muramidase and Infections

Antimicrobial proteins (AMP) are endogenous, gene-encoded proteins, which are able to kill bacteria, fungi and viruses at micro- and nanomolar concentrations. The constitutive as well as inducible production of AMP provides a rapid first-line of defense against invading microorganisms. The significance of such ancient defense system is reflected by the wide distribution of AMP in the plant and animal kingdom. There is increasing evidence that AMP may play an important role in several infectious and inflammatory diseases such as atopic dermatitis, cystic fibrosis and Crohn's disease. In this review we aim to provide a short overview about the role of antimicrobial proteins in human diseases. In addition, the use and selective induction of AMP for the development of novel potential therapeutic strategies are addressed. The benefits and possible restrictions of AMP utilization as a new class of antibiotic compounds are discussed.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cystic Fibrosis; Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator; Defensins; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Infections; Inflammation; Muramidase; Phagocytes; Proteins; Skin Diseases

Beside its physical barrier against invading microorganisms, the skin has the ability to produce a number of antimicrobial peptides and proteins, including human beta-defensins, cathelicidin LL-37 and lysozyme that participate in the innate host defense. These antimicrobial agents are strongly active against a wide spectrum of various pathogens such as bacteria, viruses and fungi. Thus, antimicrobial agents are proposed to be promising candidates for innovative anti-infective drugs, and some antimicrobial peptides are currently used in clinical trials for treatment of various skin infections. In addition to their direct antimicrobial functions against invading pathogenic microorganisms, antimicrobial agents have also multiple roles as mediators of inflammation with the effects on epithelial and inflammatory cells, influencing cell proliferation, wound healing, cytokine/chemokine production and chemotaxis. This review describes the biology of these antimicrobial molecules and discusses their structure, expression and functions. Understanding the actions of antimicrobial agents in skin will provide further insight into the mechanism of innate cutaneous disease control, and yield novel therapeutic approaches to the treatment of skin disorders.

Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; beta-Defensins; Cathelicidins; Dermatitis; Humans; Infections; Molecular Sequence Data; Muramidase

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Antibodies; Breast Feeding; Complement System Proteins; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infections; Intestinal Mucosa; Lactoferrin; Lymphocytes; Milk, Human; Muramidase; Phagocytes

The therapeutic effectiveness of lysozyme (large scale manufactured hen egg-white lysozyme) is actually based on its ability to control the growth of susceptible bacteria and to modulate host immunity against infections and depressions of immune responses. If the former is based on the first evidence of the biological activity of this enzyme, the second is a relatively recent acquisition of extreme importance for the possibilities offered in terms of the regulation of the functioning of the host's immune system. Antibotic activity and immune stimulating effects are also used together, as in the case of the treatment of gastrointestinal infections, including those originated by therapeutical treatments. Based on these biological properties, in addition to the wide range of therapeutic activities for which lysozyme was exploited in the past, at present the most promising data concern the prevention of bacterial cariogenesis and treatment of cancer patients to improve the effectiveness of anticancer drugs or to allow the host to recover from the immune suppression caused by anticancer treatments. However, lysozyme does not yet hold a clear place as an immune modulating agent, in spite of the fact that it has been shown to stimulate immunity with no difference between experimental animals and human beings. The hope is therefore that doctors will understand its potential and that they will take advantage of the existence of this simple and useful molecule.

Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Digestive System; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Infections; Muramidase; Neoplasms

The discovery of cytosine arabinoside, and then the anthrocycline antibiotics, 6-thioguanine, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and other drugs, has added to the armamentarium of known effective agents. The use of combination chemotherapy, the recognition of the need during induction for virtual marrow aplasia to obtain a remission, and recognition of the predilection of the disease for the central nervous system requiring prophylaxis constitute major advances. The impediment to long-term survival is the lack of effective maintenance therapy.

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Agranulocytosis; Antineoplastic Agents; Cells, Cultured; Child; Child, Preschool; Chromosome Aberrations; Chromosome Disorders; Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Graft vs Host Reaction; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Infections; Leukemia; Leukocytosis; Male; Muramidase; Preleukemia; Thrombocytopenia; Uric Acid

Topics: Agammaglobulinemia; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Chemotaxis; Female; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Immunoglobulin E; Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes; Infections; Job Syndrome; Lactoferrin; Leukocytes; Male; Muramidase; Opsonin Proteins; Peroxidase; Phagocytes; Phagocytosis; Staphylococcus

Topics: Antibody Formation; Avitaminosis; Complement System Proteins; Female; Fetus; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Immunoglobulins; Infections; Iron Deficiencies; Lymphatic System; Male; Muramidase; Nutrition Disorders; Phagocytes; Pregnancy

Topics: Adult; Blood Cell Count; Blood Transfusion; Bone Marrow Cells; Bone Marrow Examination; Diagnosis, Differential; Erythrocytes; Erythrocytes, Abnormal; Erythropoiesis; gamma-Globulins; Hemorrhagic Disorders; Humans; Infections; Karyotyping; Leukemia, Myeloid; Liver; Lymph Nodes; Monocytes; Muramidase; Peroxidases; Prognosis; Spleen; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Bacterial Infections; Blood Bactericidal Activity; Body Temperature; Chick Embryo; Chickens; Egg Proteins; Egg Shell; Female; Infections; Intestines; Muramidase; Mycoses; Ovalbumin; Phagocytosis; Skin; Transferrin; Virus Diseases; Vitelline Membrane

This paper discusses the nature of host resistance factors in human milk and epidemiologic studies regarding infections and mortality rates in breastfed and nonbreastfed babies. The defense factors and their proposed modes of action are: 1) a growth enhancer of lactobacilli, which interferes with intestinal colonization of enteric pathogens; 2) antistaphylococcal factors, which inhibit staphylococci; 3) secretory IgA and other immunoglobulins, which protect the gut and respiratory tract; 4) C4 and C3 (complement components; C3 fragments have opsonic, chemotactic, and anaphylatoxic activities); 5) lysozome, lysis of bacterial cell wall; 6) lactoperoxidase, killing of streptococci; 7) lactoferrin, kills microorganism by chelating iron, and 8) macrophages and lymphocytes, phagocytosis and cell-mediated immunity. Although it can be postulated that the breastfed infant's resistance to infection would be superior on account of the greater presence of these factors in human milk compared to cow's milk, little is known about the effects of these defense factors on the infant. Epidemiologic studies have reported on the lower morbidity and mortality rates of breastfed infants as compared to bottlefed infants. Other studies have focused on the protective effects of human milk upon the infant, but these have been inconclusive. In countries with poor sanitation and high infection rates, the incidence of bacterial infections is lowest in breastfed infants. The advantages of human milk however are difficult to demonstrate in societies with high standards of sanitation and low infection rates. Infection and mortality rates in infants have in fact declined in developed countries as the practice of breastfeeding declined. Until it is established that immunity to common pathogens is transmitted to the infant by human milk, it will not be known whether human milk does have protective effects.

Topics: Animals; Antibodies; Breast Feeding; Colostrum; Complement System Proteins; Escherichia coli; Fatty Acids; Growth Substances; Humans; Immunoglobulins; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infections; Lactobacillus; Lactoferrin; Leukocytes; Mice; Milk, Human; Muramidase; Peroxidases; Staphylococcal Infections

Topics: Antibodies, Bacterial; Breast Feeding; Colostrum; Digestive System; Escherichia coli; Humans; Immunity; Immunoglobulin A; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Infections; Lymphocytes; Milk Proteins; Milk, Human; Muramidase

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriuria; Blood; C-Reactive Protein; Cerebrospinal Fluid; Complement System Proteins; Delivery, Obstetric; Female; Fetal Diseases; Humans; Immunoglobulins; Infant Care; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Infection Control; Infections; Inflammation; Leukocyte Count; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Muramidase; Phagocytosis; Pregnancy; Sex Factors; Sterilization

Topics: Animals; Antibody Formation; Bacteriolysis; Complement System Proteins; Escherichia coli; gamma-Globulins; Humans; Immune Sera; Infections; Mice; Muramidase; Phagocytosis

Topics: Chronic Disease; Granuloma; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Infections; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Lymphadenitis; Lysosomes; Muramidase; Neutrophils; Peroxidases

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Cell Division; Cell Wall; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Infections; L Forms; Lysostaphin; Muramidase; Osmosis; Protoplasts; Terminology as Topic; Virulence

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Bacteria; Drug Synergism; Female; Fever; Genital Diseases, Female; Guinea Pigs; Haplorhini; Humans; Infections; Inflammation; Mice; Muramidase; Penicillins; Peritoneal Diseases; Phagocytosis; Pneumococcal Infections; Rabbits; Rats; Staphylococcal Infections; Urologic Diseases; Virus Diseases; Viruses

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Enzymes; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Infections; Muramidase

The effect of cinnamaldehyde (CM) enriched diet on immunity and cytokine gene expression in Channa striatus against Aphanomyces invadans is reported. C. striatus was uniformly divided into eight groups (n = 25 fish each) and fed with formulated diets with 0, 5, 10, and 15 mg kg

Topics: Acrolein; Animals; Aphanomyces; Complement Activation; Diet; Fish Diseases; Fishes; Gene Expression; Immunity, Innate; Immunoglobulin M; Infections; Leukocyte Count; Muramidase; Phagocytosis; Reactive Oxygen Species

This study evaluated the effect of sublethal doses of antifungal drug miconazole nitrate (MCZ) on immunological responses and its role as a prophylactic drug against S. parasitica in Labeo rohita fingerlings. Fish were fed with sublethal doses of MCZ, that is, T1-6.30 mgMCZ kgBW

Topics: Age Factors; Animal Feed; Animals; Antiparasitic Agents; Cyprinidae; Dietary Supplements; Fish Diseases; Infections; Miconazole; Muramidase; Protease Inhibitors; Reactive Oxygen Species; Saprolegnia

The effect of diet enriched with 1% chitin or chitosan on innate immune response and disease resistance in Cirrhina mrigala against Aphanomyces invadans was investigated at weeks 1, 2, and 4. In the un-infected and infected groups the white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), haematocrit (Ht), lympocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils significantly increased when fed with 1% chitin (CH) or chitosan (CT) enriched diet from weeks 1 to 4 when compared to control; however, the haemoglobin (Hb) and thrombocytes significantly increased only on weeks 2 and 4. The total protein and albumin levels also significantly increased with any enriched diet on weeks 2 and 4; but the globulin and albumin:globulin ratio increased on week 4 as compared to control; similarly the phagocytic activity significantly increased on weeks 2 and 4 while the lysozyme activity increased from weeks 1 to 4. The complement activity was significantly enhanced in CT and CTI fed groups on weeks 2 and 4. In un-infected fish fed with 1% CH and CT diets, the cumulative mortality was 10% and 5% whereas the infected fish suffered 20% and 25% mortality. The present results suggest that infected fish fed with 1% chitin or chitosan enriched diet modulates the immune system conferring disease resistance in C. mrigala against A. invadans.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Aphanomyces; Blood Cell Count; Chitin; Chitosan; Complement System Proteins; Cyprinidae; Dietary Supplements; Disease Resistance; Fish Diseases; Hematocrit; Immunity, Innate; Infections; Muramidase; Nephelometry and Turbidimetry; Phagocytosis

The fish pathogenic oomycete Aphanomyces invadans is the causative agent of epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS), a fish disease of international significance and reportable to the World Organisation for Animal Health. In spite of the current and potential impact of A. invadans infection on fisheries and aquaculture sectors of the world, very little is known about the host-A. invadans interactions. In the present study, following experimental infection with A. invadans in one of the Indian major carps, Labeo rohita, sequential changes in various innate immune parameters were monitored. The results indicated that at early stages of infection, no significant changes in any of the studied innate immune parameters were observed. However, at the advanced stages of infection from 6 to 12 days post infection (dpi), the respiratory burst and alternate complement activity were significantly higher whereas lysozyme, antiproteases and α-2 macroglobulin values were significantly lower than the control group and also from the infected group at earlier stages of infection. Since, the possibility of vaccination of fish against A. invadans appears remote due to difficulties in eliciting a specific antibody response, the information generated in the present study could be useful for developing strategies for improving resistance to A. invadans infection by stimulating the innate immunity through immunomodulation.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Aphanomyces; Carps; Complement Pathway, Alternative; Fish Diseases; Immunity, Innate; Infections; Muramidase; Protease Inhibitors; Respiratory Burst; Serum Albumin; Serum Globulins

In this study, the antibacterial properties and active ingredient of plant extracts and its effect on the performance of crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio var. E'erqisi, Bloch) were assessed.. The transmission electron microscopy and flow cytometric analysis showed that the antibacterial activity of plant extracts is due to the disruption of the cell membrane and the leakage of cytoplasmic contents. The UPLC-MS/MS analysis showed that the contents of gallic acid, (-)-epigallocatechin, (+)-catechin, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, (-)-epicatechin gallate, aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion, were 5.27%, 3.30%, 1.08%, 19.32%, 5.46%, 0.23%, 0.56%, 1.28%, 0.75% and 0.39% in plant extracts, respectively. Results of feeding experiment showed that feeding crucian carp with 1.0% and 2.0% plant extracts significantly enhanced specific growth rate, serum total protein, lysozyme, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities, and decreased the feed conversion rate, malondialdehyde contents and the mortality rate (P < 0.05).. It can be concluded that plant extracts added to fish feed can act as natural antimicrobial and immunostimulants to prevent pathogenic infection, enhance immune response, and promote growth of the fish.

Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Aeromonas; Animal Feed; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Blood Proteins; Carps; Catalase; Cell Membrane; Cytoplasm; Energy Metabolism; Fish Diseases; Growth; Immunity; Infections; Malondialdehyde; Muramidase; Plant Extracts; Plant Tumors; Rheum; Rhus; Superoxide Dismutase

The authors compared nonspecific anti-infectious resistance among medical staffers varying in speciality. Skin microflora parameters and salivary lysozyme content appeared to be considerably lower in obstetric staffers and in State sanitary and epidemiologic supervision officers than in general population.

Topics: Adult; Health Personnel; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Infections; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Saliva; Skin; Time Factors

The authors studied immunologic features of saliva in 1714 workers exposed to vibration and other occupational hazards in microbiologic, chemical enterprises. The examinees demonstrated lower activity of lysozyme and concentrations of IgA, higher levels of IgG. Immunologic features of saliva was proved to have extreme diagnostic importance, therefore could be used to detect early signs of exposure to occupational hazards and to diagnose pathologic conditions caused by those hazards.

Topics: Chemical Industry; Hazardous Substances; Humans; Immunodiffusion; Immunoglobulin A; Immunoglobulin A, Secretory; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulins; Infections; Muramidase; Nephelometry and Turbidimetry; Occupational Exposure; Saliva; Vibration

Hybrid F1 mice derived from inbred parental mouse strains are extensively used as animal models of human autoimmune diseases and transplantation. It is generally believed that with regard to immunologic studies, hybrid F1 mice behave in a consistent manner, equivalent to any other inbred mouse strain. In this study, we report that in comparison to inbred parental strains, individual hybrid F1 mice revealed a broad heterogeneity of proliferative response to the immunodominant determinants within hen eggwhite lysozyme (HEL). Of five parental strains tested, individual mice of three strains responding to only a few dominant HEL determinants (B6, BALB/c, and B10.PL) showed quite homogeneous patterns of response, whereas two mouse strains responsive to several determinants of HEL revealed either relative homogeneity (CBA/J mice) or heterogeneity (SJL mice) of response. However, in SJL mice, responses to major, dominant determinants of HEL were quite consistent. On the contrary, regardless of the consistency of response of parental strains, all three of F1 mice [[B6 x BALB/c]F1, [B6 x CBA/J]F1, and [SJL x B10.PL]F1] revealed significantly greater heterogeneity of response, which even involved the major, dominant determinants of HEL. We attribute the above heterogeneity of response to the competitive as well as aleatory nature of the interaction between various factors, including the coexistence of different MHC (parental as well as hybrid MHC) molecules, determinant capture, and the T cell repertoire. These results have important implications for studies on autoimmunity, infection, and vaccine design in human populations, where heterozygosity is the norm rather than the exception.

Topics: Animals; Autoimmune Diseases; Chickens; Crosses, Genetic; Egg White; Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte; Female; Immunodominant Epitopes; Infections; Injections, Subcutaneous; Lymph Nodes; Lymphocyte Activation; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Inbred CBA; Mice, Inbred Strains; Muramidase; Peptides; T-Lymphocyte Subsets

If the clinical asymptomatic infection of the genital tract is a very frequent diagnosis of the hypofertility, it's quite important to know if the infection is evolutive or not. The assessment of inflammatory proteins of the seminal plasma as albumin IgA, gamma-globulins, lysozyme allows to do the differential diagnosis. So, an increase of such proteins is the expression of an evolutive infection.

Topics: Albumins; Biomarkers; Case-Control Studies; Diagnosis, Differential; gamma-Globulins; Genital Diseases, Male; Humans; Immunoglobulin A; Infections; Infertility, Male; Male; Muramidase; Semen; Spermatic Cord

Topics: Child; Colitis, Ulcerative; Humans; Infections; Kidney Diseases; Leukemia; Muramidase; Sarcoidosis

Rectocolitis remains, at the present time, in spite of the large amount of work carried out, a condition of which the cause and the physiopathological mechanism are unknown: none of the theories proposed has been confirmed by the facts; none has made it possible to propose an effective therapeutic regimen. The diagnosis of haemorrhagic rectocolitis rests solely on an assembly of clinical, radiological, and anatomological findings, together with findings on progress of the disease; none of these findings taken separately being pathognomonic. Because of this it is essential in cases of inflammatory colic disorders to analyse critically these different elements before affirming the diagnosis that is often arrived at too easily. Different affections, even apart from Crohn's disease (parasitic, microbial, and iatrogenic affections, etc) may, in fact, give rise to radiological and clinical pictures close to those of haemorrhagic rectocolitis.

Topics: Autoimmune Diseases; Colitis; Colon; Crohn Disease; Diagnosis, Differential; Endoscopy; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Genotype; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Infections; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Intestinal Mucosa; Muramidase; Proctocolitis; Psychophysiologic Disorders; Radiography

A new methodological approach to the study of the organism resistance to infection with the use of experimental animals with controlled microflora (germfree and other categories of gnotobiotic animals) is considered. Characteristics of the state of natural resistance of germfree animals, revealing considerable defects of cellular and humoral protection mechanisms, are given. Findings of experimental studies into inflammation, phagocytosis and other reactions of nonspecific resistance in gnotobiotic animals, disclosing complex mechanisms of formation of these reactions under the influence of microflora, are presented. The etiological and pathogenetic role of the microbial factor in the development of infectious diseases and in the formation of mechanisms of protective reactions at various levels of integration of the organism are discussed. Conclusions concerning prospects of the gnotobiological approach in investigating the role of the microbic factor in pathology are set forth.

Topics: Animals; Antibody Formation; Bacterial Infections; Burns; Cell Movement; Complement System Proteins; Germ-Free Life; Growth; Guinea Pigs; Immunity, Cellular; Infections; Inflammation; Intestines; Leukocytes; Mice; Muramidase; Phagocytosis; Properdin; Rats; Virus Diseases

Topics: Glomerulonephritis; Humans; Infections; Muramidase; Rheumatic Heart Disease; Saliva; Streptococcal Infections

Topics: Birth Weight; Female; Gestational Age; Hematopoiesis; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Infections; Male; Muramidase; Phagocytosis

Topics: Bradykinin; Bronchi; Bronchial Spasm; Bronchitis; Chromatography; Cystic Fibrosis; Expectorants; Globulins; Glycoproteins; Humans; Immunoelectrophoresis; Immunoglobulin A; Immunoglobulin G; Infections; Mucins; Muramidase; Saliva; Sputum

Topics: Acute Disease; Aged; Anemia; Blood Cell Count; Bone Marrow Examination; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Hematocrit; Humans; Infections; Karyotyping; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adolescent; Blood Bactericidal Activity; Child; Child, Preschool; Chronic Disease; Electrophoresis; Foot; Granuloma; Hand; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Infections; Leukocytes; Lung; Lymph Nodes; Lymphadenitis; Macrophages; Male; Muramidase; Oxygen Consumption; Pedigree; Phagocytosis; Radiography; Serratia marcescens; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Tetrazolium Salts

Topics: Animals; Chickens; Escherichia coli; Infections; Methods; Muramidase; Muscles; Staphylococcus; Time Factors; Wound Healing; Wounds and Injuries

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Complement System Proteins; Female; Humans; Immunity; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infections; Male; Muramidase; Phagocytosis; Properdin

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Erythromycin; Female; Humans; Infant; Infections; Male; Muramidase; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Infections; Mice; Muramidase; Pharmacology; Pyridoxine; Research; Salmonella Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Thiamine; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B Complex

The metabolic reactions responsible for the release of endogenous pyrogen from rabbit granulocytes incubated in 0.15 M NaCl are specifically inhibited by the presence of K(+) (and by related alkali metal ions, Rb(+) and Cs(+)) in the medium. The inhibitory action of K(+) apparently involves penetration of the cell membrane and is directly antagonized by the cardiac glycoside, ouabain. It is concluded, therefore, that the inhibition of pyrogen release by extracellular K(+) is due to transport of K(+) into the cell. Although the precise molecular mechanisms which are responsible for the release of pyrogen from granulocytes incubated in K-free saline have not been elucidated, further study of the process has revealed: (a) that it is preceded by the accumulation of pyrogen within the cell, (b) that it depends upon the catalytic action of one or more sulfhydryl-containing enzymes, (c) that it does not require energy, either from glycolysis or from reactions depending on molecular oxygen, and (d) that its inhibition by K(+) and by arsenite is qualitatively similar to the depression caused by these same reagents on the release of other leucocytic proteins; i.e., lysozyme and aldolase.

Topics: Aldehyde-Lyases; Animals; Bacteria; Bacterial Proteins; Body Fluids; Calcium; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Enzymes; Extracellular Space; Exudates and Transudates; Fever; Histocytochemistry; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Infections; Interleukin-1; Leukocytes; Metabolism; Muramidase; Neutrophils; Ouabain; Phosphates; Potassium; Pyrogens; Rabbits; Research; Sodium Chloride; Sulfhydryl Compounds

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Child; Dermatologic Agents; Humans; Infant; Infections; Muramidase; Sepsis; Virus Diseases