muramidase and Fever

Topics: Aneuploidy; Basophils; Blood Platelets; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Child; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Cytogenetics; Eosinophilia; Fetal Hemoglobin; Fever; Hematologic Diseases; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocyte Count; Lymphatic Diseases; Muramidase; Primary Myelofibrosis; Prognosis; Skin Manifestations; Thrombocytosis; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Bacteria; Drug Synergism; Female; Fever; Genital Diseases, Female; Guinea Pigs; Haplorhini; Humans; Infections; Inflammation; Mice; Muramidase; Penicillins; Peritoneal Diseases; Phagocytosis; Pneumococcal Infections; Rabbits; Rats; Staphylococcal Infections; Urologic Diseases; Virus Diseases; Viruses

The purpose of this study was to examine sex differences in oral-respiratory mucosal immunity and the incidence, severity and duration of upper respiratory symptoms (URS) episodes in endurance athletes during a 16-week winter training period. Blood was collected from 210 subjects (147 men and 63 women) at the start and end of the study for determination of differential leukocyte counts. Timed collections of unstimulated saliva were obtained at the start and at 4-week intervals during the study period. Saliva samples were analysed for salivary antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs). Weekly training and daily illness logs were kept using validated questionnaires. Training loads averaged 11 h/week of moderate-vigorous physical activity and were not different for males and females. The salivary concentration of lysozyme and lactoferrin (both P < 0.04) but not salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA) or amylase were higher in males than females. Saliva flow rates were significantly higher in males than females (P < 0.03) and consequently so were the salivary secretion rates of lysozyme, lactoferrin and amylase (all P < 0.01) but not SIgA (P = 0.097). Total blood leukocyte, monocyte and lymphocyte counts were not different between the sexes but females had higher numbers of circulating neutrophils (P = 0.040). The average number of URS episodes was 0.6 +/- 0.8 (mean +/- SD) in males and 0.8 +/- 1.0 in females (P = 0.103) and the number of URS days was higher in females (4.7 vs 6.8 days, P < 0.02). The duration of URS episodes was longer in females (11.6 vs 15.5 days, P < 0.03). The findings of this study concur with recent reports of illness incidence at major competitive games indicating that female athletes may be more susceptible than their male counterparts to URS and that lower oral-respiratory mucosal immunity may, in part, account for this.

Topics: Amylases; Anthropometry; Athletes; Disease Resistance; Exercise; Female; Fever; Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Immunoglobulin A, Secretory; Incidence; Lactoferrin; Leukocyte Count; Male; Medical Records; Mouth; Muramidase; Musculoskeletal Pain; Physical Endurance; Respiratory System; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Saliva; Salivary Proteins and Peptides; Secretory Rate; Sex Characteristics; Surveys and Questionnaires; Young Adult

Pneumonia is one of the most important diseases in terms of mortality in the elderly. In particular, bedridden patients who are forbidden oral ingestion during enteral nutrition may have a poor outcome resulting from a respiratory infection. Oral hygiene can play a positive role in preventing aspiration pneumonia in the elderly. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of oral hygiene for bedridden and tube-fed patients at an increased risk of pneumonia. This retrospective study was conducted from July 2011 to June 2013 on a long-term-care hospital unit. The oral care protocol (OCP) intervention commenced in July 2012, during the study period. The subjects of this study were 63 elderly patients with a mean age of 81.7 years. Thirty-one patients were enrolled in the OCP intervention group, and the mean observation length was 130.4 days; the mean observation length for the 32 patients in the control group was 128.4 days. The incidence of pneumonia and the numbers of days with a recorded fever, antibiotics administration, blood tests, and radiological examinations were reduced from 1.20 to 0.45, 24.57 to 17.48, 25.52 to 10.12, 10.91 to 6.54, and 6.33 to 3.09 %, respectively. These reductions were significantly less in the OCP intervention group. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that daily oral care for tube-fed patients who do not receive nutrition by mouth reduced the incidence of pneumonia. In addition to patients consuming food by mouth, all tube-fed patients require dedicated oral care to maintain healthy oral conditions.

Topics: Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Body Mass Index; Chlorhexidine; Controlled Before-After Studies; Drug Combinations; Enteral Nutrition; Female; Fever; Glucose Oxidase; Hematologic Tests; Humans; Immobilization; Lactoperoxidase; Long-Term Care; Male; Massage; Muramidase; Oral Hygiene; Pneumonia, Aspiration; Radiography, Thoracic; Retrospective Studies; Salivary Glands; Serum Albumin; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Toothbrushing

Histiocytic sarcoma is a malignant proliferation of cells showing morphologic and immunophenotypic features similar to those of mature tissue histiocytes and is known for its rapid progression and poor prognosis. We describe a case of histiocytic sarcoma diagnosed by bone marrow biopsy. A 64-yr-old male was admitted for fever and weight loss that persisted for 8 months. The patient died undiagnosed on the 7th hospitalization day. A bone marrow biopsy performed just before the patient's death revealed diffuse proliferation of large pleomorphic neoplastic cells with large, round to oval nuclei, vesicular chromatin, and abundant foamy cytoplasm. These cells were positive for histiocytic markers, CD68, lysozyme, CD21, and S-100 protein, but negative for B-cell, T/NK-cell, and epithelial cell markers, thus confirming the presence of histiocytic sarcoma.

Topics: Antigens, CD; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; Bone Marrow; Fever; Histiocytic Sarcoma; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; S100 Proteins; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

The selective in vitro release of lysozyme from human monocytes and granulocytes was not greatly influenced by temperatures above 37 degrees C and up to 40 degrees C. The release was markedly inhibited by preincubation with phenylbutazone, oxyphenylbutazone, colchicine and vincristine. A water-soluble hydrocortisone complex also inhibited lysozyme release, but at high concentrations, lysis of the cells occurred. Although methotrexate had a weak inhibiting effect, no appreciable influence on release was observed with cyclophosphamide or cytarabine. Thus, release of lysozyme from blood leukocytes is likely to be dependent on cellular functions involving the stability of both microtubules and membranes.

Topics: Body Temperature; Colchicine; Cyclophosphamide; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fever; Granulocytes; Humans; Hydrocortisone; In Vitro Techniques; Methotrexate; Monocytes; Muramidase; Phenylbutazone

The 24-hour urinary excretion of albumin, transferrin, haptoglobin, IgG, IgA, IgM, free lambda and kappa light chains from immunoglobulin, lysozyme, and beta2-microglobulin has been investigated in 22 patients with febrile diseases, using an automated immunoprecipitin reaction. The average excretion of the 10 proteins was significantly increased in the patients compared with a control group. In patients with body temperature is greater than or equal to 38.5 degrees C the tubular type of proteinuria was significantly increased compared with those with body temperature is less than 38.5 degrees C. Sequential studies in 10 patients showed that the tubular type of proteinuria occurred in all, whereas the glomerular type was demonstrated in 8. when the fever had subsided, the tubular proteinuria disappeared rapidly i in all patients, while the glomerular proteinuria disappeared in only 4 out of 8. It was shown that tubular proteinuria was caused by fever per se, and it is suggested that glomerular prteinuria might be due to an immue response to antigens, derived from the infectious agents, producing a transient or permanent glomerular injury.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Albuminuria; beta 2-Microglobulin; Female; Fever; Haptoglobins; Humans; Immunoglobulin A; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains; Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains; Immunoglobulin Light Chains; Immunoglobulin M; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Transferrin

A temporal study is reported of the febrile responses, tissue bacterial contents, and serum concentration of the lysosomal enzymes, beta-glucuronidase and lysozyme, in nonimmune rats inoculated with virulent or attenuated strains of Francisella tularensis, and in immune rats challenged with either a high or low dose of virulent organisms. The level of serum beta-glucuronidase appears to be an indicator of hepatocyte damage, whereas serum lysozyme correlates with the appearance, frequency, and severity of pyogranulomatous lesions. Survival of nonimmune rats after a challenge with either virulent or attenuated organisms appears to depend on a balance between dose of bacterial inoculum, celerity of irreversible pathologic events, and the ability of the reticuloendothelial and immune systems to collaboratively mount a response to limit or prevent dissemination of the infection. In immune rats, infection of parenchymal hepatic cells does not occur after a low dose (10-4) virulent challenge. Infection of parenchymal hepatic cells, however, does occur in immunized rats when the challenge dose is sufficiently large (10-8) so as to overcome the capacity of the reticuloendothelial to clear opsonized organisms.

Topics: Animals; Fever; Francisella tularensis; Glucuronidase; Liver; Male; Muramidase; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Spleen; Tularemia

Infusion of cycloheximide i.v., an antibiotic known to inhibit synthesis of protein, at a rate of 0.2 mg/kg/hr, reliably caused lysis of fever in 15 chronically febrile patients with Hodgkin's disease who did not have detectable bacterial, fungal, or viral infection. Antipyretic effects were also seen in some patients with reticulum cell sarcoma, lymphosarcoma, acute leukemia, histiocytic medullary reticulosis, plasma cell myeloma, carcinoma of the lung, and carcinoma of the cervix. The drug failed to produce defervescence in four patients with normal granulocyte reserves, who were febrile due to bacterial infection. When infused at a rate of 0.2 mg/kg/hr, the drug apparently caused an acute alteration of protein metabolism in man in that plasma amino acid nitrogen rose acutely while plasma levels of muramidase and ribonuclease fell during the period of the infusion. The data suggest that continuing synthesis of protein may be involved in nonbacterial fever of neoplastic disease. Mammalian granulocytes and monocytes are known to elaborate a pyrogenic protein following appropriate stimulation; it is suggested that in some types of neoplastic disease, particularly Hodgkin's disease, tumor cells may produce and release a pyrogenic protein and that drug-induced inhibition of its synthesis is responsible for the observed lysis of fever.

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Cycloheximide; Female; Fever; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Leukemia; Lung Neoplasms; Lymphatic Diseases; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Multiple Myeloma; Muramidase; Neoplasm Proteins; Neoplasms; Nitrogen; Ribonucleases; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

Topics: Animals; Chick Embryo; Fever; Hemagglutination; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; Herpesviridae; Humans; Male; Micrococcus; Muramidase; Orthomyxoviridae; Rabbits; Spermatozoa; Vaccinia virus

Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Bile Acids and Salts; Fever; Humans; Influenza, Human; Injections, Intravenous; Muramidase; Orthomyxoviridae; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Polymyxins; Rabbits; Semen; Sucrose; Viomycin; Vitamin A

Only intact exudate granulocytes from rabbits generated large amounts of endogenous pyrogen when incubated in 0.15 M NaCl. No matter how whole-cell lysates or combinations of subcellular fractions were incubated, their yields of pyrogen never approached those of whole cells; at most, only minimal amounts of pyrogen were formed, once the integrity of the cells had been destroyed. Some pyrogen could be extracted from disrupted cells, but never more than a fraction (<25%) of that released from incubated whole cells. The yield could be slightly improved by lowering the pH (to 3.5) and by increasing the volume of extraction fluid. Virtually all of the preformed pyrogen that could be extracted from sucroselysed cells was found in their cytoplasmic fraction. Contrary to the results of Herion et al. (3), none could be detected in the granular (or lysosomal) fraction. Likewise, all efforts to recover pyrogen from the membrane-nuclear fraction were unsuccessful. In keeping with the finding that preformed pyrogen is contained in the cytoplasmic fraction were the observations that practically all of the aldolase, a cytoplasmic enzyme, and very little of the acid phosphatase, a granular enzyme, were lost from the cells during the release of pyrogen. Lysozyme, an enzyme stored in both the granules and the cytoplasm, was partially released from the cells under the same circumstances. Neither the release of pyrogen nor its slight intracellular buildup that precedes release (4) were affected by concentrations of puromycin that block protein synthesis in the cells and prevent their activation. Hence, it is concluded that the release process, which also involves the formation of active pyrogen (4), does not require protein synthesis, whereas activation of the cells, which may involve the synthesis of an inactive precursor (2), does.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Colchicine; Cytoplasm; Exudates and Transudates; Fever; Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase; Lactates; Leukocytes; Muramidase; Neutrophils; Phagocytosis; Puromycin; Pyrogens; Rabbits

Topics: Bile Acids and Salts; Detergents; Fever; Medical Laboratory Science; Methods; Muramidase; Orthomyxoviridae; Phenanthrenes; Polymyxins; Sucrose; Vitamin A

Topics: Animals; Blood Proteins; Chromatography; Electrophoresis; Fever; gamma-Globulins; Immunodiffusion; Leukocytes; Male; Muramidase; Pseudomonas; Pyrogens; Rabbits; Serum Albumin

The metabolic reactions responsible for the release of endogenous pyrogen from rabbit granulocytes incubated in 0.15 M NaCl are specifically inhibited by the presence of K(+) (and by related alkali metal ions, Rb(+) and Cs(+)) in the medium. The inhibitory action of K(+) apparently involves penetration of the cell membrane and is directly antagonized by the cardiac glycoside, ouabain. It is concluded, therefore, that the inhibition of pyrogen release by extracellular K(+) is due to transport of K(+) into the cell. Although the precise molecular mechanisms which are responsible for the release of pyrogen from granulocytes incubated in K-free saline have not been elucidated, further study of the process has revealed: (a) that it is preceded by the accumulation of pyrogen within the cell, (b) that it depends upon the catalytic action of one or more sulfhydryl-containing enzymes, (c) that it does not require energy, either from glycolysis or from reactions depending on molecular oxygen, and (d) that its inhibition by K(+) and by arsenite is qualitatively similar to the depression caused by these same reagents on the release of other leucocytic proteins; i.e., lysozyme and aldolase.

Topics: Aldehyde-Lyases; Animals; Bacteria; Bacterial Proteins; Body Fluids; Calcium; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Enzymes; Extracellular Space; Exudates and Transudates; Fever; Histocytochemistry; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Infections; Interleukin-1; Leukocytes; Metabolism; Muramidase; Neutrophils; Ouabain; Phosphates; Potassium; Pyrogens; Rabbits; Research; Sodium Chloride; Sulfhydryl Compounds

Topics: Aminopyrine; Animals; Blood; Dogs; Endotoxins; Fever; Hydrocortisone; Hypothermia; Hypothermia, Induced; Interleukin-1; Metabolism; Muramidase; Pharmacology; Prednisone; Pyrogens; Research