muramidase and Hyperplasia

Intercalated duct lesions (IDLs) are rare, poorly understood and not well-studied lesions that have been associated with a small number of epithelial-myoepithelial carcinomas (EMC) and basal cell adenomas. To examine the nature of IDLs and their association with salivary gland tumors, we reviewed 34 lesions in 32 patients. The IDLs were stained with CK7, estrogen receptors (ER), progesterone receptors, lysozyme, S100, calponin, and CK14. The patients ranged in age from 19 to 80 years (mean 53.8) with a 1.7:1 female predominance. The majorities of IDLs were parotid lesions (82%), were small and nodular (average size 3.1 mm) and showed 3 architectural patterns: hyperplasia (20), adenoma (9), and hybrid forms (5). In 59% of cases, IDLs were seen in conjunction with another salivary gland tumor, most commonly basal cell adenoma (8 cases), followed by EMC (3 cases). One case showed a combination of intercalated duct hyperplasia and basal cell adenoma. The IDLs stained diffusely with CK7 (100%) and S100 (73%) and focally for ER (91%) and lysozyme (100%). Calponin and CK14 highlighted a thin myoepithelial cell layer around all ducts (100%). Normal intercalated ducts were also consistently positive for CK7 and lysozyme, and focally for ER, but were S100 negative. In summary, IDLs have a variety of patterns ranging from hyperplasia to adenoma with hybrid lesions and share morphologic and immunophenotypic features with normal intercalated ducts. There is an association with basal cell adenomas and EMC, which lends credence to their role as a putative precursor lesion.

Topics: Adenoma; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biomarkers, Tumor; Calcium-Binding Proteins; Calponins; Female; Humans; Hyperplasia; Keratins; Male; Microfilament Proteins; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Neoplasms, Multiple Primary; Parotid Gland; Receptors, Steroid; S100 Proteins; Salivary Ducts; Salivary Gland Neoplasms; Submandibular Gland; Young Adult

Asthma is characterized by airway inflammation, smooth muscle hyperreactivity, and airway remodeling with excessive mucus production. The effect cytokines like interleukin (IL)-9 have on airway epithelia has been addressed using murine models of asthma, as well as transgenic and knockout mice. Though highly informative, differences exist between mouse and human airway epithelia, including cellular composition (e.g., Clara cells) and stem cell/plasticity capabilities. Therefore, to address cytokine effects on human airway epithelia, we have used a primary model system to ask whether IL-9 can alter cell fates of human airway epithelia. Here, we show that IL-9 has little effect on fully differentiated ciliated human airway epithelia. However, in the setting of airway injury repair, IL-9 results in goblet cell hyperplasia. A similar response was observed when the epithelium was exposed to IL-9 before it became fully differentiated. Moreover, exposure to IL-9 resulted in increased lysozyme and mucus production by the epithelia. Thus, a combination of IL-9 and mechanical injury can explain, in part, goblet cell hyperplasia that is evident in the lungs of individuals with asthma. These data suggest that interventions that limit airway epithelial damage, block IL-9, or modulate the repair process should result in decreased airway remodeling and prevent the chronic manifestations of this disease.

Topics: Biomarkers; Bronchi; Cell Differentiation; Cell Division; Cells, Cultured; Cilia; Epithelial Cells; Goblet Cells; Humans; Hyperplasia; Interleukin-13; Interleukin-9; Lectins; Mucus; Muramidase; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; Recombinant Proteins; Time Factors; Trachea

The skin is repeatedly exposed to solar UV radiation. Long-term photodamage is a consequence of cumulative UV radiation injury. Hence an examination of the repetitive effects of UV exposure is more likely to yield clues to the early alterations that lead to photoaged skin than a single exposure.. We examined the effects of repetitive low-dose UV irradiation on human skin with the aim of identifying UVA-induced effects that may have a different wavelength dependence than acute erythema.. Areas on the lower part of the back were each exposed to a suberythemal dose (0.5 minimal erythema dose [MED]) of solar simulated radiation (290 to 400 nm) and of UVA (320 to 400 nm) once daily, 5 days a week, for 28 doses. One site was also treated daily with a sunscreen having a sun protection factor of 22 and then exposed to 11 MEDs of solar simulated radiation for the same duration. Epidermal and dermal changes were analyzed and quantified by histochemical stains in combination with computer-assisted image analysis of tissue sections.. At equal 0.5 MED doses, UVA induced greater cumulative changes than solar simulated radiation, as assessed by development of a greater cumulative erythema response in the first week of treatment, the presence of epidermal hyperplasia and stratum corneum thickening, depletion of Langerhans cells, dermal inflammatory infiltrates, and deposition of lysozyme on elastin fibers. These changes were not prevented by the sunscreen. A single short-term dose of UVA did not elicit these changes.. These findings suggest that UVA may contribute significantly to long-term actinic damage and that the spectral dependence for cumulative damage does not parallel the action spectrum for acute injury (erythema) in human beings.

Topics: Adult; Biopsy; Epidermis; Erythema; Female; Histiocytes; Humans; Hyperplasia; Lymphocytes; Male; Mast Cells; Melanins; Muramidase; Radiation Dosage; Radiation Injuries; Skin; Sunscreening Agents; Time Factors; Ultraviolet Rays

Topics: Antigens, CD; Antigens, Differentiation; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; Biomarkers; Focal Infection; Giant Cells; Hyperplasia; Immunohistochemistry; Muramidase; Psoriasis; S100 Proteins; Tonsillitis

Tissues from five cases of angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia have been studied. All had the histological structure of the hyaline-vascular type of lesion; large numbers of very compact lymphoid follicles were distributed evenly throughout a highly vascular tissue. The follicles were characterized by their small size, a vascular poorly cellular and frequently hyalinized centre, and a 'tight' concentric mantle of small lymphocytes arranged in layers producing an 'onion-skin' appearance. The interfollicular tissue was characterized by the large numbers of small vessels mainly hyalinized capillaries and a few high endothelial venules and the presence of variable numbers of lymphocytes, plasma cells, immunocytes and immunoblasts. The immunoperoxidase method demonstrated polytypic cytoplasmic immunoglobulin in the small numbers of centroblasts and plasma cells within the follicle centres and in the plasma cells and immunocytes in the interfollicular tissue. Large numbers of suppressor T cells were present in the interfollicular areas and only scattered helper T cells were seen within the lymphocyte mantles. A strong reaction for factor VIII-related antigen was seen in the endothelium of the interfollicular high endothelial venules but only a weak reaction in the vessels in the follicle centres. A concentric distribution pattern of the dendritic reticulum cells was seen with the metalophil impregnation method of Marshall and with the enzyme histochemical methods for acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase and 5'-nucleotidase. This pattern differs from the zonal distribution of these cells seen in reactive lymphoid follicles. The nature and possible pathogenesis of AFLNH are discussed and contrasted with reactive hyperplasia.

Topics: 5'-Nucleotidase; Adult; Alkaline Phosphatase; Antigens; Factor VIII; Female; Humans; Hyperplasia; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunoglobulins; Immunologic Techniques; Lymph Nodes; Male; Muramidase; Naphthol AS D Esterase; Nucleotidases; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory; Transferrin; von Willebrand Factor

Spleen and portal lymphnode sections from 86 drug addicts submitted for medico-legal autopsy at the Institute of Forensic Medicine in Copenhagen in the year 1979 were studied together with tissue sections from 24 "normal" persons. In 70% of the drug addicts the spleen weight was more than 200 g, and in 71% portal lymphnode hyperplasia was found. Birefringent foreign material was found in spleen tissue of drug addicts in 72% and in portal lymphnode tissue in 44%. Signs of antigen stimulation in both spleen and portal lymphnode tissue evaluated by the number of germinal centre and plasma cells were found in more than 80% of the drug addicts compared with about 20% of the "normal" persons. The results were related to anamnestic information of duration of drug abuse, to the spleen weight, to the occurrence of birefringent material and to the liver changes. Examination of lysozyme and immunoglobulin containing cells using the indirect preoxidase technique was performed in a total of 72 cases of spleen tissue, 59 cases of portal lymphnode tissue from drug addicts, 24 cases of spleen tissue and 18 of portal lymphnode tissue from "normal" persons. Lysozyme, IgM and IgG containing cells were found significantly more often among drug addicts than "normal" persons. The results indicate that the splenomegalia and the portal lymphnode hyperplasia often found in drug addicts are caused by continuous antigen stimulation due to repeated injections of various antigens.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Female; Forensic Medicine; Humans; Hyperplasia; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin M; Liver; Lymph Nodes; Male; Muramidase; Retrospective Studies; Spleen; Substance-Related Disorders

The bone marrow biopsy specimens of 35 patients with benign and malignant erythroid hyperplasias were examined for the presence of hemoglobin A, hemoglobin F, muramidase (lysozyme), and transferrin, using an indirect immunoperoxidase method (PAP) on Zenker's-fixed paraffin-embedded bone marrow biopsy specimens and particles. Five cases of each of the following entities were studied: erythroleukemia and erythremic myelosis, acute granulocytic leukemia with maturation (FAB M2), polycythemia rubra vera, myeloproliferative syndrome in childhood, megaloblastic anemia (B12 and folate deficiency), erythroid hyperplasia (regenerating bone marrow and hemolytic anemia), and Ph' chromosome positive chronic granulocytic leukemia. Hemoglobin A was present in both the early and late erythroid precursors in all conditions. Hemoglobin F was the predominant hemoglobin in early erythroblasts of pernicious anemia and in both early and late erythroid elements in erythroleukemia and erythremic myelosis. Small quantities of hemoglobin F were present in a few isolated clusters in other conditions. Staining for hemoglobin F may be useful in identifying immature erythroid precursors and in distinguishing some cases of dysplastic erythroid hyperplasia from neoplasia. Additionally, these findings suggest that the maturational switch in hemoglobin synthesis operates with distinct pathways under different conditions.

Topics: Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Diseases; Fetal Hemoglobin; Hemoglobin A; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Hyperplasia; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Muramidase; Transferrin

The occurrence and pattern of cytoplasmic muramidase containing histiocytes were studied by the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase method in biopsy material from patients with Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, and reactive hyperplasia. The majority of lymph nodes from patients with Hodgkin's disease, nodular lymphoma, and reactive hyperplasia gave positive staining reactions when tested in this manner. Differences in the staining pattern were observed for the different conditions studied. In general, stain positive cells occurred in one of the following four patterns: nodular, dispersed, aggregating without background stain, or aggregating with background stain (mottling pattern). The nodular and aggregating without background stain patterns were not specific and were seen in various conditions. The dispersed pattern, however, was observed only in some cases of non-Hodgkin's diffuse lymphomas, suggesting a subgroup of tumors characterized by active participation of reactive histiocytes. The mottling pattern was virtually limited to Hodgkin's disease. Since the mottling pattern appeared to be produced by virtue of a large amount of extracellular muramidase, the elevation of the serum muramidase level in Hodgkin's disease may be related to enzymatically active secretory histiocytes. Moreover, the mottling staining pattern was observed frequently in the lymphocytic predominance and nodular sclerosis type of Hodgkin's disease, but relatively infrequently in the mixed cellularity or lymphocytic depletion types, suggesting that the variation in histiocytic activity may be related to the course of the disease. The decreased staining reaction observed in the latter two categories could not be accounted for by a decrease in the numbers of histiocytic cells in hematoxylin and eosin stained sections, suggesting that release or synthesis may be defective in those unfavorable types of Hodgkin's disease.

Topics: Cytoplasm; Histiocytes; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Hyperplasia; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Lymph Nodes; Lymphoma; Muramidase; Staining and Labeling

Topics: Animals; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Hyperplasia; Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains; Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains; Lymphoma; Lymphoma, Follicular; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Multiple Myeloma; Muramidase

Topics: Aged; Anemia, Sideroblastic; Ascorbic Acid; Autopsy; Blood Cell Count; Blood Transfusion; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Bone Marrow Examination; Erythrocytes; Erythropoiesis; Folic Acid; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Hyperplasia; Iron; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Middle Aged; Monocytes; Muramidase; Precancerous Conditions; Pyridoxine; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Bone Marrow Diseases; Hyperplasia; Muramidase; Rats