muramidase and Hodgkin-Disease

The discovery of cytosine arabinoside, and then the anthrocycline antibiotics, 6-thioguanine, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and other drugs, has added to the armamentarium of known effective agents. The use of combination chemotherapy, the recognition of the need during induction for virtual marrow aplasia to obtain a remission, and recognition of the predilection of the disease for the central nervous system requiring prophylaxis constitute major advances. The impediment to long-term survival is the lack of effective maintenance therapy.

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Agranulocytosis; Antineoplastic Agents; Cells, Cultured; Child; Child, Preschool; Chromosome Aberrations; Chromosome Disorders; Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Graft vs Host Reaction; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Infections; Leukemia; Leukocytosis; Male; Muramidase; Preleukemia; Thrombocytopenia; Uric Acid

Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Bone Neoplasms; Breast Neoplasms; Drug Tolerance; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Granulocytes; Hematopoiesis; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Leukemia; Lymphoma; Muramidase; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms

The aim of this work was to study the evolution of neutrophil functions in non-neutropenic cancer patients. Thirty non-neutropenic patients, median age 35 years (range 19-52), with solid tumors (n = 21) or lymphomas (n = 9) entered a phase I study of five days of s.c. (n = 24) or i.v. bolus (n = 6) lenograstim, recombinant human glycosylated granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rHuG-CSF Chugai-Rhône-Poulenc), with dose escalation from 1 to 40 micrograms/kg/day. Neutrophil functions were studied before lenograstim (D1) and 24 h after the last dose (D6). Granulocyte count rose in a significant way, and enzyme release, phagocytosis and bacterial killing were stimulated. All patients had improvement of at least one neutrophil function. Directed migration was depressed, although it was still in the normal range. These findings confirm that lenograstim is a potent activator of neutrophil functions in non-neutropenic cancer patients and may be useful as an adjunct to conventional antimicrobial therapy.

Topics: Adult; Cell Adhesion; Chemotaxis, Leukocyte; Female; Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; Granulocytes; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Lenograstim; Leukocyte Count; Leukocyte Elastase; Lymphoma; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine; Neoplasms; Neutrophils; Pancreatic Elastase; Phagocytosis; Recombinant Proteins

A subset of patients with advanced classical Hodgkin's lymphoma is refractory to standard therapies. Therefore, it is relevant to identify new biologically-based prognostic markers. Recently, tumor associated macrophages have been proposed as a factor that predicts survival, although contradictory results have also been reported. Here we analyzed four macrophage markers (CD68, CD163, LYZ, and STAT1) using immunohistochemistry and automated quantification, in two independent series of advanced classical Hodgkin's lymphoma (n=266 and 103 patients, respectively). Our results did not confirm that specific macrophage immunohistochemical markers could be used as surrogates for gene expression profiling studies. Survival analyses did not show correlation between CD163, LYZ or STAT1 and either failure-free or disease-specific survival. There was an association between CD68 and disease-specific survival, but it was not consistent in both series. In conclusion, individual tumor associated macrophage markers cannot be used to predict outcome before technical standardization and prospective validation in independent series of patients with comparable stages and treatments.

Topics: Adult; Antigens, CD; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; Biomarkers, Tumor; Female; Gene Expression; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Macrophages; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Predictive Value of Tests; Receptors, Cell Surface; Severity of Illness Index; STAT1 Transcription Factor; Survival Analysis

Patients treated for Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin lymphomas were followed for 5 years after start of therapy. The patients received combinations of anticancer drugs for curative intent for 6 months (Hodgkin's disease) or 7 months (non-Hodgkin lymphomas).. Cumulated data of 22 surviving patients (mean age, 49 years) were compared with that of 17 patients (mean age, 52 years) who had died or were terminally ill at the 5-year examination. Saliva samples were taken at baseline, and 4, 6, 12, and 60 months after start of chemotherapy. Salivary flow rate and a variety of biochemical constituents were analyzed.. The results showed no long-term effect of anticancer treatment on salivary flow rates. Neither was there any difference between the surviving or deceased patients' baseline values (1.5 +/- 0.7 mL/minute versus 1.5 +/- 0.8 mL/minute) and after chemotherapy. Lysozyme, IgA, IgG, and IgM concentrations decreased after chemotherapy. Significantly lower values were observed at the 5-year examination than at baseline. This was particularly evident in IgA, which is the major immunoglobulin in saliva; mean IgA was 70.5 +/- 52.8 mg/mL at baseline, 35.8 +/- 15.0 mg/mL 5 years later (p < 0.001). Salivary total protein and amylase concentrations were significantly decreased (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively), whereas albumin concentration was significantly increased at the 5-year examination (p < 0.05). When the salivary biochemical results were compared between the surviving and deceased patients, no statistically significant differences were observed. At baseline, however, the mean immunoglobulin values were lower in patients who later died, in comparison with those who survived.. These results showed that modern anticancer therapy need not cause severe side effects on salivary flow rates and composition. In addition, apart from the long-term immunosuppression, no significant decreases were expressed in salivary defensive factors.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Albumins; Amylases; Analysis of Variance; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Bleomycin; Cyclophosphamide; Dacarbazine; Dexamethasone; Doxorubicin; Epirubicin; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Immunoglobulin A, Secretory; Leucovorin; Lymphoma; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Male; Mechlorethamine; Methotrexate; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Prednisone; Procarbazine; Saliva; Salivary Proteins and Peptides; Secretory Rate; Statistics, Nonparametric; Vinblastine; Vincristine

Lysozyme activity was determined in undiluted and diluted sera of 41 patients suffered from Hodgkin's disease and of 40 healthy individuals. Blood was collected before chemotherapy, midway of its course, just after completion of chemotherapy and three weeks and three months later. Lysozyme activity was evidently increased as well in undiluted as in diluted sera in all our tested patients. These findings may be interpreted by the presence of immune complexes in sera which may stimulate the release of lysozyme from viable neutrophils. High activity in diluted sera probably is related to the increased concentration of lysozyme inhibitors. The applied chemotherapy did not significantly change the activity of the lysozyme during its course of even after its completion as found by three-month observation. The enhanced lysozyme activity in sera of patients may be at least in part to compensate decreased antibacterial and anticancer mechanisms.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Female; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Male; Mechlorethamine; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Prednisone; Procarbazine; Time Factors; Vincristine

A comparative study of large cell lymphoma (LCL) (ten B and ten T), Hodgkin's disease (15 cases), and true histiocytic lymphoma (two cases) was undertaken, using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections, a panel of eight antibodies, and one lectin to determine if any particular antibody or immunologic profile could reliably distinguish between these entities. The antibodies used were against Leu-M1, alpha-1-anti-chymotrypsin (alpha-ACT), alpha-anti-trypsin (alpha-AT), lysozyme, kappa, lambda, leukocyte common antigen (LCA), and S-100 protein. The lectin used was peanut agglutinin (PNA). Although Leu-M1 staining was positive in 11 of 15 cases (73%) of Hodgkin's disease, it was also positive in 4 of 10 cases (40%) of T-cell lymphoma, 2 of 10 cases (20%) of B-cell lymphoma, and 1 of 2 cases (50%) of true histiocytic lymphoma. Peanut-agglutinin staining results were similar to Leu-M1. The only staining profile that emerged was the presence of Leu-M1, PNA-, alpha-ACT, and alpha-AT staining in Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells in 11 of 15 cases of Hodgkin's disease. Leu-M1 and its staining pattern is characteristic, but not entirely specific for RS cells, and it was not positive in at least 25% of the cases of Hodgkin's disease in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. The limitations of this antibody and others should be recognized.

Topics: alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin; alpha 1-Antitrypsin; Antigens, Neoplasm; Histocompatibility Antigens; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Lectins; Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell; Leukocyte Common Antigens; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Muramidase; Peanut Agglutinin; S100 Proteins

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Blood Bactericidal Activity; Female; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Nitroblue Tetrazolium; Remission Induction; Tetrazolium Salts

Seven patients with Hodgkin's disease were studied for the presence of lysozyme and alpha-1-antitrypsin activity by immunoelectron microscopy. As a result, Reed-Sternberg cells, Hodgkin's cells, and atypical cells were distinctly positive for lysozyme in four cases and weakly positive in the remaining three cases. These cells were also positive for alpha-1-antitrypsin in all cases. Because the cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage also bore lysozyme and alpha-1-antitrypsin, it is suggested that Reed-Sternberg cells, Hodgkin's cells, and the atypical cells are derived from the monocyte-macrophage lineage.

Topics: alpha 1-Antitrypsin; Histocytochemistry; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Leukemia, Myeloid; Lymph Nodes; Lymphatic Diseases; Macrophages; Microscopy, Electron; Monocytes; Muramidase; Sarcoidosis; Tuberculosis

Transglutaminase activity in monocytes and serum lysozyme level were tested in 40 patients with Hodgkin's disease and were found to be significantly increased. Transglutaminase activity in monocytes from patients in a clinically active stage of the disease was higher than in clinically inactive cases of HD, and varied along with the histological subtypes. Serum lysozyme varied with the stage of the disease and with the symptomatology as well as with the histological subtype. The enzyme activities were higher before any treatment than after. A parallel increase of transglutaminase activity in monocytes and of serum lysozyme level suggests an elevated activity of the mononuclear phagocyte system in Hodgkin's disease.

Topics: Acyltransferases; Adult; Aged; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Lymphocytes; Middle Aged; Monocytes; Muramidase; Transglutaminases

Serum angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (S-ACE) is elevated in active sarcoidosis. In Hodgkin's disease (HD) there are few reports with different and contrasting results. We studied S-ACE in 23 healthy controls and in 18 untreated and unsplenectomized patients with HD. In the same cases we studied also serum lysozyme. Lysozyme concentration was significantly higher in HD patients compared with normal controls (p less than 0.01) and was independent of stage, systemic symptoms and presence of mediastinal involvement. S-ACE activity in HD patients was lower than in healthy controls, but not significantly. The correlation coefficient between the two enzymes showed that there was no significant correlation both in controls and in patients.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Female; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Neoplasm Staging; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; Splenectomy

The phenotypic characteristics of a cloned giant cell line, SU/RH-HD-1, established from the spleen of a patient with Hodgkin's disease were studied. The cells grew slowly, adhered to the culture vessel surface, and had an elongated, irregular shape. After trypsinization, they became spherical and measured 30-100 micron in diameter. Although most cells were mononuclear, binucleated and multinucleated cells could be identified in expanded cultures. The cells phagocytized latex and ink particles and were nonspecific esterase-positive, but they did not secrete lysozyme. They were Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen-negative, and their culture fluid supernatants were devoid of reverse transcriptase activity. Electron microscopy revealed cells with a pronounced smooth endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, some filaments, and mitochondria. Many 0.5- to 1.0-micron invaginations (pits) were seen along the cell membrane. Nucleoli were enlarged and prominent in the very heterochromatic nuclei. The SU/RH-HD-1 cells had 10- to 100-micron-long pseudopodia that were sometimes forked or branching, as well as multiple stress fibers. Electron microscopic appearance was suggestive of that of macrophages. This interpretation of the results was substantiated by monoclonal antibody studies, which revealed that the cells express antigenic determinants distinctive for cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage and by functional studies demonstrating that the cells are capable of specific antigen presentation to immune T-cells. The SU/RH-HD-1 cells were aneuploid and could be cloned, first in liquid culture by limiting dilution and later in semisolid medium. It was likely that the SU/RH-HD-1 cells were derived from the neoplastic giant cell population in Hodgkin's disease and that they originated from cells of the mononuclear phagocyte-reticulum cell lineage.

Topics: Animals; Cell Line; Child; Chromosome Banding; Clone Cells; Culture Techniques; DNA, Neoplasm; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Immunoglobulins; Lymphocyte Activation; Male; Mice; Mice, Nude; Muramidase; Neoplasm Transplantation; Phagocytosis; Phenotype; Spleen; T-Lymphocytes; Transplantation, Heterologous

Using the peroxidase antiperoxidase (PAP) method, lysozyme (LZM) was shown to exist in normal, reactive and neoplastic cells belonging to the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), but was not detected in histiocytosis X cells. Immunostaining for cytoplasmic LZM by the PAP method is useful for identification of mononuclear phagocytes and for diagnosis of the diseases in which these cells participate.

Topics: Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis; Histiocytes; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Inflammation; Leukemia, Myeloid; Lymphadenitis; Lymphatic Diseases; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Mononuclear Phagocyte System; Muramidase; Neoplasms

An immunoperoxidase study of 20 cases of Hodgkin's disease demonstrated universal staining of Reed Sternberg cells and their mononuclear variants for both kappa and lambda light chains and, in all but one case, for IgG. Staining for IgA and albumin was variable and for IgD and IgM uniformly negative. A double staining procedure using two different chromogens produced the paradoxical finding of both light chain types within the same cell, but these could only be demonstrated sequentially and not simultaneously, suggesting a blocking phenomenon. The above findings coupled with the demonstration of muramidase and/or alpha-1-antitrypsin in Reed-Sternberg cells and their mononuclear variants in all but two cases studied favor a histiocytic origin for these cells. This characteristic profile of results is also very helpful in distinguishing Hodgkin's disease from other neoplasms which mimic Hodgkin's disease because of the presence of Reed-Sternberg-like cells.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; alpha 1-Antitrypsin; Female; Histocytochemistry; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunoglobulin A; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains; Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Staining and Labeling

Complement-fixing and non-complement-fixing circulating immune complexes were determined in 42 previously untreated Hodgkin's disease patients by Pl.A.T., C1qB-ELISA and KgB tests. The functional status of the monocyte-macrophage system was evaluated by measuring the serum lysozyme levels. These parameters were then correlated with the patient's immunocompetence, as assessed by the percentage of E-rosette forming cells and the PHA response. The Pl.A.T. was positive in 35.7% patients, the KgB-test in 34.3% and the C1qB-ELISA in 19%. There was overlapping of positive results in 37.5% patients. No correlation was found between CIC levels and stage, unfavourable histology or B symptoms. The PHA response was significantly depressed in CIC + patients, as detected by the C1qB-ELISA technique (p less than 0.0025). The data on serum lysozyme offer an insight into the possible mechanism regulating serum levels of CICs in Hodgkin's disease. Two distinct situations seem to exist: in the first, high CIC levels are associated with normal or low serum lysozyme values (p versus normal controls: n.s.); in the second, serum lysozyme levels are high and CIC absent (p less than 0.005 versus control values). The lowest lysozyme levels are also associated with a depressed lymphocyte PHA response. It could, therefore, be concluded that, in Hodgkin's disease, the presence, or absence, of CICs is directly correlated to the degree of monocyte-macrophage clearance activity and that the host's immunocompetence plays an important role in the induction and/or maintenance of this functional defect.

Topics: Antigen-Antibody Complex; Complement Fixation Tests; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Lymphocyte Activation; Macrophages; Monocytes; Muramidase; Phytohemagglutinins

The in vivo effect of a calf thymus extract, thymostimulin, on the levels of circulating immune complexes (CIC) and serum lysozyme was evaluated in 32 patients with untreated Hodgkin's disease. Using the platelet aggregation test for detecting CICs, 12 patients (37%) had positive titers before thymostimulin treatment; 3 patients (10%) remained positive following therapy. Serum levels of Clq-binding immune complexes were evaluated (greater than 24.5 micrograms/ml) in 8 patients prior to thymostimulin therapy (mean value: 42.3 micrograms/ml); 3 patients continued to have elevated levels after treatment. Serum lysozyme levels for Hodgkin's patients was similar to control values (10.6 vs. 8.3 micrograms/ml); however, the Hodgkin's patients with initially elevated CICs had a lower serum lysozyme level than patients with initially normal CICs (12.9 vs. 7.3, p less than 0.02). Thymostimulin increased serum lysozyme levels in the Hodgkin's patients in whom the CICs were initially elevated (7.3 vs. 10.4 micrograms/ml, p less than 0.05). These data suggest that thymostimulin exerts an effect on the nonspecific immune system of Hodgkin's disease patients.

Topics: Animals; Antigen-Antibody Complex; Cattle; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Muramidase; Platelet Aggregation; Thymus Extracts

Five tests investigating different aspects of the nonspecific defense mechanisms including capillary tube random migration, particle ingestion activity, quantitative and histochemical nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction by polymorphonuclear neutrophils, and serum lysozyme concentrations were performed in 46 patients with Hodgkin's disease. The anomalies observed in the active stage of the disease consisted of a decreased random migration, a high level of serum lysozyme, and an increased nitroblue tetrazolium reduction by resting phagocytes associated with a decrease in nitroblue tetrazolium reduction by stimulated phagocytes. The particle ingestion activity was normal. The serum lysozyme assay was the only test observed to normalize in the group of patients in remission. Its determination, therefore, offers an additional means of evaluating disease activity.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Female; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Neutrophils; Nitroblue Tetrazolium; Phagocytosis

Topics: Adult; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Male; Muramidase

The occurrence and pattern of cytoplasmic muramidase containing histiocytes were studied by the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase method in biopsy material from patients with Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, and reactive hyperplasia. The majority of lymph nodes from patients with Hodgkin's disease, nodular lymphoma, and reactive hyperplasia gave positive staining reactions when tested in this manner. Differences in the staining pattern were observed for the different conditions studied. In general, stain positive cells occurred in one of the following four patterns: nodular, dispersed, aggregating without background stain, or aggregating with background stain (mottling pattern). The nodular and aggregating without background stain patterns were not specific and were seen in various conditions. The dispersed pattern, however, was observed only in some cases of non-Hodgkin's diffuse lymphomas, suggesting a subgroup of tumors characterized by active participation of reactive histiocytes. The mottling pattern was virtually limited to Hodgkin's disease. Since the mottling pattern appeared to be produced by virtue of a large amount of extracellular muramidase, the elevation of the serum muramidase level in Hodgkin's disease may be related to enzymatically active secretory histiocytes. Moreover, the mottling staining pattern was observed frequently in the lymphocytic predominance and nodular sclerosis type of Hodgkin's disease, but relatively infrequently in the mixed cellularity or lymphocytic depletion types, suggesting that the variation in histiocytic activity may be related to the course of the disease. The decreased staining reaction observed in the latter two categories could not be accounted for by a decrease in the numbers of histiocytic cells in hematoxylin and eosin stained sections, suggesting that release or synthesis may be defective in those unfavorable types of Hodgkin's disease.

Topics: Cytoplasm; Histiocytes; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Hyperplasia; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Lymph Nodes; Lymphoma; Muramidase; Staining and Labeling

The clinical presentation of 71 untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease was studied in relation to immunohistochemically demonstrable lysozyme in the lymph node biopsy material. Sixty-one patients (86%) showed a positive staining reaction of varying degree, while ten (14%) showed no demonstrable lysozyme. The clinical features of lysozyme-positive patients differed markedly from those of lysozyme-negative patients. Stain-positive patients were younger (29 vs. 46), were more often in clinical Stage I or II disease (69% vs. 10%, P less than 0.001), and less frequently had constitutional symptoms (34% vs. 70%, P less than 0.02). Moreover, within the stain-positive group, patients who had the most intense staining reaction (mottling pattern) also had the most favorable clinical and histopathologic features at the time of diagnosis. The observations suggest that in Hodgkin's disease the lysozyme secretory activity of macrophage-histiocytes may be an important element of host resistance to neoplasia and that a depression of this secretory activity corresponds with disseminated disease.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Histiocytes; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Lymph Nodes; Macrophages; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Neoplasm Staging; Staining and Labeling

Lysozyme positivity in lymph nodes from 33 patients with Hodgkin's disease was examined with an immunoperoxidase technique. Positive reactive histiocytes were found in 18 cases; in 7 cases lysozyme was found also in mononuclear Hodgkin cells and in 3 cases in both reactive histiocytes, mononuclear Hodgkin cells and Reed-Sternberg cells. There was no clear-cut correlation between cellular lysozyme positivity and such feature as histological type, clinical stage and plasma lysozyme. The findings support the theory that the malignant cell in Hodgkin's disease is derived from a lysozyme producing macrophage. The finding that lysozyme positivity was an inconstant feature may reflect both varying functional status of the macrophages and varying differentiation of Hodgkin cells. Increased plasma lysozyme in Hodgkin's disease may stem from both reactive histiocytes, mononuclear Hodgkin cells and Reed-Sternberg cells, but the major part is probably contributed by reactive histiocytes.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Eosinophils; Female; Fibroblasts; Histiocytes; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Lymph Nodes; Lymphocytes; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Neutrophils; Plasma Cells

In 30 adult patients with III and IV Hodgkin's disease the studies of granulocytic turnover were performed. Bone marrow storage pool was measured by hydrocortisone test. Total blood granulocyte pool was judged by the estimation of muramidase activity and serum unsaturated vitamin B12 binding capacity. The epinephrine test was used for the marginated granulocyte pool determination. The circulating granulocyte pool was calculated from the count of granulocytes in the samples of venous blood. The tissue mobilization of granulocytes was measured by Senn's et al. method. After hydrocortisone application the releasing of the mature granulocytes from the bone-marrow was significantly lower in patients with Hodgkin's disease than in controls. The circulating and marginated pools of granulocytes in Hodgkin's disease did not differ from the normal persons. The tissue migration of granulocytes was decreased in patients with Hodgkin's disease. It is concluded that these abnormalities of granulocytic turnover in advanced Hodgkin's disease may be considered to be an additional cause of the defence mechanism in this disease.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Bone Marrow Examination; Epinephrine; Female; Granulocytes; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Leukocyte Count; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Cells, Cultured; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Immunoglobulins; Microscopy, Electron; Muramidase

The clinical and laboratory features of 37 patients with variants of acute monocytic leukemia are described. Three of these 37 patients who had extensive extramedullary leukemic tissue infiltration are examples of true histiocytic "lymphomas." Three additional patients with undifferentiated leukemias, one patient with refractory anemia with excess of blasts, one patient with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, one patient with B-lymphocyte diffuse "histiocytic" lymphoma and one patient with "null" cell, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-positive lymphoblastic lymphoma had bone marrow cells with monocytic features. Another patient had dual populations of lymphoid and monocytoid leukemic cells. The true monocytic leukemias, acute monocytic leukemia (AMOL) and acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AMMOL), are closely related to acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) morphologically and by their response to chemotherapy. like AML, the leukemic cells from the AMMOL and AMOL patients form leukemic clusters in semisolid media. Cytochemical staining of leukemic cells for nonspecific esterases, presence of Fc receptor on the cell surface, phagocytic ability, low TdT activity, presence of surface "ruffles" and "ridges" on scanning EM, elevations of serum lysozyme, and clinical manifestations of leukemic tissue infiltration are features which accompanied monocytic differentiation in these cases.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Blood Cells; Bone Marrow; Female; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Middle Aged; Muramidase

Staphylococcal protein A conjugated to horseradish peroxidase was employed in an indirect immuno-staining technique to identify intracellular antigens in paraffin-embedded tissues. The sections were incubated with specific antisera and the antigen-IgG complexes demonstrated with protein A-peroxidase conjugate. Immunoglobulins, lysozyme and insulin were satisfactorily detected by this technique. A comparison of this method with the PAP, "labelled antigen" and peroxidase-labelled antibody sandwich techniques was made.

Topics: Antigens; Bone Marrow; Histocytochemistry; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunoglobulins; Insulin; Lymph Nodes; Multiple Myeloma; Muramidase; Pancreas; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Staphylococcal Protein A

Ultrastructural and immunohistologic findings in a nodular variant of Hodgkin's disease with lymphocytic predominance, called nodular paragranuloma, are presented and compared with those in so-called progressively transformed germinal centers. These are large follicles with numerous lymphocytes which can be found not only in nonspecific lymphadenitis, but also in lymph nodes from patients with nodular paragranuloma. The immunoperoxidase technique was applied on paraffin sections to detect intracytoplasmic immunoglobulin and lysozyme. The so-called L & H type Sternberg-Reed cells contained IgG and one type of light chain per cell, suggesting that such cells produce immunoglobulin. The ultrastructure of the L & H type Sternberg-Reed cells favored the immunoblastic nature of these cells. It is concluded that nodular paragranuloma differs from other types of Hodgkin's disease by its localization in B-cell areas and the presence of atypical B immunoblasts.

Topics: B-Lymphocytes; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulins; Lymphadenitis; Lymphocytes; Microscopy, Electron; Muramidase

Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity was studied in healthy controls, in 57 untreated sarcoidosis patients, and in 164 patients with other chest or lymph node diseases. The serum ACE activity of healthy persons was independent of sex, intake of meals, and smoking habits. There were no diurnal variations. Healthy children had a significantly higher ACE mean value than adults, whose ACE activity was not affected by age. The sarcoidosis patients had the highest ACE mean values, but those of patients with silicosis and asbestosis were also significantly elevated. Pulmonary cancer patients had decreased serum ACE activity, which was probably due to antimitotic treatment. Serum lysozyme (LZM) concentrations did not correlate with normal ACE activity, but the correlation between elevated ACE and LZM was significant in sarcoidosis and silicosis, and the trend was clearly the same for asbestosis. This indicates separate sources for these enzymes when ACE activity is normal, and a common source, i.e. macrophages, when ACE activity is increased. ACE production in certain diseases involving macrophages may be due to the bradykinin inhibiting effect of this enzyme.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic; Asbestosis; Bronchitis; Female; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Lung Diseases; Lung Neoplasms; Lymphatic Diseases; Lymphoma; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; Pneumonia; Pulmonary Fibrosis; Sarcoidosis; Silicosis; Thoracic Neoplasms; Tuberculosis, Lymph Node; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Lymph node and peripheral blood lymphocytes in a case of Hodgkin's disease (mixed cellularity) were studied using May-Grünwald-Giemsa (MGG), acid naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE), immunoperoxidase staining and lymphocyte surface markers, autoradiographic, and lymphocyte stimulation techniques. According to MGG staining and autoradiographic studies of lymph, node cells, small lymphocytes, intermediate lymphoid cells, and large mononuclear cells resembling in-vitro stimulated immunoblasts, Hodgkin's cells and Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells formed a morphologically continuous DNA synthetizing series. A large majority of small lymphocytes from a lymph node were ANAE positive, thus being T-lymphocytes, and formed rosetts around large mononuclear cells and RS cells. Most RS and large mononuclear cells had ANAE positive spots in the cytoplasm, thus resembling T-lymphocytes more than diffusely staining monocytes. These cells did not contain cytoplasmic immunoglobulin and were muramidase negative. Both lymph node and peripheral blood lymphocytes responded strongly to PHA. The role of T-lymphocytes in Hodgkin's disease and the origin of RS cells are are discussed on the basis of the findings.

Topics: Adult; Autoradiography; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; Cytoplasm; DNA, Neoplasm; Female; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Lymph Nodes; Lymphocyte Activation; Lymphocytes; Muramidase; Naphthol AS D Esterase; Phytohemagglutinins; Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell

Plasma lysozyme levels were studied in 42 patients with Hodgkin's disease and were found significantly increased. Plasma lysozyme varied with the stage of the disease and with symptoms, but did not correlate with the histological subtype or with blood neutrophil and monocyte counts. Serial measurements in four patients on MOPP treatment showed a rapid decrease following treatment. The increased plasma lysozyme in Hodgkin's disease stems most likely from the macrophage system, either because the macrophages are hyperactive and/or because the malignant cell in Hodgkin's disease is of macrophage origin.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antineoplastic Agents; Child; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Leukocyte Count; Macrophages; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Neutrophils

Topics: Ceruloplasmin; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Copper; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Male; Muramidase; Sex Factors

Topics: Albumins; Antigens; Chymotrypsin; Cytoplasm; Histocytochemistry; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunoglobulin alpha-Chains; Immunoglobulin delta-Chains; Immunoglobulin gamma-Chains; Immunoglobulin mu-Chains; Immunoglobulins; Muramidase; Plasma Cells

Phagocytosis by Sternberg-Reed cells is a rare phenomenon. A case of nodular sclerosis type of Hodgkin's disease with large numbers of apparently vital lymphocytes in the cytoplasm of the Sternberg-Reed cells is described in this paper. The question whether this feature is the result of phagocytosis or emperipolesis is discussed.

Topics: Biopsy; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Lymph Nodes; Lymphocytes; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Phagocytosis

A series of 55 biopsies from different types of malignant lymphomas were characterized in short-term culture experiments and during prolonged growth in vitro. The majority of the lymphocytic lymphomas and half of the histiocytic lymphomas expressed surface immunoglobulin, either in monoclonal or polyclonal form, indicating B-lymphocyte derivation. No lysozyme production was noted in either type of lymphoma, giving further support to the notion that histiocytic lymphomas are not truly histiocytic. Production of beta2-microglobulin was higher in histiocytic than in lymphocytic lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease but did not significantly differ from the production observed in non-neoplastic lymph node disorders. Incorporation of 3H-thymidine varied greatly within each category of lymphoma; the highest mean labelling index was noted in histiocytic lymphoma, possibly reflecting the generally more malignant course in such cases. Epstein-Barr virus-associated nuclear antigen was observed in one case of Hodgkin's disease. Attempts to establish permanent tumor cell lines were successful only from two explants of lymphocytic lymphoma and one pleural effusion from histiocytic lymphoma. The two cell lines derived from lymphocytic lymphomas both exhibited B-lymphocyte characteristics. The histiocytic lymphoma line lacked lymphocyte markers, produced lysozyme and was found to be rich in cytoplasmic esterases. These features are consistent with a "true" histiocytic derivation of this line. Lymphoblastoid cell lines representing non-neoplastic EBV-carrying lymphocytes contaminating the biopsies were derived from 19 biopsies, with the highest frequency noted in cultures of biopsies from Hodgkin's disease. The tumor lines were all EBV-genome negative.

Topics: Antigens, Viral; beta 2-Microglobulin; Biopsy; Cell Line; Cells, Cultured; DNA, Neoplasm; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Lymphoma; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Muramidase; Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell

Cells from the involved spleens of 25 patients with Hodgkin's disease have been grown in long-term culture and compared with normal spleen macrophage cultures from control cases. The Hodgkin's spleen cell culture contained mono-, bi-, and multi-nucleate giant cells, many closely resembling Sternberg-Reed cells, which were adherent, phagocytically active and neoplastic by the dual criteria of aneuploidy and heterotransplantability. Lysozyme secretion was consistently observed in all Hodgkin's cultures tested. The giant cells possessed both Fc and complement (c3b) receptors, and lacked lymphocyte markers such as (c3b) receptors, surface IgM, and the capacity to form E-rosettes. Binucleate and multinucleate cells, as well as mononuclears, were capable of active DNA synthesis, and binuclear mitotic figures were observed. It is concluded that these cells are the in vitro descendants of the Sternberg-Reed and Hodgkin neoplastic cell population, and that they are derived from macrophages or closely related cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system.

Topics: Animals; Autoradiography; Cell Line; Cells, Cultured; Chromosomes; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Macrophages; Mice; Mice, Nude; Muramidase; Phagocytosis; Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell; Spleen

Topics: Animals; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Hyperplasia; Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains; Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains; Lymphoma; Lymphoma, Follicular; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Multiple Myeloma; Muramidase

Intracellular lysozyme concentration was measured in neutrophilic granulocytes from 25 patients with multiple myeloma. At diagnosis intraneutrophil lysozyme activity was significantly reduced (mean reduction 50%). During clinical remission after 1-4 months of intensive chemotherapy values were normalized. In 18 cases studied at various stages of the disease from 6 to 70 months after diagnosis there was a significant negative correlation between the duration of the disease and neutrophil lysozyme concentration. The decrease in neutrophil lysozyme concentration was significantly correlated to clinical disease activity and the percentage of plasma cells in bone marrow aspirates, whereas there was no correlation between the concentration of M-protein in serum and the neutrophil lysozyme concentration. Plasma lysozyme concentration was normal. In contrast, neutrophil lysozyme concentration was normal in 18 patients with stage III-IV malignant lymphoma. Plasma lysozyme in this group was significantly higher than normal. The difference in neutrophil lysozyme patterns between multiple myeloma and malignant lymphoma supports the hypothesis that the defect in neutrophil maturation seen in malignant blood disorders is directly related to the infiltration of the bone marrow by pathologic cells.

Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Bone Marrow Cells; Cell Division; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Leukocyte Count; Leukocytes; Multiple Myeloma; Muramidase; Myeloma Proteins; Neutrophils

Infusion of cycloheximide i.v., an antibiotic known to inhibit synthesis of protein, at a rate of 0.2 mg/kg/hr, reliably caused lysis of fever in 15 chronically febrile patients with Hodgkin's disease who did not have detectable bacterial, fungal, or viral infection. Antipyretic effects were also seen in some patients with reticulum cell sarcoma, lymphosarcoma, acute leukemia, histiocytic medullary reticulosis, plasma cell myeloma, carcinoma of the lung, and carcinoma of the cervix. The drug failed to produce defervescence in four patients with normal granulocyte reserves, who were febrile due to bacterial infection. When infused at a rate of 0.2 mg/kg/hr, the drug apparently caused an acute alteration of protein metabolism in man in that plasma amino acid nitrogen rose acutely while plasma levels of muramidase and ribonuclease fell during the period of the infusion. The data suggest that continuing synthesis of protein may be involved in nonbacterial fever of neoplastic disease. Mammalian granulocytes and monocytes are known to elaborate a pyrogenic protein following appropriate stimulation; it is suggested that in some types of neoplastic disease, particularly Hodgkin's disease, tumor cells may produce and release a pyrogenic protein and that drug-induced inhibition of its synthesis is responsible for the observed lysis of fever.

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Cycloheximide; Female; Fever; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Leukemia; Lung Neoplasms; Lymphatic Diseases; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Multiple Myeloma; Muramidase; Neoplasm Proteins; Neoplasms; Nitrogen; Ribonucleases; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Female; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Muramidase

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Diabetes Mellitus; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Muramidase

Topics: Adult; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Blood Sedimentation; Ceruloplasmin; Copper; Female; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Iron; Leukocytes; Magnesium; Male; Muramidase; Recurrence

Topics: Alkaline Phosphatase; Blood Sedimentation; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Leukocyte Count; Leukocytes; Muramidase; Prognosis

Topics: Candida; Candidiasis; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Leukemia; Leukocytes; Lymphoma; Multiple Myeloma; Muramidase; Neoplasms; Neutrophils; Peroxidases; Phagocytosis; Polycythemia Vera

Topics: Adult; Bone Marrow Examination; Densitometry; Female; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Leukocytes; Male; Methods; Muramidase; Spectrophotometry

Topics: Adult; Anemia, Aplastic; Child; Hematologic Diseases; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Leukemia; Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Leukemoid Reaction; Lymphoma; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Multiple Myeloma; Muramidase; Mycosis Fungoides; Myeloproliferative Disorders; Polycythemia Vera

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Bacteria; Bacteriological Techniques; Blood Cells; Culture Media; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Ethambutol; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Leukemia; Lymphoma; Muramidase; Neoplasms; Staining and Labeling