muramidase and Eye-Diseases

Bacterial infection may be responsible for mild self-limiting disease, chronic disease or acute and devasting ocular destruction. This paper and those that follow deal with some of the clinical forms of disease which are encountered, the bacteria responsible, the mechanism of invasion and the natural defences and clinical management, including selection and delivery of antibiotics.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; Bacterial Infections; Bacteriolysis; Blood Proteins; Ceruloplasmin; Complement Activation; Eye Diseases; Humans; Immunoglobulin A; Lactoferrin; Muramidase; Proteins; Tears

Topics: Albumins; Amylases; Calcium; Chlorides; Diabetes Mellitus; Eye Diseases; Female; Globulins; Glucose; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Lipids; Magnesium; Male; Manganese; Muramidase; Oxidoreductases; Phosphates; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Potassium; Proteins; Sodium; Tears; Zinc

Topics: Albumins; Eye Diseases; Globulins; Humans; Lacrimal Apparatus; Muramidase; Tears

Topics: Animals; Avitaminosis; Bronchoscopy; Burns; Central Nervous System Diseases; Chick Embryo; Child; Crystallization; Ear Diseases; Eye Diseases; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Genital Diseases, Female; Humans; Liver Diseases; Mouth Diseases; Muramidase; Nose Diseases; Postoperative Complications; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Typhus, Epidemic Louse-Borne; Vascular Diseases; Wounds and Injuries

Topics: Biological Assay; Conjunctiva; Eye Diseases; Eye Movements; Eyelid Diseases; Female; Glycosaminoglycans; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Long-Acting Thyroid Stimulator; Muramidase; Myxedema; Orbit; Tears; Thyroid Diseases; Thyroid Gland; Thyrotropin; Tibia; Triiodothyronine

The pentablock (PB) copolymers based composite nanosystems were designed to provide a long-term delivery of macromolecules to the back of the eye. A unique arrangement of each block (polyethylene glycol, polylactic acid, and polycaprolactone) with various molecular weights (PB-A and PB-B) was selected for the synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) and thermosensitive gel (PB-C) by sequential ring-opening bulk copolymerization reaction. PB copolymers were characterized for their molecular weight and purity by

Topics: Animals; Cytokines; Drug Compounding; Drug Liberation; Eye Diseases; Gels; Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments; Immunoglobulin G; Mice; Muramidase; Nanoparticles; Polymers; RAW 264.7 Cells; Temperature

This manuscript is focussed on the development of pentablock (PB) copolymer based sustained release formulation for the treatment of posterior segment ocular diseases. We have successfully synthesised biodegradable and biocompatible PB copolymers for the preparation of nanoparticles (NPs) and thermosensitive gel. Achieving high drug loading with hydrophilic biotherapeutics (peptides/proteins) is a challenging task. Moreover, small intravitreal injection volume (≤100 μL) requires high loading to develop a long term (six months) sustained release formulation. We have successfully investigated various formulation parameters to achieve maximum peptide/protein (octreotide, insulin, lysozyme, IgG-Fab, IgG, and catalase) loading in PB NPs. Improvement in drug loading can facilitate delivery of larger doses of therapeutic proteins via limited injection volume. A composite formulation comprised of NPs in gel system exhibited sustained release (without burst effect) of peptides and proteins, may serve as a platform technology for the treatment of posterior segment ocular diseases.

Topics: Animals; Catalase; Chickens; Delayed-Action Preparations; Drug Delivery Systems; Eye Diseases; Gels; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Insulin; Muramidase; Nanoparticles; Octreotide; Peptides; Polymers; Proteins

Subpopulations of pathogenic or nonpathogenic Th17 cells were reported to develop when presensitized CD4 cells were activated with their target Ag during polarization by either IL-23 or IL-6 and TGF-β, respectively. In this study, we generated two Th17 subpopulations by using a system in which naive CD4 cells from TCR transgenic mice specific to hen egg lysozyme (HEL) are polarized with IL-6/TGF-β and, concurrently, are activated either with HEL presented by APCs, or with anti-CD3/CD28 Abs. Only the former cells were pathogenic, inducing inflammation in eyes expressing HEL. Naive CD4 cells activated by the anti-CD3/CD28 Abs acquired pathogenicity, however, when cocultured with HEL/APC. Importantly, the naive CD4 cells did not acquire pathogenicity when cocultured with APCs stimulated with LPS or when separated from the HEL-presenting cells by a semipermeable membrane. Unlike with presensitized Th17, soluble IL-23 does not participate in pathogenicity acquisition by naive CD4 cells; no pathogenicity was induced by adding IL-23 to cultures activated with anti-CD3/CD28 Abs. Furthermore, Abs against IL-23 or IL-23R did not inhibit acquisition of pathogenicity in cultures of naive CD4 cells activated by HEL/APC. Our data thus show that, unlike presensitized CD4 cells, naive CD4 cells polarized toward Th17 phenotype acquire pathogenicity only by direct interaction with APCs presenting the Ag, with no apparent involvement of soluble IL-23. We suggest that the Th17 lymphocytes derived from naive CD4 cells participate in pathogenic and other immune processes, along with the IL-23-dependent Th17 cells.

Topics: Animals; Antigen-Presenting Cells; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Cell Communication; Cell Lineage; Cells, Cultured; Coculture Techniques; Dendritic Cells; Eye Diseases; Inflammation; Interleukin-23; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Muramidase; Th17 Cells

The purpose of this study was to describe patients initially carrying a diagnosis of primary intraocular lymphoma who were ultimately diagnosed with ocular sarcoidosis.. The medical records of patients evaluated between 1995 and 2007 fitting the criteria described earlier were identified, and pertinent clinical findings allowing for the diagnosis of sarcoidosis are described.. Nine patients between the ages of 52 and 83 were referred with a diagnosis of primary intraocular lymphoma but were ultimately diagnosed with sarcoidosis. The most common clinical signs found in these patients that are atypical for primary intraocular lymphoma but common in sarcoidosis were multifocal choroiditis (n = 7) and cystoid macular edema (n = 6). Additional findings included keratic precipitates, posterior synechiae, and Koeppe nodules. Chest computerized tomography was consistent with sarcoidosis in seven of eight tested patients, and five of these patients had normal chest x-rays. Other findings included elevated angiotensin-converting enzyme and/or lysozyme, and biopsy revealing noncaseating granulomas.. Although primary intraocular lymphoma should always be in the differential diagnosis of older patients who present with signs of ocular inflammation, ophthalmologists must also consider other etiologies, including sarcoidosis. A chest computerized tomography may be helpful in the diagnosis, particularly when laboratory findings are supportive of sarcoidosis.

Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Diagnosis, Differential; Diagnostic Errors; Eye Diseases; Eye Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Lymphoma, B-Cell; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; Sarcoidosis; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Uveitis; Vitreous Body

Th1 and Th17 cells are characterized by their expression of IFN-gamma or IL-17, respectively. The finding of Th cells producing both IL-17 and IFN-gamma suggested, however, that certain Th cells may modify their selective cytokine expression. In this study, we examined changes in cytokine expression in an experimental system in which polarized Th1 or Th17 cells specific against hen egg lysozyme induce ocular inflammation in recipient mice expressing hen egg lysozyme in their eyes. Whereas only IFN-gamma was expressed in eyes of Th1 recipient mice, substantial proportions of donor cells expressed IFN-gamma or both IFN-gamma and IL-17 in Th17 recipient eyes. The possibility that nonpolarized cells in Th17 preparations were responsible for expression of IFN-gamma or IFN-gamma/IL-17 in Th17 recipient eyes was contradicted by the finding that the proportions of such cells were larger in recipients of Th17 preparations with 20-25% nonpolarized cells than in recipients of 35-40% preparations. Moreover, whereas incubation in vitro of Th1 cells with Th17-polarizing mixture had no effect on their phenotype, incubation of Th17 with Th1-polarizing mixture, or in the absence of cytokines, converted most of these cells into IFN-gamma or IFN-gamma/IL-17-expressing cells. In addition, Th17 incubated with the Th1 mixture expressed T-bet, whereas no ROR-gamma t was detected in Th1 incubated with Th17 mixture. Thus, polarized Th1 cells retain their phenotype in the tested systems, whereas Th17 may switch to express IFN-gamma or IFN-gamma/IL-17 following activation in the absence of cytokines, or exposure to certain cytokine milieus at the inflammation site or in culture.

Topics: Animals; Eye Diseases; Flow Cytometry; Immunophenotyping; Inflammation; Interferon-gamma; Interleukin-17; Lymphocyte Activation; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Muramidase; Phenotype; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; T-Lymphocyte Subsets; Th1 Cells

Topics: Biopsy; Eye Diseases; Humans; Muramidase; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary; Surveys and Questionnaires

We determined the serum angiotensin converting enzyme and lysozyme levels in 221 patients with uveitis and in 67 control subjects. Angiotensin converting enzyme and lysozyme levels were found to be age dependent. Of the 221 patients, 12 had sarcoidosis. In patients with uveitis who had an angiotensin converting enzyme level above 50 units/l (mean + 2 S.D.), the sensitivity of the test was 84%, the specificity was 95%, and the predictive value was 47%. In these same patients the sensitivity was 60% for a lysozyme level above 8 mg/l (mean + 2 S.D.), the specificity was 76%, and the predictive value was 12%.

Topics: Adult; Aging; Eye Diseases; Female; Forecasting; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; Sarcoidosis; Uveitis

Serum levels of muramidase activity were measured in 162 patients with different ocular diseases and 84 healthy subjects by electro-immuno-diffusion technique. We demonstrated for the first time that electro-immuno-diffusion technique could be successfully applied for the estimation of serum muramidase concentrations. Serum muramidase was found to be high in significant number of cases with granulomatous uveitis, tuberculous keratitis, central serous retinopathy and Eales' disease. Tuberculosis was presumed to be the cause in them by the process of exlusion. Patients with high serum muramidase activity were subjected to anti-tubercular treatment with a marked clinical improvement. It is suggested that high serum muramidase could be an useful parameter in deciding the line of treatment in patients with ocular diseases of uncertain etiology. Serum muramidase concentrations showed return to normal levels with the clinical improvement of the diseases with treatment. It increased again with the re-appearance of the activity of the diseases.

Topics: Eye Diseases; Humans; Immunoassay; Muramidase

Topics: Antigens; Conjunctiva; Eye; Eye Diseases; Eyelids; Humans; Immunoglobulin A, Secretory; Immunoglobulins; Lactoferrin; Langerhans Cells; Lymphatic System; Lymphocytes; Mucins; Muramidase; Tears

Immunohistological techniques have been increasingly used, both in general and ophthalmic pathology, for identification of specific cell types that may not be possible on morphological grounds or by conventional histochemical methods alone. Enzyme conjugate techniques using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) immune complex method and the avidin-biotin-horseradish peroxidase method (ABC) are particularly useful as they are highly sensitive, provide permanent results, allow the use of paraffin-embedded tissues and do not require a fluorescent microscope. Antibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), factor VIII-related antigen, muramidase, S-100 protein, myoglobin, prostatic acid phosphatase and prostate-specific antigen are valuable tools in surgical pathology and their applicability to ophthalmic pathology have been clearly demonstrated.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Antigens; Antigens, Neoplasm; Antigens, Surface; Eye; Eye Diseases; Factor VIII; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Intermediate Filament Proteins; Muramidase; Myoglobin; Prostate-Specific Antigen; S100 Proteins; von Willebrand Factor

Topics: Conjunctivitis; Eye Diseases; Humans; Keratitis; Muramidase; Sjogren's Syndrome; Tears

Concentrations of lysozyme, lactoferrin, ceruloplasmin, IgA, and IgG have been measured in tears by the ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) technique. Tears were collected on weighed filter paper discs, after which they were eluted into buffer and transported frozen to a remote laboratory for assay. Patients with sicca, questionably dry eyes and ocular pemphigoid were sampled, as were 54 normal volunteers. Tear protein profiles were established which were unique for each condition and clearly differed from the normal controls. The assay developed is considered suitable for other proteins such as IgE, and could also be used for monitoring the effects of drugs on the lacrimal gland.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Ceruloplasmin; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Eye Diseases; Humans; Immunoglobulin A; Immunoglobulin G; Lactoferrin; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Pemphigoid, Bullous; Proteins; Tears; Xerophthalmia

We studied the lysozyme content of tears in 267 subjects (521 eyes), including 241 healthy subjects, 7 patients (14 eyes) with bilateral blepharitis, 8 patients (12 eyes) with conjunctivitis, and 11 patients (16 eyes) with keratitis. The concentration of lysozyme in the tears rises with age between childhood and maturity. The highest values were seen in the age group of 21-40 years, and a decrease of lysozyme concentration occurred with an increase in age from 30-40 years. The mean lysozyme content of tears was 1,768 micrograms/ml in healthy subjects; no significant differences occurred between the sexes. Patients with blepharitis, conjunctivitis, and keratitis had normal mean lysozyme content of tears. The tears of patients with herpes simplex keratitis had low lysozyme values.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Blepharitis; Child; Conjunctivitis; Eye Diseases; Female; Humans; Keratitis; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Tears

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Alanine Transaminase; Child; Eye Diseases; Female; Humans; Leukocyte Count; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Neutropenia; Neutrophils

The major complications with extended wear lenses are due to hypoxia and lens deposits. Certain patients tend to deposit proteins and lipids on the lens surface with daily wear and at a greater frequency during prolonged wear. A build-up of these deposits can be associated with decreased vision, conjunctival irritation, and giant papillary conjunctivitis. Frequent lens cleaning and the frequent use of concomitant topical artificial tears will hopefully reduce the incidence of lens deposits and their complications. Superficial circumlimbal vascularization occurs in a large percentage of patients who have worn lenses for weeks at a time. Corneal edema, ocular irritation, and decreased vision are also the hallmarks of a decreased oxygen supply to the cornea. A thin-loose-fitting lens will increase the percentage of patients who are able to successfully use extended wear lenses by increasing the amount of oxygen available to the cornea. Cessation or reduction in duration of lens wear will decrease the frequency and severity of this complication. Conjunctival and corneal infections are real risks; lens loss, breakage, deformation, or discoloration also occur during extended wear.

Topics: Calcium; Conjunctivitis; Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic; Cornea; Eye Diseases; Humans; Hypoxia; Keratitis; Lipid Metabolism; Muramidase; Proteins; Refractive Errors; Time Factors

Tear secretion, as measured by Schirmer's test, was significantly reduced in 42 (9%) of 466 patients with nonspecific anterior segment complaints. One of these 42 patients were found to have systemic lupus erythematosus and another had benign mucous membrane pemphigoid.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Eye Diseases; Female; Humans; Lacrimal Apparatus; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Tears

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Blood Bactericidal Activity; Conjunctivitis; Eye Diseases; Female; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Keratitis; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Phagocytosis; Sclera; Staphylococcal Infections; Uveitis

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Eye Diseases; Female; Humans; Immunization, Passive; Inflammation; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Tears; Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines

Topics: Biopsy; Conjunctiva; Eye Diseases; Hexosamines; Humans; Keratoconjunctivitis; Lacrimal Apparatus; Lacrimal Duct Obstruction; Methods; Mucus; Muramidase; Necrosis; Pemphigus; Proteins; Radiography; Reflex; Rose Bengal; Secretory Rate; Staining and Labeling; Tears

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Demography; Environment; Eye Diseases; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Smoking; Tears; Time Factors

Topics: Conjunctivitis; Corneal Ulcer; Eye Diseases; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Keratoconjunctivitis; Muramidase; Tears

Topics: Adult; Antibody Formation; Centrifugation, Density Gradient; Culture Techniques; Eye Diseases; Humans; Immunoelectrophoresis; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulins; Male; Muramidase; Neutralization Tests; Nose; Rhinovirus; Tears; Time Factors; Vaccines

Topics: Air Pollution; Albumins; Animals; Ceruloplasmin; Eye Diseases; gamma-Globulins; Humans; Immunoelectrophoresis; Immunoglobulin G; Muramidase; Proteins; Rabbits; Serum Albumin; Tears; Transferrin

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Albumins; Child; Child, Preschool; Electrophoresis; Eye Diseases; Female; Globulins; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Tears

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Air Pollution; California; Environmental Exposure; Eye Diseases; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Tears

Topics: Cross Infection; Eye Diseases; Humans; Muramidase; Ophthalmic Solutions; Pseudomonas Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Sterilization

Topics: Eye Diseases; Humans; Muramidase; Tears

Topics: Animals; Chloramphenicol; Chymotrypsin; Drug Synergism; Eye Diseases; Muramidase; Peptide Hydrolases; Rabbits

Topics: Adult; Aged; Conjunctivitis; Cornea; Eye Diseases; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Ophthalmic Solutions

Topics: Alpha-Globulins; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Electrophoresis; Eye Diseases; gamma-Globulins; Humans; Immunoelectrophoresis; Muramidase; Serum Albumin; Tears

Topics: Adenosine Triphosphatases; Carbonic Anhydrases; Cytochromes; Drug Therapy; Eye; Eye Diseases; Humans; Hyaluronoglucosaminidase; Keratoconjunctivitis; Muramidase; Peptide Hydrolases

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Antiviral Agents; Dermatologic Agents; Eye Diseases; Humans; Muramidase; Ophthalmology

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Dermatologic Agents; Eye Diseases; Humans; Lacrimal Apparatus; Muramidase; Tears

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Eye; Eye Diseases; Humans; Muramidase