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Monocytes; Muramidase; Rabbits; Species Specificity; Tears; Urine

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Body Fluids; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Female; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Middle Aged; Multiple Myeloma; Muramidase; Pregnancy; Synovial Fluid; Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia

Topics: Aged; Bence Jones Protein; Bone Marrow Examination; Cell Nucleus; Chromatography, Gel; Electrophoresis; Humans; Immune Sera; Immunoelectrophoresis; Leukemia, Myeloid; Lymph Nodes; Male; Monocytes; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Starch; Ultracentrifugation

Topics: Humans; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Lymphatic Diseases; Lymphocytes; Muramidase

Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Adult; Aged; Ammonia; Calcium; Chlorides; Creatinine; Female; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hypokalemia; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Tubules; Leukemia, Myeloid; Magnesium; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Phosphates; Uric Acid; Urine

Topics: Animals; Ascitic Fluid; Cell Line; DNA, Neoplasm; Humans; Karyotyping; Leukemia, Experimental; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Mice; Muramidase; Neoplasm Transplantation; Neoplasms, Multiple Primary; Paraffin; Plasmacytoma; Polyploidy

Topics: Aged; Anemia, Sideroblastic; Ascorbic Acid; Autopsy; Blood Cell Count; Blood Transfusion; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Bone Marrow Examination; Erythrocytes; Erythropoiesis; Folic Acid; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Hyperplasia; Iron; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Middle Aged; Monocytes; Muramidase; Precancerous Conditions; Pyridoxine; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Egg White; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Muramidase; X-Ray Diffraction

Topics: Animals; Electrophoresis; Humans; Immune Sera; Immunochemistry; Leukemia, Myeloid; Muramidase; Rabbits

Topics: Humans; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Muramidase; Sepsis

Lysozyme, isolated from the urine of patients with monocytic leu kemia, has been crystallized as the chlo ride at pH 4.5 and at pH 10.5. The crystal forms of the human enzyme show certain similarities as well as dis tinct dissimilarities compared with the crystal forms of lysozyme chloride from hen's egg white.

Topics: Crystallization; Egg White; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Leukemia, Myeloid; Muramidase

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Female; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Leukocyte Count; Leukocytes; Lymphocytes; Male; Monocytes; Muramidase

Markedly increased quantities of lysozyme have been found in the serum and urine (ranging to 2.6 g per day) of ten consecutive cases of monocytic and monomyelocytic leukemia. The enzyme has been isolated from the urine of several cases and physicochemically and immunochemically characterized. It is apparently identical to the lysozyme of normal tears, saliva, leukocytes, and serum, but structurally different from the lysozyme of hen's egg white. The activity of the human enzyme assayed with M. lysodeikticus organisms is 3 to 12 times greater than egg white lysozyme at equivalent concentrations. An agar plate method has been developed for quantitating lysozyme activity in small samples (approximately 25 microl) of serum, urine, or other biological fluids. The range and reproducibility of this method were found to be superior to previously available lysozyme assay procedures. Present evidence indicates that lysozyme is the principal, if not the sole, product of the proliferating monocytes in monocytic and monomyelocytic leukemia, and quantitation of serum and urine lysozyme should be a useful diagnostic procedure for these leukemias.

Topics: Aged; Chromatography; Electrophoresis; Female; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Precipitin Tests; Proteinuria

Topics: Abscess; Amino Acids; Animals; Cytoplasmic Granules; Electrophoresis; Guinea Pigs; Histocytochemistry; Immunity; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Lysosomes; Muramidase; Peritonitis; Rabbits; Ribonucleases

Topics: Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Muramidase