muramidase and Granuloma

A 65-year-old man was diagnosed with systemic sclerosis on the basis of skin thickening and positivity of anti-Scl-70 antibodies. Because myogenic enzymes, such as creatinine phosphokinase and aldorase, were also elevated, myopathy or myositis associated with systemic sclerosis was considered. Muscle magnetic resonance imaging and gallium scintigraphy did not show abnormalities. Findings of muscle biopsy demonstrated presence of noncaseating granulomas with multinucleated giant cells. In addition, serum angiotensin-converting enzyme and lysozyme were elevated, and therefore a diagnosis of sarcoid myopathy was made. Further, renal sarcoidosis was revealed with renal biopsy. Prednisolone (40 mg/day) improved both the myopathy and nephritis. Sarcoid myopathy is a rare condition, but it should be considered when myogenic enzymes are elevated in the patient with systemic sclerosis. Further, muscle biopsy may be essential to make an accurate diagnosis in such condition.

Topics: Aged; Biopsy; Giant Cells; Granuloma; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Male; Muramidase; Muscle, Skeletal; Muscular Diseases; Prednisolone; Renin; Sarcoidosis; Scleroderma, Systemic; Treatment Outcome

Topics: Alkaline Phosphatase; Antigen-Antibody Complex; Blood Bactericidal Activity; Chemotaxis; Complement System Proteins; Cytoplasmic Granules; Deoxyribonucleases; Erythrocytes; Escherichia coli; Glucuronidase; Granuloma; Humans; Inflammation; Leukocytes; Lysosomes; Macrophages; Monocytes; Muramidase; Neutrophils; Opsonin Proteins; Organoids; Phagocytosis; Ribonucleases

Topics: Chronic Disease; Granuloma; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Infections; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Lymphadenitis; Lysosomes; Muramidase; Neutrophils; Peroxidases

A 41-year-old man presented with itching of the skin surrounding his tattoos, blurred vision, fever, general fatigue, and arthralgia. Physical examination revealed skin bulges confined to the tattoo ink lines. Histological analyses of the skin revealed non-caseating granulomas surrounding the tattoo inks. Together with other clinical manifestations including uveitis, lymph nodes swelling, and elevated serum angiotensin-converting enzyme and lysozyme, he was diagnosed with systemic sarcoidosis. The administration of prednisolone alleviated the sarcoidosis-related symptoms, including skin changes. This case illustrates that skin changes on tattoos can be a presenting manifestation of systemic sarcoidosis and that skin biopsy is useful in early diagnosis.

Topics: Adult; Biopsy; Granuloma; Humans; Male; Muramidase; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; Pruritus; Sarcoidosis; Skin; Tattooing; Uveitis

We examined a 22-year-old woman who was admitted to our hospital with abdominal distention. At 19 years of age, the patient presented with hepatosplenomegaly. She was examined several times in another hospital; however, the cause was unidentified. Our evaluation showed severe pancytopenia and a spleen 13×24 cm in size. The serum levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme and lysozyme were elevated. She was diagnosed with liver sarcoidosis based on non-caseating epithelioid granuloma in liver biopsy tissue. To improve the symptoms, splenectomy was performed, and her pancytopenia and symptoms improved. Sarcoidosis should be considered in cases of massive splenomegaly.

Topics: Biopsy; Female; Granuloma; Humans; Muramidase; Pancytopenia; Sarcoidosis; Spleen; Splenomegaly; Young Adult

CD4(+) T cells are central in mediating granuloma formation and limiting growth and dissemination of mycobacterial infections. To determine whether T cells responding to influenza infection can interact with T cells responding to Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) infection and disrupt granuloma formation, we infected mice containing two monoclonal T cell populations specific for the model Ags pigeon cytochrome c (PCC) and hen egg lysozyme (HEL). These mice were chronically infected with PCC epitope-tagged BCG (PCC-BCG) and acutely infected with HEL epitope-tagged influenza virus (HEL-flu). In these mice, PCC-BCG infection is much more abundant in the liver than the lung, whereas HEL-flu infection is localized to the lung. We observe that both T cells have access to both inflammatory sites, but that PCC-specific T cells dominate the PCC-BCG inflammatory site in the liver, whereas HEL-specific T cells dominate the HEL-flu inflammatory site in the lung. Influenza infection, in the absence of an influenza-specific T cell response, is able to increase the activation state and IFN-gamma secretion of PCC-BCG-specific T cells in the granuloma. Activation of HEL-specific T cells allows them to secrete IFN-gamma and contribute to protection in the granuloma. Ultimately, infection with influenza has little effect on bacterial load, and bacteria do not disseminate. In summary, these data illustrate complex interactions between T cell responses to infectious agents that can affect effector responses to pathogens.

Topics: Animals; Antigens; Cell Communication; Chickens; Clone Cells; Columbidae; Cytochromes c; Granuloma; Humans; Immunity; Influenza, Human; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Muramidase; Mycobacterium bovis; T-Lymphocytes; Tuberculosis

Recent studies indicated that the nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH) oxidase-derived oxygen radicals plays a deleterious role in arthritis. To study this in more detail, gonarthritis was induced in NADPH oxidase-deficient mice. Mice received an intraarticular injection of either zymosan, to elicit an irritant-induced inflammation, or poly-L-lysine coupled lysozyme, to evoke an immune-complex mediated inflammation in passively immunized mice. In contrast to wild-type mice, arthritis elicited in both p47phox(-/-) and gp91(-/-) mice showed more severe joint inflammation, which developed into a granulomatous synovitis. Treatment with either Zileuton or cobra venom factor showed that the chemokines LTB4 and complement C3 were not the driving force behind the aggravated inflammation in these mice. Arthritic NADPH oxidase-deficient mice showed irreversible cartilage damage as judged by the enhanced aggrecan VDIPEN expression, and chondrocyte death. Furthermore, only in the absence of NADPH oxidase-derived oxygen radicals, the arthritic joints showed osteoclast-like cells, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive/multinucleated cells, extensive bone erosion, and osteolysis. The enhanced synovial gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1alpha, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3, MMP-9 and receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) might contribute to the aggravated arthritis in the NADPH oxidase-deficient mice. This showed that the involvement of NADPH oxidase in arthritis is probably far more complex and that oxygen radicals might also be important in controlling disease severity, and reducing joint inflammation and connective tissue damage.

Topics: Animals; Arthritis; Arthrography; Cartilage, Articular; Connective Tissue; Drug Combinations; Granuloma; Immunization, Passive; Injections, Intra-Articular; Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; Interleukin-1; Knee Joint; Matrix Metalloproteinases; Membrane Glycoproteins; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Muramidase; NADPH Oxidase 2; NADPH Oxidases; Phosphoproteins; Polylysine; RNA, Messenger; Sialoglycoproteins; Synovial Membrane; Synovitis; Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases; Zymosan

Class A scavenger receptors (SR-A) have several proposed functions that could impact atherosclerosis and inflammatory processes. To define the function of SR-A in vivo, we created C57BL/6 transgenic mice that expressed bovine SR-A under the control of the restricted macrophage promoter, lysozyme (lyso-bSR-A). bSR-A mRNA was present in cultured peritoneal macrophages of transgenic mice and tissues that contain significant macrophages including spleen, lung, and ileum. Functional overexpression of SR-A was demonstrated in peritoneal macrophages both by augmented cholesterol ester deposition in response to AcLDL and enhanced adhesion in transgenic mice compared with nontransgenic littermates. To determine whether macrophage-specific expression of bSR-A regulated inflammatory responses, granulomas were generated by subcutaneous injection of carrageenan. Granuloma size was significantly increased in lyso-bSR-A transgenic mice compared with wild-type littermates [421 +/- 51 mg (n = 11) vs. 127 +/- 22 mg (n = 10), P < 0.001]. However, the larger granulomas in lyso-bSR-A transgenic mice were only associated with an increase in unesterified cholesterol, and not cholesterol esters. Furthermore, granulomas from transgenic mice had an increase in the number of macrophages within the tissue.Therefore, macrophage expression of bSR-A increased presence of this cell type in granulomas without enhancing the deposition of cholesterol esters, consistent with a role of the adhesive property of the protein.

Topics: Animals; Carrageenan; Cholesterol; Disease Models, Animal; Gene Expression; Granuloma; Inflammation; Lipoproteins, LDL; Macrophages, Peritoneal; Membrane Proteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Muramidase; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Receptors, Immunologic; Receptors, Lipoprotein; Receptors, Scavenger; Scavenger Receptors, Class A; Scavenger Receptors, Class B

In previous studies we have found lung granulomas in pigs on long-term soybean-based total parenteral nutrition (TPN). In the present study we have investigated activities and membrane lipids of cells known to participate in a granulomatous process. Pigs were given TPN with soybean emulsion for 7 weeks, controls were given saline intravenously and consumed a similar caloric load in a standard oral diet. Spontaneous nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction increased 204% in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNC) from TPN animals compared to controls (p < 0.05), and 161% (p = 0.05) in alveolar macrophages. The spontaneous lymphocyte mitogen response (LMR) rate in MNC increased 299% (p < 0.05). Endotoxin-stimulated procoagulant activity in MNC tended to increase in TPN animals. Acid phosphatase and lysozyme production in alveolar macrophages were not significantly changed. The serum neopterin level at the end of the observation was 7.0 nmol l-1 in TPN animals compared to 3.9 nmol l-1 in controls (p < 0.01), while interleukin-1 and tumour necrosis factor were not detectable. These findings indicated in vivo activation of peripheral blood monocytes, lymphocytes and alveolar macrophages in pigs on TPN. The membrane lipid contents of linoleic acid (18:2, n-6) increased, while arachidonic acid (20:4, n-6) tended to decrease both in MNC and lung tissue. Thus, linoleic acid conversion did not lead to accumulation of arachidonate in the cell membranes. Direct effects on monocytes, lymphocytes and alveolar macrophages of TPN particles, and altered cell membrane function, due to linoleic acid enrichment, are tentative explanations for the raised cell responses. Such cell activation may have contributed to the formation of granulomas.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Biopterins; Blood Coagulation Factors; Cytokines; Endotoxins; Fatty Acids; Glycine max; Granuloma; Lung; Lymphocyte Activation; Macrophage Activation; Macrophages, Alveolar; Membrane Lipids; Monocytes; Muramidase; Neopterin; Nitroblue Tetrazolium; Parenteral Nutrition; Phospholipids; Swine

The clinicopathological and immunohistochemical features of four patients with systemic multicentric reticulohistiocytosis (MR) were compared with five cases of solitary and one case of multiple reticulohistiocytoma (RH), which were confined to the skin only. The MR cases mostly affected the limbs of older women, while RH affected young male adults without preference to site. Characteristically, both entities consisted of oncocytic mononuclear histiocytes (with granular eosinophilic cytoplasm similar to oncocytic thyroid cells) and multinucleated histiocytes with a ground-glass appearance, which appeared to be much larger (> 200 microns) and bizarre in cases of RH compared with cases of MR (50-100 microns). In RH a variable number of vacuolated, spindle-shaped, and xanthomatized mononuclear histiocytes were also present. Immunohistochemical profiles showed positivity of mononuclear histiocytes with HHF35, factor XIIIa, and LN3 (HLA-DR), with a variable number of multinucleated histiocytes in RH showing binding with peanut agglutinin. In mono- and multinucleated histiocytes in both entities macrophage markers KP1 (CD68), KiM1P, HAM56, lysozyme, and alpha 1-antitrypsin were positive. However, macrophage markers MAC387 (L1 antigen) and Leu-M1 (CD15) were negative. Vimentin was universally positive in both conditions, with all other markers (S100, desmin, smooth muscle-specific actin, and QBEnd 10 [CD34]) negative. This study shows that histology supplemented by immunocytochemistry delineates MR from RH and immunohistochemical profiles indicate a cell lineage relationship between RH and adult xanthogranuloma.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; alpha 1-Antitrypsin; Cell Nucleus; Child; Child, Preschool; Cytoplasm; Female; Granuloma; Histiocytes; Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell; Histiocytosis, Non-Langerhans-Cell; HLA-DR Antigens; Humans; Immunophenotyping; Macrophages; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Skin Diseases; Transglutaminases; Vimentin; Xanthomatosis

Topics: Adult; Agammaglobulinemia; Biomarkers; Carboxylesterase; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; Epithelium; Female; Fibroblasts; Granuloma; Humans; Hypersplenism; Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes; Macrophages; Muramidase; Organ Size; Spleen; Splenectomy; Splenic Diseases

Hyaline globules (HG) were detected in 51 of 54 Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) lesions (94.4%), including all four non-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases of cutaneous KS in this group of cases. Thus, there was no correlation between the presence of HG and the presence or absence of AIDS, nor could we demonstrate any relationship between the presence or prominence of HG and either the histologic pattern or anatomical distribution of KS. HG were located mainly in the cytoplasm of perivascular cells, histiocytoid cells, and spindle-shaped cells and occasionally in endothelial cells lining vessels or slit-like spaces. Extracellular HG were also seen. HG stained positively with periodic acid-Schiff with and without diastase digestion and with phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin. HG were immunohistochemically negative for alpha 1-antitrypsin, alpha 1-antichymotrypsin, lysozyme, and Factor VIII-related antigen, but the cells containing HG were often positive for alpha 1-antichymotrypsin and occasionally for alpha 1-antitrypsin and Factor VIII-related antigen. HG were also detected in five of six angiosarcomas, two of ten pyogenic granulomas, and seven of 32 inflammatory granulation tissues. These were immunohistochemically similar to HG in KS. Thus, HG are not specific for KS. We support the interpretation that HG are most likely digested erythrocytes.

Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin; alpha 1-Antitrypsin; Female; Granulation Tissue; Granuloma; Hemangiosarcoma; Humans; Hyalin; Immunohistochemistry; Inclusion Bodies; Male; Muramidase; Sarcoma, Kaposi; von Willebrand Factor

Foreign-body (dextran beads) and hypersensitivity (antigen-coupled agarose beads) lung granulomas were induced in BALB/c mice by the intratracheal injection of beads. Large granulomas developed, which reached peak intensity within 3 days and declined in size thereafter. Aqueous extracts of both granulomas contained high levels of lysosomal enzymes N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and lysozyme. Lysosomal enzyme activities in the extracts correlated with granuloma sizes. Dispersed granuloma cells were able to produce these enzymes. These results suggest that lysosomal enzymes may reflect the activity/size of granulomatous inflammation.

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Dextrans; Drug Hypersensitivity; Granuloma; Lung Diseases; Lysosomes; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Muramidase; Time Factors

Immunohistochemically, the presence of lysozyme (LZ) has been detected by the antibody against human LZ in cytoplasm of cells from granulomatous and histiocyte-proliferative skin diseases. To detect LZ in these cells morphologically, I have done electron microscopic observations of the following skin diseases; sarcoidosis, lupus vulgaris, lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei (LMDF), tattoo granuloma, lichen nitidus, foreign body granuloma, granuloma annulare, xanthelasma, xanthoma tuberosum, xanthoma planum, juvenile xanthogranuloma, giant cell tumor of tendon sheath, dermatofibroma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, granulation tissue of burn, hypertrophic scar, and histiocytosis X. From both the immunohistochemical and the electron microscopic features it was concluded that a) immunohistochemically LZ-positive cells from lesions of sarcoidosis, lupus vulgaris, LMDF and tattoo granuloma had a number of electron-lucent bodies (ELB) or microvesicles in their cytoplasm, b) lichen nitidus and xanthoma tuberosum had few LZ-positive cells and the ELB were not observed, and c) the other diseases were LZ-negative, and the ELB were also absent. It is suggested that LZ is present in the ELB which are observed electron microscopically.

Topics: Granuloma; Histiocytes; Histiocytic Sarcoma; Histiocytoma, Benign Fibrous; Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Microscopy, Electron; Muramidase; Skin Diseases; Skin Neoplasms

An extremely rare solitary mast cell tumor of the lung was studied histologically, immunohistochemically, and ultrastructurally. The histologic features of the tumor included nodular growth of well-differentiated mast cells and clear cells with no granules. The current case is the third case of a solitary mast cell tumor (granuloma) of the lung in the literature. Clinicopathologic features of this tumor are compared with the other two cases reported previously in the international literature, and the nature of the clear cells is discussed.

Topics: alpha 1-Antitrypsin; Antigens, Neoplasm; Apoproteins; Diagnosis, Differential; Granuloma; Humans; Keratins; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Mast Cells; Mast-Cell Sarcoma; Membrane Glycoproteins; Middle Aged; Mucin-1; Muramidase; Neoplasm Proteins; Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Proteins; Pulmonary Surfactants

The injection of polyacrylamide gel (Bio Gel P-4, 200-400 mesh) into the subcutaneous area of mice, induced an inflammatory reaction which was characterized by the migration of leukocytes (mainly neutrophils) from the blood vessels towards the polyacrylamide gel. A rapid protein accumulation was observed during the migration of cells towards the inflamed site. Neutrophils released some pro-inflammatory lipids (prostaglandins, leukotriene B4) and lysozyme, these products were assayed in the granuloma exudate at various times of the granuloma formation. In our experimental inflammatory model, the results suggest that neutrophils that are attracted by the polyacrylamide gel produce eicosanoids and lysozyme, which could act synergistically to potentiate cell migration and protein accumulation in the inflamed site.

Topics: Acrylic Resins; Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Arachidonic Acids; Cell Count; Granuloma; Leukotriene B4; Male; Mice; Muramidase; Prostaglandins; Proteins

Focally aggregated epithelioid cells and granulomatous epithelioid cell reactions of different genesis were investigated immunohistochemically by means of PAP method according to Sternberger. We studied the presence of histiocytic markers lysozyme and alpha 1-antichymotrypsin, the content of albumin and of immunoglobulins and the question of immunophagocytosis and the presence of fibronectin. Various forms of activation of epithelioid cells as well as histiocytes and Langhans giant cells were found thereby. In the former, a phagocytosis could never be demonstrated, whereas this was true in histiocytes and giant cells. Fibronectin was not found in epithelioid cells. The findings suggest that epithelioid cells are a specific form of reaction of histiocytic elements. Thus they are a special reaction of MPS in a multiple causal genesis and a morphogenesis according to its own characteristics within a hypersensitivity reaction of a delayed type. Epithelioid cells modulate the immune response and in this way the tissue reaction.

Topics: Albumins; alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin; Fibronectins; Granuloma; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunoglobulins; Immunohistochemistry; Lymph Nodes; Lymphoma; Muramidase; Phagocytes; Phagocytosis; Sarcoidosis; Tuberculoma; Tuberculosis, Lymph Node

The number and distribution of lysozyme and S100 immunoreactive cells were analyzed in ten cases of lymph node sarcoidosis. Three phases of granuloma development could be differentiated, each showing a typical immunohistological pattern. The early small granulomas consisted of lys- or very weakly lys+ mononuclear phagocytes and developed within an area of focalized accumulation of S100+ antigen-presenting cells. The mature large granulomas were composed of polygonal epithelioid cells with abundant cytoplasm showing very strong granular lysozyme positivity. S100+ cells could still be observed, mainly around the granulomas, but in diminished number. In the final fibrozing phase the epithelioid cells lost their lysozyme immunoreactivity and no S100+ antigen-presenting cells were present within or around the granulomas. In one patient granulomas with central necrosis and palisading, lys- epithelioid cells were also observed, possibly representing a different microenvironment (antigen/antibody equilibrium?). The change in the pattern and number of lysozyme and S100 immunoreactive cells probably reflects the development of the granulomas and is related to the activity of the disease.

Topics: Epithelium; Granuloma; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Lymph Nodes; Lymphatic Diseases; Muramidase; Necrosis; S100 Proteins; Sarcoidosis; Staining and Labeling

Activities of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), other proteinases, and eosinophil chemotactic factor (ECF-G) are known to be elevated in hepatic hypersensitivity granulomas of thymus intact (nu/+) mice after Schistosoma mansoni infection. The enzyme activities also increase, but to a lesser degree in hepatic granulomas of athymic nude (nu/nu) mice, and ECF-G is not detectable. In this study isolated hepatic granulomas from nu/+ mice were grafted into the skin of uninfected nu/nu mice, and changes in those cellular functions were determined to examine whether the newly formed granulomas by recipient nu/nu cells acquire the functional activities as well as the histological appearance of nu/+ granulomas. ACE and ECF-G rapidly disappeared from grafted sites during the first 5 days, corresponding to loss of nu/+ cells from the graft. Reduction in activities of arylsulfatases, lysozyme, and acid phosphatase also occurred, but to a lesser extent. Recovery of ACE and ECF-G activities to the levels seen in nu/+ hepatic granulomas was observed by 14 days after grafting when nu/nu cells had accumulated in the grafts and formed new granulomas. Other enzymes increased to approximately half the levels seen in grafted donor granulomas. Circulating eosinophilia also increased. The findings indicate that nu/nu cells that accumulated in the skin grafts not only morphologically mimicked nu/+ type granulomas but also demonstrated nu/+ levels of cellular function. Analysis of skin granulomas developing in nu/+ mice after grafting of nu/+ hepatic granulomas showed the similar histology and enzymatic changes, whereas the skin sites inoculated with purified schistosome eggs alone caused neither significant histological changes nor elevation of ACE activity.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Enzyme Induction; Eosinophils; Granuloma; Leukocyte Count; Lymphokines; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Nude; Muramidase; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; Thymus Gland

Two cases of actinic granuloma are described with emphasis on distinctive clinical and histopathologic features, including immunoperoxidase staining for lysozyme and immunophenotyping of mononuclear leukocytes. Actinic granuloma presents in chronically sun-damaged skin as normally colored to erythematous papules that coalesce to form centrifugally enlarging annular patterns. By light microscopy, a granulomatous infiltrate of giant cells and histiocytes is seen to be intimately related to the presence of elastotic fibers in the upper dermis. Selective localization of lysozyme in the giant cells of the granuloma is apparent by a tertiary antibody immunoperoxidase technique. Determination of mononuclear leukocyte subsets with monoclonal antibodies reveals a predominance of helper T cells in the lymphocytic infiltrate associated with the granuloma. It is postulated that actinic granuloma represents a cell-mediated immune response to weakly antigenic determinants on actinically altered elastotic fibers.

Topics: Adult; Biopsy; Cytoplasm; Elastic Tissue; Female; Granuloma; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Leukocytes; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Neck; Skin; Skin Diseases; Sunlight; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer

The lysozyme activity in tissue samples from patients with lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei (LMDF), sarcoidosis and foreign body granuloma was investigated using the immunoperoxidase technique. The majority of epithelioid cells and giant cells in LMDF and sarcoidosis showed strong lysozyme staining in their cytoplasm. However, most macrophages and giant cells in foreign body granulomas, including granulomatous reactions to epidermal cysts and other foreign materials, stained weakly for lysozyme or were negative. These results suggest that LMDF is different from the foreign body reaction to inert substances, and may be induced by an immunological mechanism associated with cell-mediated immunity.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Female; Foreign-Body Reaction; Granuloma; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Lupus Vulgaris; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Sarcoidosis; Skin

The relationship between the destruction of Leishmania, the recruitment of monocytes and macrophage activity in the lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) was studied in 53 biopsies representing the phases of evolution of the infection. Lysozyme, amastigotes and their degradation products were located by their specific antibodies. A rising level of monocyte influx was found to correlate with the degradation and solubilization of antigen, a falling level with final clearance. Differences in the results supported the previous concept of macrophage activation and macrophage lysis as alternative mechanisms for the elimination of Leishmania. Macrophage activation appeared to coincide with re-phagocytosis of externalized antigenic products of different type and origin. Macrophage lysis was a fully effective mechanism only when the antigen was contained within a focalized granuloma before mass lysis. Failing this, degradation and clearance of antigen were incomplete, and residues were sequestered on the periphery of the lesion where they bound to collagen and epidermis with consequential tissue damage. Antigen was demonstrated on the surface of lightly parasitized macrophages but not heavily infected ones. Other cells bound antigen without ingesting it, a process which might allow antigen presentation though it would also favour survival of parasites within the cell.

Topics: Antigens, Protozoan; Cell Movement; Granuloma; Humans; Leishmania; Leishmaniasis; Macrophage Activation; Monocytes; Muramidase

The levels and distribution of lysozyme-positive cells and exudate were studied in leprosy lesions through the spectrum, in untreated and treated patients, in relapse and in reactions. Altogether 124 skin biopsies were examined by the immunoperoxidase technique. Monocytes, neutrophil-polymorphs and mast cells were the most conspicuous cells seen. Lysozyme proved to be a useful means of indexing renewal of these cells in the lesions. Peak numbers of monocytes were seen in lesions of active lepromatous leprosy (LL) and of tuberculoid leprosy (TT), at poles of opposite immunological performance. In TT the stimulus for recruitment was delayed hypersensitivity (DH). A decline in DH from TT towards the middle of the spectrum, mid-borderline, was accompanied by a fall in monocyte level. Furthermore, reacting lesions due to enhanced DH also had increased numbers of monocytes. On the other hand reactions associated with immunological deterioration were similar to active lepromatous leprosy (LL) and monocyte influx was raised in response to the stimulus of free multiplication of bacilli in both cases. In TT delayed hypersensitivity acted also to promote the rapid transformation of monocytes to epithelioid and giant cells all of which were strongly positive for lysozyme. This was in contrast to much lower levels in histologically similar macrophage-epithelioid cells of BT granulomas. Lysozyme synthesis was not seen in macrophages after ingestion of M. leprae. Early foamy change was made conspicuous by lysozyme deposited in phagocytic vacuoles, but old foam cells in regressing lepromas were negative. Lysozyme bound to dead extracellular M. leprae but not to viable or intracellular organisms. Dead bacilli or immune complexes appeared to be the stimulus for neutrophil-polymorph recruitment, mainly in reactions.

Topics: Granuloma; Humans; Hypersensitivity, Delayed; Leprosy; Monocytes; Muramidase; Neutrophils; Skin

Serum lysozyme (Muramidase) levels in patients with localized and generalized granuloma annulare were measured by a turbidometric method. More lysozyme is present in the serum samples of patients with generalized granuloma annulare than patients with the localized form or normal controls. The mean level of patients with generalized disease was 9.27 mg/L compared with 5.96 mg/L for patients with localized disease and 6.8 mg/L for controls.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Female; Granuloma; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Skin Diseases

Indomethacin (0.5 mg/100 g b.w./day) and chloramphenicol (0.5 mg or 15 mg/100 g b.w./day) were tested for their anti-inflammatory effects on 7th day carrageenan-induced granuloma formation. Neither of the drugs modified granuloma or pouch wall weight but they decreased the exudate and the cluster of dead cells. Indomethacin and chloramphenicol decreased glucosamine in the dead cell granuloma fraction and increased the level of collagen in the pouch wall. The drugs differed in their inhibitory effect on lysozyme and prostaglandin E2 accumulation in the exudate. The increase in collagen was related to a drop in the level of prostaglandin E2 which seems to regulate collagen deposition in the granuloma. However, the prostaglandin E2-lysozyme correlation--which was only significant with chloramphenicol--suggests a mode of action for chloramphenicol different from that of indomethacin. Chloramphenicol could act by a myelodepressive and/or chemotactic effect. The effects of chloramphenicol on the macrophages are discussed.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Carrageenan; Chloramphenicol; Collagen; Glycosaminoglycans; Granuloma; Indomethacin; Inflammation; Leukocyte Count; Male; Muramidase; Organ Size; Prostaglandins E; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains

After a summary of the aspecific defensive host mechanisms against bacteria, Author examines the granulocytes structure containing A and B granules, and he observes that phagocytosis is different in extension and in significance into granulocytes or into macrophages. Particularly, M. tuberculosis can survive and multiply into macrophages. This fact can explain the further pathologic tubercular manifestations, that morphologically are dominated by granulomas forming. Activated macrophages are important in granulomas forming, but also the rôle of a specific response needs be considered. From an attentive investigation of recent literature, we can demonstrate that T lymphocytes are the main defending agents against M. tuberculosis, through interaction with macrophages. This picture is a step forward to understand the antitubercular defensive mechanisms and it is a useful acquisition also in clinical practice.

Topics: Cell Communication; Cytoplasmic Granules; Granuloma; Humans; Macrophage Activation; Macrophages; Muramidase; Phagocytosis; T-Lymphocytes; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Virulence

Lavaged and in situ rat alveolar macrophages were compared with respect to lysozyme content and size in order to assess the extent to which macrophages from pulmonary lavages reflect the in situ cell population. This relationship was studied in normal rats and in rats with pulmonary granulomas induced by glucan stimulation (10 mg/kg given intravenously on Days 5, 3, and 1 before being killed). Alveolar macrophages in pulmonary lavages and histologic sections were stained for lysozyme by the immunoperoxidase method using rabbit antiserum to rat lysozyme. Enzyme content and cell size were measured with a conventional scanning cytospectrophotometer and an automated image analysis system (LEYTAS). Scanning cytospectrophotometry measurements showed that 26% of in situ alveolar macrophages from glucan-treated rats contained more lysozyme than did control cells and that 31% possessed larger areas. Fewer large alveolar macrophages containing increased amounts of lysozyme were detected in lavages of glucan-treated rats. Frequency histograms of lysozyme content and cell size were similar for lavaged and in situ macrophages from control rats. Measurements with LEYTAS confirmed the results. These experiments demonstrate that alveolar macrophages obtained by lavage are representative of their in situ counterparts in normal but not in glucan-treated rats.

Topics: Animals; Granuloma; Lung Diseases; Macrophages; Male; Muramidase; Pulmonary Alveoli; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Therapeutic Irrigation

The purpose of this study was to establish the effect of surface charges of liposomes on its adjuvant activity to an entrapped protein antigen. The immune responses of rabbits immunized subcutaneously with lysozyme entrapped in neutral negatively and positively charged liposomes and compared with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), showed positively charged liposomes to be a better adjuvant than neutral, negatively charged liposomes and even CFA. This was true for solid liposomes also. Interestingly, injection of positively charged liposomes led to the formation of granulomas at the sites of immunization, which was not observed with neutral and negatively charged liposomes.

Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Animals; Antibody Formation; Cholesterol; Freund's Adjuvant; Granuloma; Immune Sera; Liposomes; Muramidase; Rabbits; Surface Properties

A study has been made on mycobacterial-induced granulomas in guinea-pig lymph nodes. Lysozyme and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) were measured in the auricular lymph nodes and serum of guinea-pigs which had received live BCG (Pasteur) or Cobalt (Co)-irradiated armadillo-derived Mycobacterium leprae intradermally into the ear or dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) painted epicutaneously upon the ears. In the lymph nodes with granulomas induced by either live BCG or killed M. leprae, the mean concentrations of lysozyme and ACE varied directly with the mean weight of the lymph nodes but the temporal pattern of weight change differed with the two agents. In M. leprae recipients at the time of peak lymph node weight, serum lysozyme and ACE values were significantly greater than those observed in controls; in animals receiving live BCG (Pasteur), serum lysozyme but not ACE values were elevated significantly at the time of peak lymph node weight. Four days following the epicutaneous application of DNFB, where there was no granuloma, there was a similar increase in the concentration of lysozyme and ACE in the lymph nodes. At the same time, there was also significant elevation in the serum lysozyme and ACE concentrations. Thus, in the granulomatous responses, the parallel tissue and serum changes in lysozyme and ACE concentrations were consistent with increased production and secretion of each enzyme by cells of the mononuclear phagocyte series. The increased lysozyme and ACE concentrations found in the lymph nodes of DNFB sensitised animals gives further evidence that such changes are not unique to granulomas. Finally, the intradermal administration of dead M. leprae in guinea pigs also produced increased lysozyme and ACE levels similar to that found in leprosy in man.

Topics: Animals; Female; Granuloma; Guinea Pigs; Leukocyte Count; Lymph Nodes; Male; Muramidase; Mycobacterium Infections; Neutrophils; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; Time Factors

To shed more light on the immunopathogenesis of drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis, a combined histologic, immunopathologic, and ultrastructural study of renal biopsy specimens from nine patients with drug-induced renal disease was performed. None of the patients had pre-existing renal disease or evidence of sarcoidosis or tuberculosis. The principal drugs included a hydrochlorothiazide-triamterene combination (Dyazide), hydrochlorothiazide, fenoprofen, and furosemide and triamterene. Renal insufficiency developed approximately four to ten weeks after initiation of drug therapy. In all cases, withdrawal of the drug(s) with or without steroid therapy resulted in restoration of normal or near-normal renal function. Histologically, all biopsy specimens showed acute interstitial nephritis characterized by an intense but patchy mononuclear cell interstitial infiltrate consisting of lymphocytes, monocytes, and plasma cells, modest numbers of eosinophils, patchy tubular atrophy, interstitial edema, and normal glomeruli. All biopsy specimens contained interstitial (and, in two cases, perivascular) non-caseating granulomas, which were numerous in one case, moderate in four cases, and rare in the remainder. Direct immunofluorescence was negative for IgG, IgM, IgA, C1q, C4, and C3 along glomerular and tubular basement membranes. Immunoperoxidase staining for lysozyme (performed in three cases) demonstrated many positive cells in the infiltrate. In two cases in which granulomas were present in prepared sections, the epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells did not stain for lysozyme. Electron microscopy of the granulomas in two cases revealed that the epithelioid and giant cells had "secretory" features characteristic of hypersensitivity granulomas. These findings provide further evidence for the participation of cell-mediated immunity in the pathogenesis of at least some cases of drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Drug Hypersensitivity; Female; Fenoprofen; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Furosemide; Granuloma; Humans; Hydrochlorothiazide; Hypersensitivity, Delayed; Immunity, Cellular; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Immunoglobulin E; Kidney; Macrophages; Male; Middle Aged; Monocytes; Muramidase; Nephritis, Interstitial; Triamterene

Biopsies from palisading granulomas of granuloma annulare, necrobiosis lipoidica, and rheumatoid nodules were examined for the presence of lysozyme (muramidase). This enzyme was identified in paraffin-embedded tissues using a primary antibody to lysozyme and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technic. Some inflammatory cells in the infiltrate of granuloma annulare stained abundantly for lysozyme, whereas those of necrobiosis lipoidica and rheumatoid nodule stained minimally and negatively, respectively. This pattern of staining may be of diagnostic value and suggests that the histiocytoid cells constituting the infiltrate of granuloma annulare are in some way different from the similar-appearing cells of necrobiosis lipoidica and rheumatoid nodule.

Topics: Granuloma; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Muramidase; Necrobiosis Lipoidica; Rheumatoid Nodule; Skin; Skin Diseases

Topics: Diabetes Mellitus; Glucuronidase; Granuloma; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Muramidase; Necrobiosis Lipoidica

Distribution of intracytoplasmic lysozyme in proliferative and neoplastic fibrohistiocytic lesions and non fibrohistiocytic tumors was studied by immunoperoxidase technique on formalin fixed, paraffin-embedded sections. The cases examined were 161 fibrohistiocytic lesions and 86 non-fibrohistiocytic tumors. Contrary to our expectation, the lysozyme positive cells were found only in the minority of cases with fibrohistiocytic lesions. Cells positive for lysozyme were found only in 13 out of 100 cases of dermatofibroma, one out of 4 cases of xanthogranuloma and 8 out of 33 cases of malignant fibrous histiocytoma. Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans and non-fibrohistiocytic tumors were negative for lysozyme. It is suggested that in proliferative fibrohistiocytic lesions, induction of lysozyme synthesis is weak or absent. Some malignant fibrous histiocytomas showed scattered lysozyme positive neoplastic cells, indicating their probable histiocytic origin or differentiation. On the other hand, evidence of histiocytic differentiation of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans was not obtained using lysozyme immunohistiochemistry.

Topics: Aged; Cytoplasmic Granules; Fibroma; Granuloma; Histiocytes; Histiocytoma, Benign Fibrous; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Liposarcoma; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Skin Diseases; Skin Neoplasms; Tuberculosis, Lymph Node

Histiocytosis X, multicentric reticulohistiocytosis, juvenile xanthogranuloma, the "fibrous" type of dermatofibroma, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, and malignant fibrous histiocytoma are all characterized by dermal and/or subcutaneous infiltrates composed at least partially of cells having morphologic features suggestive of histiocytes. Paraffin-embedded tissues representing these conditions were stained for lysozyme (muramidase) with a peroxidase-antiperoxidase technic. The cells of juvenile xanthogranuloma were rich in lysozyme. Some of the cells of histiocytosis X showed a positive pattern, and the cells of the other three conditions were essentially negative. This study confirmed the histiocytic nature of juvenile xanthogranuloma and multicentric reticulohistiocytosis, supported the interpretation that there is a histiocytic component in the lesions of histiocytosis X, and cast some doubt on the alleged histiocytic nature of "fibrous" dermatofibroma, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, and malignant fibrous histiocytoma.

Topics: Fibroma; Granuloma; Histiocytes; Histiocytoma, Benign Fibrous; Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Lipoma; Lymphatic Diseases; Muramidase; Skin Diseases; Skin Neoplasms

Topics: Granuloma; Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis; Granulomatous Disease, Chronic; Humans; Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis; Lymphoproliferative Disorders; Muramidase; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; Sarcoidosis

In an attempt to obtain in vitro experimental models for sarcoidosis, the primary cultures of granuloma cells were initiated with lymph nodes from 10 sarcoidosis patients. The cells migrating from tissue explants became confluent at 2 wk of culture. These cells exhibited overall morphologic features and enzymatic activities resembling those of in vivo granuloma epithelioid cells. By light and electron microscopy, the epithelioid cell in vitro contained a clear, large nucleus with 1 or 2 prominent nucleoli. The cytoplasm was characterized by the occurrence of lysosomal dense bodies and electron-lucent vacuoles, besides many mitochondria and well-developed Golgi complexes. The cell surface exhibited many processes, mainly lamellipodia. Large amounts of angiotensin converting enzyme activity (3.9 to 50.1 nmol/min/ml) lysozyme activity (3.9 to 23.0 micrograms/ml) were demonstrated in the medium used for culture. The results indicated that the major cell population grown in these cultures is derived from the epithelioid cells in sarcoid granulomas.

Topics: Adult; Culture Techniques; Epithelium; Granuloma; Humans; Lymph Nodes; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; Sarcoidosis

The effect of lysozyme on the growth of several strains of mycobacteria was examined at pH 5.0-7.0 in Dubos medium containing various concentrations of lysozyme (100-2,000 microgram/ml). Mycobacterium smegmatis and M. phlei were susceptible to lysozyme at pH 5.0-7.0. The effect of lysozyme was marked between pH 6.0 and 7.0 and the colony counts were reduced to approximately 0.1-10% after incubation with 100 micrograms of lysozyme per ml for 48 hr. At pH 5.0, 10-40% of the organisms survived treatment with 1,000 micrograms of lysozyme per ml for 48 hr. M. bovis strain BCG, M. tuberculosis, and M. fortuitum appeared to be more resistant to lysozyme than M. smegmatis and M. phlei. M. smegmatis and M. phlei did not contain detectable amounts of poly-L-glutamic acid, although the susceptibility of the mycobacteria to lysozyme did not correlate with the amounts of the polymer in the cell walls. The role of lysozyme in animal infections with so-called saprophytic mycobacteria is discussed.

Topics: Animals; Culture Media; Granuloma; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Incubators; Lung; Macrophages; Muramidase; Mycobacterium; Mycobacterium bovis; Mycobacterium phlei; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Polyglutamic Acid; Rabbits

The output of lysozyme into the venous and lymphatic drainage of a B.C.G. experimental granuloma has been studied. There is a massive output of lysozyme by both routes maximal in the lymph at 28 days, and in the serum at 35 days after induction of the granuloma. There is no similar excretion of acid phosphatase. The lactic dehydrogenase level both in blood draining the granuloma and blood draining the normal limb is elevated but not in precise synchrony with lysozyme output. Macrophages in the granuloma show ultrastructural features suggestive of secretion of dense granules, by appearance of electron dense material in the Golgi zone, and condensation therefrom. Granules are discharged on to the surface of lipid droplets, presumably representing attempted phagocytosis, but are not discharged elsewhere on the cell surface. Granules are released by cell disintegration both of macrophages and polymorphs. Lysozyme was demonstrated immunocytochemically in macrophage granules. The macrophages in the granuloma are biosynthetically active as shown by uptake of tritiated tyrosine. The findings support the view that granulomas export lysozyme and that this is due partly to exocytosis of material by macrophages on to the surface of lipid globules and partly to cell disintegration.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adipose Tissue; Animals; Granuloma; Immunochemistry; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lymph; Macrophages; Male; Muramidase; Rats

Topics: Animals; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Granuloma; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Lymph; Macrophages; Male; Mitosis; Muramidase; Neutrophils; Rats

Lysozyme activity of macrophages and giant cells in various human granulomas were examined with immunoperoxidase bridge method in tissue sections. Various numbers of epithelioid cells and giant cells of epithelioid cell granulomas of tuberculosis, sarcoidosis and Crohn's disease exhibited intense granular cytoplasmic lysozyme activity. Foreign body granulomas induced with various substances showed negative or faintly positive lysozyme stain. Macrophages and giant cells of aspergillus granuloma associated with thymus hypoplasia and T-cell depression contained no lysozyme. The results suggest that cell-mediated immunology plays an important role for the lysozyme synthesis of macrophages in granuloma.

Topics: Aspergillosis; Child, Preschool; Crohn Disease; Foreign-Body Reaction; Granuloma; Humans; Macrophages; Muramidase; Sarcoidosis; T-Lymphocytes; Thymus Gland; Tuberculosis

Stable cultures of mononuclear phagocytes from carrageenan-induced granulomas in mice have been established after enzymatic dispersion of these lesions. The cells can be maintained for up to 3 wk without division in serum-free media. The mononuclear phagocytes were identified by several criteria. The cells are adherent, phagocytic, contain lysosomal acid hydrolases at high specific activities, secrete lysozyme, and bind soluble aggregates of IgG. The activities of 5'-nucleotidase and leucine aminopeptidase in the cultured granuloma cells showed that they resembled macrophages from thioglycollate-stimulated mice but not unstimulated macrophages in these respects. Supernates from the cultured granuloma cells contain factor(s) which induce the proliferation of thymocytes; the release of such factors by the cells is stimulated by lipopolysaccharide.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Carrageenan; Cells, Cultured; Granuloma; Immunoglobulin G; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Lysosomes; Macrophages; Male; Mice; Monocytes; Muramidase; Nucleotidases; Peptide Hydrolases; Phagocytosis; Stimulation, Chemical; Thioglycolates

Topics: Granuloma; Humans; Lymph Nodes; Muramidase; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; Sarcoidosis

Intracytoplasmic lysozyme (muramidase) may be readily identified in paraffin sections of tissues fixed in formalin or Zenker's acetic acid and in smears of peripheral blood or bone marrow using an immunoperoxidase technique. Sites of intracellular lysozyme in normal human tissues and in various specimens from patients with myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative disorders, hairy cell leukemia, granulomatous diseases, toxoplasmic lymphadenitis, and other pathologic processes were defined by this method. Intracellular lysozyme was demonstrated in mature and immature neutrophilic and eosinophilic myeloid cells, in monocytic cells, and in some types of histiocytes and had a limited distribution in normal tissues. The neoplastic cells of hairy cell leukemia were devoid of intracytoplasmic lysozyme. Identification of intracellular lysozyme, as determined by the immunoperoxidase technique, was compared with various cytochemical methods, particularly chloroacetate esterase and alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase studies, for detection and characterization of myeloid cells, monocytes, and histiocytes.

Topics: Eosinophils; Esterases; Granuloma; Histiocytes; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Leukemia, Hairy Cell; Lymphadenitis; Monocytes; Muramidase; Myeloproliferative Disorders; Neoplasms; Neutrophils; Tissue Distribution; Toxoplasmosis

Topics: Antigen-Antibody Complex; B-Lymphocytes; Capillary Permeability; Cell Migration Inhibition; Chemotaxis, Leukocyte; Eosinophils; Granuloma; Humans; Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes; Inflammation; Lymphocyte Activation; Macrophages; Monocytes; Muramidase; NAD; NADP; Necrosis; Neutrophils; Opsonin Proteins; Phagocytes; Phagocytosis; T-Lymphocytes

In order to elucidate the biochemical anti-inflammatory properties of naproxen, the effects of this compound on activities of mucopolysaccharase [beta-glucuronidase (beta-Gase) and lysozyme (LZ)], acid protease (APase) and collagenolytic enzyme (CL) in inflamed tissues were investigated by means of a proliferative inflammatory model in filter-paper-implanted rats. In the preventive test, naproxen strongly inhibited granuloma formation and exudate accumulation as did indomethacin and prednisolone. Although the inhibitory effects of naproxen on all these enzymes were quite evident, indomethacin failed to inhibit APase activity. Prednisolone did not significantly inhibit LZ and APase activities in granuloma. In the curative test, prednisolone caused a marked decrease in the weight of the granuloma already formed and in the volume of the exudate, but with naproxen and indomethacin there was only a slight decrease. Naproxen and indomethacin induced slight but significant inhibition of LZ and CL activities, while prednisolone showing a weak inhibition of CL activity only. From these results, it may be concluded that anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic effects of naproxen are partly attributable to its inhibitory actions on these lysosomal enzymes.

Topics: Adenosine Triphosphatases; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Exudates and Transudates; Female; Glucuronidase; Glycosaminoglycans; Granuloma; Inflammation; Lyases; Microbial Collagenase; Muramidase; Naphthaleneacetic Acids; Naproxen; Protease Inhibitors; Rats; Time Factors

Topics: Animals; Granuloma; Humans; Mice; Muramidase

Topics: Animals; Female; Glucuronidase; Granuloma; Lymphocytes; Mice; Muramidase; Schistosoma mansoni; Schistosomiasis

Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Animals; Antibody Formation; Antigens; Carbon; Chickens; Corynebacterium; Glycopeptides; Granuloma; Hypersensitivity, Delayed; Immune Sera; Immunologic Memory; Injections, Intramuscular; Macrophages; Mononuclear Phagocyte System; Muramidase; Muscular Diseases; Mycobacterium; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Serum Albumin; Stimulation, Chemical; Thymus Gland; Time Factors

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Adolescent; Blood Bactericidal Activity; Child; Child, Preschool; Chronic Disease; Electrophoresis; Foot; Granuloma; Hand; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Infections; Leukocytes; Lung; Lymph Nodes; Lymphadenitis; Macrophages; Male; Muramidase; Oxygen Consumption; Pedigree; Phagocytosis; Radiography; Serratia marcescens; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Tetrazolium Salts

Diminished bactericidal capacity was found to be characteristic of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) from five children with the clinical syndrome of granulomatous disease of childhood. The PMN from these children demonstrated nearly normal phagocytic capacity, and the majority of viable bacteria, after 2 hours of incubation in the phagocytosis system, were found associated with leukocytes. The morphology of the unstimulated polymorphonuclear leukocytes from patients with chronic granulomatous disease was similar to those from normal persons of similar ages by light and electron microscopy. In addition, the total lysozyme and phagocytin activity of leukocyte extracts from these patients was similar to those from equal numbers of leukocytes from controls.A striking difference in the cytoplasmic response after phagocytosis characterized the PMN of the patients with granulomatous disease. Whereas degranulation, vacuole formation, and rapid bacterial digestion were the rule in the PMN from controls, little degranulation and persistence of intact bacteria in the cytoplasm characterized disease. The deficiency of bactericidal capacity and the minimal degranulation after active phagocytosis by the PMN of these children with an inherited syndrome suggest that separate metabolic processes are involved in phagocytosis and in intracellular digestion. Continuing study of the metabolic function of leukocytes from these children should provide an opportunity for increased understanding of the metabolic basis for degranulation and intracellular digestion in phagocytic cells.

Topics: Bacteria; Blood; Blood Bactericidal Activity; Child; Culture Media; Cytoplasm; Enterobacteriaceae; Female; Granuloma; Humans; Leukocytes; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Muramidase; Phagocytosis; Staphylococcus

Topics: Adrenalectomy; Animals; Bradykinin; Chymotrypsin; Deoxyribonucleases; Edema; Fibrinolysin; Granuloma; Inflammation; Male; Muramidase; Pancreatin; Peptide Hydrolases; Rats; Serratia; Trypsin

Topics: Animals; BCG Vaccine; Granuloma; Lung; Lung Diseases; Macrophages; Muramidase; Mycobacterium bovis; Rabbits; Vaccination