muramidase and Kidney-Tubular-Necrosis--Acute

To identify possible hazards of combined exposure to chemicals with the same target organ, a 24-hr single dose experiment was carried out in which the renal toxicity of mercuric chloride, potassium dichromate, d-limonene and hexachloro-1:3-butadiene administered simultaneously was compared with the nephrotoxicity of the individual compounds, using a total of 11 groups each consisting of five 12-wk-old male Wistar rats. The dose levels used were based on the results of a range-finding study with the individual compounds in the same strain of rats kept under similar experimental conditions, and comprised the 'Minimum-Nephrotoxic-Effect Level' (MNEL) and the 'No-Nephrotoxic-Effect Level' (NNEL) of each of the four compounds alone and in combination. A group of vehicle-treated rats served as controls. At the MNEL of the combination, antagonism of effects was encountered, seen for example as less severely increased activity of gamma-glutamyl transferase in the urine. Synergism of effects was also observed, for example increased severity of renal tubular necrosis, and more markedly increased activity of urinary lysozyme, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase. More importantly, however, at the NNEL of the combination no signs of impaired renal function or renal damage were observed, suggesting absence of both dose additivity and potentiating interaction at the tested subeffective levels of the individual nephrotoxicants.

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Butadienes; Cyclohexenes; Drug Interactions; gamma-Glutamyltransferase; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Limonene; Male; Mercuric Chloride; Muramidase; Potassium Dichromate; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Terpenes

Measurements of urinary lysozyme were used to evaluate renal tubular integrity in 34 patients with cirrhosis or fulminant hepatic failure who had developed renal impairment. In 18 of the patients the lysozyme values were normal but in the remaining 16 were increased, supporting previous concepts that renal failure complicating hepatocellular disease may occur both without and with tubular necrosis. The lysozyme values were inversely related to the creatinine clearance, suggesting that the development of tubular necrosis may be determined by the level of renal perfusion. The validity of simpler laboratory tests often used to assess renal tubular integrity--namely, the urine sodium concentration, the urine:plasma osmolality ratio, and casts in the urine sediment--was evaluated by comparison with the lysozyme measurements. The urine sodium concentration was of most value and the findings in the sediment were of no value at all.

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Humans; Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute; Kidney Tubules; Liver Cirrhosis; Liver Diseases; Muramidase; Sodium

We investigated changes in urinary enzyme activity and sodium concentration of kidney transplant patients. We found that the increase of the activity of brush border enzymes is one of the earliest signs of tubular damage following rejection. The decrease in the urinary sodium concentration points also to rejection episodes. Despite the unspecificity of both variables, their continuous determination and combined analysis of the results could improve the differential diagnosis of rejection after transplantation and might give important information about the pathogenesis of the graft damage.

Topics: Clinical Enzyme Tests; Creatinine; Enzymes; Graft Rejection; Humans; Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute; Muramidase; Sodium

Hypophysectomy is known to cause a rise in the renal lysozyme levels and atrophy of the proximal tubules of the kidney. The present study describes the relationship of serum, urinary, and renal lysozyme levels in hypophysectiomized animals. The renal lysozyme level continued to rise during the first 4 weeks after hypophysectomy and then remained constant while the serum level increased immediately after hypophysectomy and plateaued. Hypophysectomy did not produce lysozymuria for the time periods used in these experiments despite obvious tubular atrophy by the end of the 1st week after hypophysectomy. These data suggest that tubular atrophy must progress to a severe stage before a lysozymuria is produced. Thus the absence of urinary lysozyme activity does not exclude the possibility of proximal tubule injury.

Topics: Animals; Hypophysectomy; Kidney; Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute; Kidney Tubules, Proximal; Male; Muramidase; Rats; Time Factors

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Alkaline Phosphatase; Aminopeptidases; Animals; Enzymes; Humans; Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute; Muramidase; Oxidoreductases; Rats

Topics: Animals; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Humans; Kidney Transplantation; Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute; Lymphocyte Activation; Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Molecular Weight; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Renal Dialysis; Transplantation, Homologous; Uremia

Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute; Muramidase; Nephrosclerosis; Pyelonephritis