muramidase and Edema

The reactions of ruthenium(III) chloride trihydrate with piroxicam (H2PIR) and tenoxicam (H2TEN), two widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, afforded [Ru(III)Cl2(H2PIR)(HPIR)],·1, and [Ru(III)Cl2(H2TEN)(HTEN)],·2. Both compounds were obtained as pure green solids through purification via flash column chromatography. Characterizations were accomplished through UV-vis and IR spectroscopy, potentiometry and HPLC. Quantum mechanics and density functional computational methods were applied to investigate their respective molecular structures. The experimental and computational results are in agreement with a pseudo-octahedral coordination where the two chlorido ligands are in trans positions (apical) and the two trans-N,O chelating oxicam ligands occupy the equatorial sites. Both compounds revealed an acceptable solubility and stability profile upon dissolution in a standard buffer at physiological pH. Nonetheless, the addition of biologically occurring reducing agents caused spectral changes. The two complexes manifested a poor reactivity with the model proteins cytochrome c and lysozyme: no evidence for adduct formation was indeed obtained based on a standard ESI MS analysis; in contrast, some significant reactivity with serum albumin was proved spectrophotometrically. Remarkably, both study compounds revealed pronounced anti-edema effects in vivo suggesting that the pharmacological actions of the ligands are mostly retained; in addition, they were less irritating than piroxicam on the gastric mucosa when the coordination compounds and free oxicam were administered at the same overall molar concentration of the ligand. Overall, the present results point out that ruthenium coordination may represent an effective strategy to improve the pharmacological properties of oxicam drugs reducing their undesired side effects.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Survival; Coordination Complexes; Cytochromes c; Drug Stability; Edema; Hindlimb; Humans; Ligands; Male; Muramidase; Piroxicam; Protein Binding; Quantum Theory; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Ruthenium Compounds; Serum Albumin; Solubility

The anti-inflammatory effect of total phenolics from Laggera alata (TPLA) was evaluated with various in vivo models of both acute and chronic inflammations. In the acute inflammation tests, TPLA inhibited significantly xylene-induced mouse ear oedema, carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema and acetic acid-induced mouse vascular permeability. In the carrageenan-induced rat pleurisy model, TPLA significantly suppressed inflammatory exudate and leukocyte migration, reduced the serum levels of lysozyme (LZM) and malondialdehyde (MDA), increased the serum levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and also decreased the contents of total protein, nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) in the pleural exudates. In the chronic inflammation experiment, TPLA inhibited significantly cotton pellet-induced rat granuloma. These results indicated that TPLA possesses potent anti-inflammatory activity on acute and chronic inflammation models. Its anti-inflammatory mechanisms are probably associated with the inhibition of prostaglandin formation, the influence on the antioxidant systems, and the suppression of LZM release. Furthermore, the total phenolic content of Laggera alata and its main component type was quantified, and its principle components were isolated and authenticated. Acute toxicity studies revealed that TPLA up to an oral dose of 8.5 g/kg body weight was almost nontoxic in mice.

Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Asteraceae; Capillary Permeability; Carrageenan; Chronic Disease; Dexamethasone; Ear, External; Edema; Glutathione Peroxidase; Inflammation; Male; Malondialdehyde; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Muramidase; Nitric Oxide; Plant Extracts; Pleurisy; Quinic Acid; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Superoxide Dismutase; Xylenes

The differentiation of naive T cells into effector Th1 cells is a complex process that may proceed in two steps, commitment and development. Initial TCR engagement and IFN-gamma signaling instruct the T cells to commit to the Th1 lineage, while subsequent IL-12 and potentially TCR signaling induces final differentiation into irreversible, Th1 effector cells. In agreement with a multistep process of Th1 cell differentiation, effector Th1 cell generation requires repeated TCR and cytokine signaling, thus raising the possibility that commitment and differentiation processes may occur in two distinct anatomical sites, the lymphoid organ and the site of infection, respectively. We tested this possibility using a model of skin sensitization that permits a direct analysis of Ag-specific T cells both within lymphoid organs and at the site of sensitization. We show in this study that Ag presentation in the skin does not induce further differentiation of skin-infiltrating T cells that are highly divided and fully differentiated effector cells. Thus, effector Th1 cell differentiation is completed within lymphoid organs. In addition, we examined the heterogeneity of CD4 T cell responses in vivo through the analysis of the expression, by activated T cells, of different selectins, including P-selectin ligand and CD62L known to define separable effector populations. We delineated, in lymph nodes, at least five distinct subpopulations of activated CD4 T cells with different phenotypes and recirculation properties. Collectively, these results show that the lymphoid environment orchestrates T cell activation to generate a repertoire of effector T cells with a diversity of effector functions.

Topics: Animals; Antigens; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Cell Differentiation; Cell Movement; Cell Survival; Ear, External; Edema; Hindlimb; Injections, Subcutaneous; Lymphocyte Activation; Lymphoid Tissue; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Inbred CBA; Mice, Transgenic; Muramidase; Organ Specificity; Skin; Th1 Cells

Moraxella catarrhalis is a normal resident of the human nasopharyngeal flora, but it is also isolated from middle ear fluid of acute otitis media and otitis media with effusion patients. To determine whether M. catarrhalis has direct pathogenicity in the middle ear, heat-killed M. catarrhalis was inoculated into the middle ear bullae of guinea pigs, and the inflammatory response was investigated. Middle ear mucosal histopathology observed in M. catarrhalis-inoculated ears included subepithelial edema, capillary dilatation, thickening of lamina propria mucosa, inflammatory cell and erythrocyte infiltration into the lamina propria mucosa. Inflammatory cell numbers, lysozyme and myeloperoxidase concentrations in the middle ear washing suspensions of M. catarrhalis-inoculated ears were significantly higher than control ears throughout the experiment. Therefore, nonviable M. catarrhalis induced middle ear inflammation and mucoperiosteal histopathology, which might be caused by direct injury of the nonviable bacteria (e.g. lipooligosaccharide or outer membrane proteins) and metabolic products of inflammatory cells.

Topics: Animals; Ear, Middle; Edema; Epithelium; Guinea Pigs; Moraxella catarrhalis; Muramidase; Otitis Media; Peroxidase

The effect of the anti-IL-4 monoclonal antibody 11B11 mAb on antigen-induced footpad responses in mice in which Arthus reaction is involved was investigated. Antigen-induced footpad responses were induced by immunization with hen egg lysozyme (HEL) and by challenge injection of HEL into the footpads on day 20 after the immunization. Five hours after the challenge injection, footpad swelling was measured. 11B11 mAb was daily administered i.p. over a period of 10 days, commencing on the day of immunization with HEL. The results showed that the treatment with 11B11 mAb significantly augmented the footpad swelling. There was an increase in the production of anti-HEL IgG2a antibodies in 11B11 mAb-treated mice, while a decrease in anti-HEL IgG1 and IgG antibody production was observed in the animals. The secretion of IL-4 from lymphoid cells of 11B11 mAb-treated mice was markedly reduced. In contrast, increased IFN-gamma production was observed in these animals. Thus, treatment with anti-IL-4 antibodies appears to be effective in augmenting antibody-mediated in vivo responses in which antigen-specific IgG2a antibodies and IFN-gamma produced following the antibody treatment play a role.

Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antigens; Arthus Reaction; Edema; Egg Proteins; Hindlimb; Immunoglobulin G; Interferon-gamma; Interleukin-4; Lymph Nodes; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred DBA; Muramidase

Eighteen synthetic xanthone derivatives were tested for their inhibitory effects on the activation of mast cells and neutrophils. 1,3- and 3,5-Dihydroxyxanthone showed strong inhibitory effects on the release of beta-glucuronidase and histamine from rat peritoneal mast cells stimulated with compound 48/80. 1,6-Dihydroxyxanthone and 1,3,8-trihydroxyxanthone showed strong inhibitory effects on the release of beta-glucuronidase, and beta-glucuronidase and lysozyme, respectively, from rat neutrophils stimulated with formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP). 1,3- and 1,6-Dihydroxyxanthone, 1,3,7-trihydroxyxanthone, and 1,3,5,6-, 2,3,6,7-, and 3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxyxanthone showed potent inhibitory effects on superoxide formation of rat neutrophils stimulated with fMLP. 1,6- and 3,5-Dihydroxyxanthone showed remarkable inhibitory effects on hind-paw oedema induced by polymyxin B in normal as well as in adrenalectomized mice. These data indicated that the anti-inflammatory effect of these compounds is mediated through the suppression of chemical mediators released from mast cell and neutrophil degranulation.

Topics: Adrenalectomy; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Edema; Glucuronidase; Histamine Release; In Vitro Techniques; Mast Cells; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Muramidase; Neutrophils; Polymyxin B; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Structure-Activity Relationship; Superoxides; Xanthenes

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Diterpenes; Edema; Male; Muramidase; Nystatin; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains

The kidneys of 18 autopsy cases of myelomonocytic leukemia (MML) were examined for MML-specific features. Nine cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) served as controls. The kidneys of the cases of MML showed macroscopically detectable signs of hemorrhagic diathesis and secondary uric acid diathesis more often than those of CLL. In the MML group most of the kidneys weighed more than the normal average for the corresponding age group, but the average renal weights for the 2 groups were about the same. Renal weight and grade of leukemic infiltration, particularly in MML, revealed no significant positive correlation. In most of the cases of MML there were unevenly distributed poorly defined leukemic, infiltrates in the renal cortex and medulla. The histology resembled that of pyelonephritis. In CLL, on the other hand, the leukemic infiltrates were usually sharply defined and localized in foci in the outer cortex and the corticomedullary border region. Renal dysfunction in cases of MML has been attributed by others to hyperlysozymemia. It was found occasionally but there was no MML-typical morphological substrate in our material. Hyaline droplet change of the tubular epithelium was more frequent and more pronounced in MML than in CLL. However, we also determined that it was nonspecific and that it was not a parameter of cell damage. Tubular hyaline droplet change and the morphological criteria of acute renal failure were not positively correlated with the degree of leukemic infiltration of the kidneys or with the leukemic proliferation as a whole. Instead, they were considered to be signs and symptoms of accompanying or secondary diseases which complicated the leukemia.

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adult; Aged; Edema; Female; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Glomerulus; Kidney Tubules; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Myeloid; Liver; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Nephrocalcinosis; Organ Size; Pyelonephritis; Spleen; Uric Acid

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Corneal Opacity; Diet Therapy; Edema; Hospitalization; Humans; Kwashiorkor; Leukocytes; Muramidase; Night Blindness; Proteins; Serum Albumin; Spectrophotometry; Syndrome; Vitamin A; Vitamin A Deficiency; Xerophthalmia

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Arthritis; Azathioprine; Barbiturates; Chloroquine; Collagen; Cyclohexanes; Edema; Female; Glucuronidase; Glycoside Hydrolases; Hexosaminidases; Indomethacin; Leukocyte Count; Muramidase; Peptide Hydrolases; Phenylbutazone; Prednisolone; Rats

Topics: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Aminobenzoates; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Dental Pulp Capping; Edema; Enzyme Therapy; Female; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Indomethacin; Inflammation; Male; Mouth Diseases; Muramidase; Nicotinic Acids; Oxyphenbutazone; Postoperative Complications; Pyrazoles; Salicylates; Stomatitis

Topics: Animals; Arthritis, Infectious; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Body Temperature; Body Weight; Disease Models, Animal; Edema; Extremities; Leukocytosis; Male; Muramidase; Physical Exertion; Rats; Time Factors

Topics: Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic; Basement Membrane; Biopsy; Blood Cell Count; Complement System Proteins; Edema; gamma-Globulins; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Glomerulus; Kidney Transplantation; Microscopy, Electron; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Transplantation Immunology; Transplantation, Autologous; Transplantation, Homologous

Topics: Adrenalectomy; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Arthritis; Aspirin; Blood Proteins; Edema; Freund's Adjuvant; Hindlimb; Hot Temperature; Hypophysectomy; Indomethacin; Lysosomes; Male; Muramidase; Paramethasone; Phenylbutazone; Protein Denaturation; Rats; Spectrophotometry; Starch; Stress, Physiological

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Toxins; Bile Acids and Salts; Cell Wall; Edema; Formaldehyde; Freeze Drying; Hot Temperature; Injections, Subcutaneous; Mice; Muramidase; Periodic Acid; Skin Diseases, Infectious; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Suppuration; Toxins, Biological; Trypsin

Topics: Adrenalectomy; Animals; Bradykinin; Chymotrypsin; Deoxyribonucleases; Edema; Fibrinolysin; Granuloma; Inflammation; Male; Muramidase; Pancreatin; Peptide Hydrolases; Rats; Serratia; Trypsin