muramidase and Enteritis

Enzymological alterations in functional disturbances and in diseases of the intestine are reviewed. Examples are given for diagnostic significance (e.g. in Hirschsprung's and Crohn's diseases), for pathogenetic considerations (e.g. in hypolactasia and in celiac disease), and for secondary involvement of the liver (e.g. in intestinal tumors and after bypass surgery) and are discussed in more detail.

Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Adult; Alcoholism; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Black People; Celiac Disease; Child; Child, Preschool; Colonic Neoplasms; Diarrhea; Enteritis; Enteropeptidase; Humans; Infant; Intestinal Diseases; Isoenzymes; Jejunum; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lactose; Malabsorption Syndromes; Megacolon; Microbial Collagenase; Microvilli; Muramidase; Rats; Rectum; White People

This study aimed to investigate the impacts of dietary threonine on intestinal immunity and inflammation in juvenile grass carp. Six iso-nitrogenous semi-purified diets containing graded levels of threonine (3·99-21·66 g threonine/kg) were formulated and fed to fishes for 8 weeks, and then challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila for 14 d. Results showed that, compared with optimum threonine supplementation, threonine deficiency (1) decreased the ability of fish against enteritis, intestinal lysozyme activities (except in the distal intestine), acid phosphatase activities, complement 3 (C3) and C4 contents and IgM contents (except in the proximal intestine (PI)), and it down-regulated the transcript abundances of liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide (LEAP)-2A, LEAP-2B, hepcidin, IgZ, IgM and β-defensin1 (except in the PI) (P<0·05); (2) could up-regulate intestinal pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-17D mRNA levels partly related to NF-κB signalling; (3) could down-regulate intestinal anti-inflammatory cytokine transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, TGF-β2, IL-4/13A (not IL-4/13B) and IL-10 mRNA levels partly by target of rapamycin signalling. Finally, on the basis of the specific growth rate, against the enteritis morbidity and IgM contents, the optimum threonine requirements were estimated to be 14·53 g threonine/kg diet (4·48 g threonine/100 g protein), 15.05 g threonine/kg diet (4·64 g threonine/100 g protein) and 15·17 g threonine/kg diet (4·68 g threonine/100 g protein), respectively.

Topics: Aeromonas hydrophila; Animals; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; Blood Proteins; Carps; Cytokines; Diet; Down-Regulation; Enteritis; Fish Diseases; Fish Proteins; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Hepcidins; Immunoglobulin M; Intestines; Muramidase; NF-kappa B; Signal Transduction; Threonine; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; Up-Regulation

Lysozyme has an important role in preventing bacterial infection. In the gastrointestinal tract, lysozyme is thought to be mainly expressed by Paneth cells of the crypt epithelium. We investigated its expression in the Peyer's patch, a major intestinal site of antigen sampling and pathogen entry.. We performed immunostaining on normal and Salmonella Typhimurium-infected intestinal samples and analyzed them by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry.. In Peyer's patch of mouse, rat, and human, lysozyme was strongly expressed in the germinal center of follicles by tingible body macrophages and in the subepithelial dome by a subset of myeloid dendritic cells (DC). Among DC subsets from mouse Peyer's patches, these lysozyme-expressing DC displayed the highest surface expression of class II major histocompatibility complex and costimulatory molecules; they were the most efficient at capturing microspheres in vitro. Moreover, they were the main DC subset involved in bacterial pathogen uptake and in dead cell clearance, including M cells.. The subepithelial dome of Peyer's patches contains a unique population of intestinal DC that secretes high levels of lysozyme and internalizes bacteria and dead cells.

Topics: Animals; Antigens, Differentiation; CD11b Antigen; CD11c Antigen; CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1; Dendritic Cells; Enteritis; Female; Flow Cytometry; Humans; Macrophages; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microscopy, Confocal; Muramidase; Myeloid Cells; Peyer's Patches; Rats; Receptors, Chemokine; Salmonella Infections; Salmonella typhimurium

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Enteritis; Humans; Intestines; Muramidase; Peyer's Patches

A cage study was conducted to demonstrate the effect of Entegard REV, a lysozyme-based antimicrobial blend, on the performance of broiler chickens and necrotic enteritis (NE) disease reduction of birds that were challenged with Eimeria maxima and Clostridium perfringens. In the experiment, challenge by the infectious agents without medication resulted in impaired feed consumption, weight gain, and feed conversions and caused high incidence of gross NE lesions and NE mortality rate. Entegard REV included in feed at 200 g/metric ton (MT) was very effective in reducing negative health effects in the birds after NE challenge, and its ability to control the disease was not statistically different from a commonly used antibiotic growth promotant, bacitracin methylene disalicilate, at 55 g/MT.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chickens; Clostridium Infections; Clostridium perfringens; Coccidiosis; Eimeria; Enteritis; Muramidase; Necrosis; Poultry Diseases

Enteric fever is a systemic illness caused by Salmonella infection, with S. typhi, S. paratyphi, and S. enteritidis being the most common serotypes. Humans are the only reservoir for S. typhi, and its predilection for the ileum is due to the fact that organisms enter the body by translocation across specialized Peyer's patch epithelium and then proliferate in the mucosal macrophages. The lesions in bowel and mesenteric lymph nodes are distinctive and mimic Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease and Rosai-Dorfman disease as well as infections caused by some non-salmonella bacteria. The four cases presented in this report, two culture-confirmed, all exhibited ileal mucosal hypertrophy caused by a neutrophil-poor monocyte/macrophage-rich hyperplasia. Though diffuse areas were present, much of the lesional proliferation was nodular, representing macrophage infiltration and colonization by the monocytes and macrophages. Immunophenotypic studies, which showed a CD68+, lysozyme+, UCHL-1+, OPD4-, CD4-, s100- profile, were helpful in distinguishing these lesions from other processes, including Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease and Rosai-Dorfman disease. Although rare in developed countries, enteric fever should be considered in any patient with recent travel to endemic areas and in the context of illness thought to be related to contaminated foods.

Topics: Adult; Antigens, CD; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; Child; Child, Preschool; Enteritis; Female; Humans; Ileum; Immunophenotyping; Leukocyte Common Antigens; Male; Muramidase; Typhoid Fever

Topics: Adult; Chronic Disease; Colitis; Enteritis; Female; Humans; Intestinal Secretions; Jejunum; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase

Serum lysozyme (muramidase) concentrations were determined in patients with different types of inflammatory bowel disease and in normal subjects. The mean (plus or minus S.E.M.) lysozyme concentration for each group was as follows: controls, 8.8 plus or minus 0.3, ulcerative colitis, 9.3 plus or minus 0.6, Crohn's disease, 26.3 plus or minus 1.4. a and bacterial and nonbacterial enteritis, 8.9 plus or minus 0.7 mug per milliliter. Thus, mean enzyme levels were significantly greater in Crohn's disease than in ulcerative colitis (p smaller than 0.001), bacterial and nonbacterial enteritis (p smaller than 0.001) and healthy volunteers (p smaller than 0.001). The elevation of serum lysozyme in Crohn's disease may be related to tissue macrophages because no correlation was found between either the serum lysozyme concentration and the white-cell counts or the absolute numbers of circulating granulocytes or monocytes. Our findings suggest that serum lysozyme may be useful in the differential diagnosis of Crohn's disease from other types of bowel inflammation.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Colitis, Ulcerative; Crohn Disease; Diagnosis, Differential; Enteritis; Female; Humans; Leukocyte Count; Macrophages; Male; Middle Aged; Monocytes; Muramidase; Salmonella Infections

Topics: Adult; Aged; Biopsy; Celiac Disease; Child; Enteritis; Female; Humans; Intestinal Secretions; Jejunum; Malabsorption Syndromes; Male; Middle Aged; Mitosis; Muramidase; Whipple Disease

Topics: Culture Media; Enteritis; Enzymes; Feces; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Muramidase

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Body Fluids; Child; Enteritis; Feces; Humans; Infant; Muramidase