muramidase and Glycosuria

The increasing environmental and occupational exposure of populations to cadmium creates the need for biological indicators of cadmium exposure and toxicity. The advantages and disadvantages of monitoring blood cadmium, urinary, fecal, hair, and tissue cadmium, serum creatine, beta 2-microglobulin, alpha 1-anti-trypsin and other proteins, and urinary amino acids, enzymes, total proteins, glucose, beta 2-microglobulin, retinol-binding protein, lysozyme, and metallothionein are discussed. It is concluded that urinary cadmium, metallothionein and beta 2-microglubulin may be used together to assess cadmium exposure and toxicity.

Topics: alpha 1-Antitrypsin; Amino Acids; beta 2-Microglobulin; Blood Proteins; Cadmium Poisoning; Creatinine; Environmental Exposure; Enzymes; Feces; Glycosuria; Hair; Humans; Metallothionein; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Retinol-Binding Proteins

The increasing environmental and occupational exposure of populations to cadmium creates the need for biological indicators of cadmium exposure and toxicity. The advantages and disadvantages of monitoring blood cadmium, urinary, fecal, hair, and tissue cadmium, serum creatinine, beta 2-microglobulin, alpha 1-antitrypsin and other proteins, and urinary amino acids, enzymes, total proteins, glucose, beta 2-microglobulin, retinol-binding protein, lysozyme, and metallothionein are discussed. It is concluded that urinary cadmium, metallothionein and beta 2-microglobulin may be used together to assess cadmium exposure and toxicity.

Topics: Alkaline Phosphatase; alpha 1-Antitrypsin; Amino Acids; Animals; Aspartate Aminotransferases; beta 2-Microglobulin; Blood Proteins; Body Burden; Cadmium; Cadmium Poisoning; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Creatinine; Environmental Exposure; Feces; Glycosuria; Hair; Humans; Kidney; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Metallothionein; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Retinol-Binding Proteins

To address whether a renal tubular dysfunction is encountered in a particular patient subgroup with urolithiasis, the following parameters of tubular function were measured in urine taken in the morning from 214 stone formers after fasting: pH, excretion of lysozyme and gamma-glutamyl transferase (gamma-GT); fractional excretion (FE) of glucose, insulin, Mg, K, and HCO3 after an alkali loading; and the renal threshold for phosphate (TmP/GFR). The following diagnoses were made in the patient group: primary hyperparathyroidism (N = 8), medullary sponge kidneys (N = 21), hyperuricemia (N = 10), cystinuria (N = 2), struvite stone disease (N = 6), idiopathic hypercalciuria of the absorptive (N = 25), dietary (N = 69) or renal (N = 7) type, and normocalciuric idiopathic urolithiasis (N = 66). In 31% of the patients TmP/GFR was below 0.80 mmole/liter and in 13% of the patients, FE HCO3 after alkali loading was above normal. Urinary excretion of lysozyme and that of gamma-GT both were elevated in 17% of the patients. FE glucose, FE insulin, FE Mg, and FE K were elevated in 8, 9, 3, and 7% of the patients, respectively. This study demonstrates that a significant number of stone formers present with signs of renal tubular dysfunction, primarily involving the proximal tubule since apparent leaks of phosphate and of bicarbonate were most frequently encountered. The defects were not specific for a given etiologic group of patients; on the other hand, occurrence was related to the presence of large stones in the pyelocaliceal system at the time data were gathered. Taken together these data suggest that the tubulopathy in nephrolithiasis is the consequence rather than the cause of the stone.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bicarbonates; Fasting; Female; gamma-Glutamyltransferase; Glycosuria; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Insulin; Kidney Calculi; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Tubules; Magnesium; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Phosphates; Potassium

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Aged; Comorbidity; Diagnosis, Differential; Fanconi Syndrome; Glycosuria; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Tubules, Proximal; Male; Muramidase; Renal Insufficiency; Sarcoidosis

Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease in developed countries and is related to chronic hyperglycaemia. The increased production and tissue deposition of advanced glycation end products (AGE) are known to play a major role in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney damage. This study was undertaken to determine if lysozyme (LZ), microencapsulated in orally administrable chitosan-coated alginate microspheres (MS), is effective against the early changes seen in the initial stages of diabetic nephropathy.. LZ-containing MS (MSLZ) and an equivalent dose (equidose) of nonencapsulated LZ were given as oral treatments. LZ was administered to Wistar rats for seven weeks after diabetes induction with streptozotocin.. The results showed that microencapsulated LZ treatment significantly reduced the concentration of serum AGE in the circulation and their deposition in the kidneys. Likewise, MSLZ significantly prevented the development of microalbuminuria compared with untreated diabetic rats. Furthermore, MSLZ significantly prevented the development of glomerular and renal hypertrophy as well as overexpression of AGE receptors (RAGE). An equidose of free LZ had little or no effect whatsoever.. Our study supports a relationship between serum AGE and nephropathy in diabetes, and suggests that orally administered microencapsulated LZ can exert kidney-protective activity in a diabetic animal model.

Topics: Albuminuria; Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Capsules; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Diabetic Nephropathies; Glycation End Products, Advanced; Glycosuria; Muramidase; Rats; Rats, Wistar

To investigate whether overall tubular dysfunction is encountered in a particular subgroup of patients with urolithiasis, the following parameters of renal tubular function have been measured in fasting morning urine in 124 male stone formers: excretion of lysozyme and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT), fractional excretion (FE) or glucose, insulin, bicarbonate after an alkali load, and theoretical phosphate threshold (TmP/GFR). The following have been diagnosed: primary hyperparathyroidism (n = 3), medullary sponge kidneys (n = 5), hyperuricemia (n = 8), cystinuria (n = 1), struvite nephrolithiasis (n = 2), idiopathic hypercalciuria of the absorptive (n = 16), dietary (n = 46) or renal (n = 5) type, and normocalciuric idiopathic urolithiasis (n = 38). Urinary excretion of lysozyme and of gamma-GT were elevated in 14% and 21% of patients respectively; FE glucose and FE insulin were elevated in 6% and 8% of patients respectively. In 62% of the patients TmP/GFR was below 0.95 mmol/l and in 52% of the patients FE HCO3 after alkali load was above normal. The findings show that a large number of stone formers have signs of renal tubular dysfunction; apparent renal leaks of phosphate and of bicarbonate are the most frequently encountered defects; while they are not specific for a given etiologic group of patients, they have been found in each group. The latter observation suggests that nephrolithiasis itself can damage renal tubular function.

Topics: Adult; Bicarbonates; gamma-Glutamyltransferase; Glycosuria; Humans; Insulin; Kidney Calculi; Kidney Tubules; Male; Muramidase

Topics: Adrenal Glands; Animals; Antibody Specificity; Antigens; Autoantibodies; Basement Membrane; Cattle; Creatinine; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Glycosuria; Guinea Pigs; Hemadsorption; Immunologic Techniques; Jejunum; Kidney; Kidney Glomerulus; Kidney Tubules; Liver; Lung; Male; Muramidase; Myocardium; Proteinuria; Spleen

Topics: Adolescent; Alkaline Phosphatase; Amino Acids; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Calcium; Chlorides; Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Glycosuria; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hydroxyproline; Kidney Concentrating Ability; Kidney Function Tests; Kidney Tubules; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Male; Muramidase; Phosphorus; Polycystic Kidney Diseases; Polysaccharides; Potassium; Proteinuria; Sodium; Vitamin D; Water-Electrolyte Balance

Topics: Amino Acids; Cadmium Poisoning; Electrophoresis; Glycosuria; Humans; Immunoelectrophoresis; Muramidase; Phosphorus; Proteinuria; Ribonucleases