muramidase and Diarrhea

The use of oral rehydration solution (ORS) has revolutionized the management of acute diarrhea. The implementation of the standard World Health Organization ORS (WHO-ORS) has resulted in decreased mortality associated with acute diarrheal illnesses in children, although in general stool volume and diarrhea durations are not reduced. Decreased morbidity and mortality have occurred because of improved hydration status. Decreased morbidity has also been described in adults who used this therapy. Various modifications to the standard ORS have been derived. These modifications have included hypo-osmolar or hyperosmolar solutions, use of rice-based ORS, zinc supplementation, and the use of amino acids, including glycine, alanine, and glutamine. Some of these variations have been successful, some have not, and others are still under investigation. ORS has been used for travelers' diarrhea and to decrease intravenous (IV) fluid requirements in patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS) who require parenteral nutrition (PN). This paper reviews the standard WHO-ORS and its mechanism of action, followed by more contemporary reduced osmolarity ORS and rice-based ORS in non-cholera diarrhea. Various modifications to improve ORS are also discussed.

Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Bicarbonates; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diarrhea; Flavoring Agents; Fluid Therapy; Glucose; Humans; Lactoferrin; Muramidase; Oryza; Osmolar Concentration; Polysaccharides; Potassium Chloride; Sodium Chloride; Zinc

Enzymological alterations in functional disturbances and in diseases of the intestine are reviewed. Examples are given for diagnostic significance (e.g. in Hirschsprung's and Crohn's diseases), for pathogenetic considerations (e.g. in hypolactasia and in celiac disease), and for secondary involvement of the liver (e.g. in intestinal tumors and after bypass surgery) and are discussed in more detail.

Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Adult; Alcoholism; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Black People; Celiac Disease; Child; Child, Preschool; Colonic Neoplasms; Diarrhea; Enteritis; Enteropeptidase; Humans; Infant; Intestinal Diseases; Isoenzymes; Jejunum; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lactose; Malabsorption Syndromes; Megacolon; Microbial Collagenase; Microvilli; Muramidase; Rats; Rectum; White People

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Bifilac on reducing the episodes (frequency) and duration of diarrhea induced by rotaviral infection and to evaluate the efficacy of Bifilac to ameliorate the associated symptoms like dehydration and duration of rotaviral shedding in faeces.. 80 children aged between 3 months and 3 years were enrolled and divided into 2 groups, one group received standard therapy + placebo, the other group received standard therapy + probiotic (Bifilac) randomly. Children assessed for frequency and duration of diarrhea. Degree of dehydration, duration and volume of oral rehydration salt [ORS] therapy, duration and volume of Intra venous fluids and duration of rotaviral shedding.. When compared to the placebo, Bifilac showed clinical as well as statistically significant reduction in Number of episodes (frequency) of diarrhea in a day, mean duration of diarrhea (in days) degree of dehydration, duration and volume of oral rehydration salt [ORS] therapy, duration and volume of intravenous fluid [IVF] therapy, duration of rotaviral shedding (P<0.01).. The synbiotic, bifilac, appears to be a safe and very effective adjuvant in the management of acute rotaviral diarrhea.

Topics: Acute Disease; Anti-Infective Agents; Child, Preschool; Dehydration; Diarrhea; Double-Blind Method; Drug Combinations; Female; Fluid Therapy; Humans; Infant; Male; Muramidase; Probiotics; Rehydration Solutions; Rotavirus; Rotavirus Infections; Treatment Outcome; Virus Shedding

To compare glucose and rice-based oral rehydration solution with rice-based oral rehydration solution containing recombinant human lactoferrin and recombinant human lysozyme in diarrhea outcomes.. We conducted a randomized, double-blind controlled trial in children with acute diarrhea and dehydration. One hundred and forty children 5 to 33 months old were block randomized to receive low osmolarity WHO-ORS (G-ORS), rice-based ORS (R-ORS), or rice-based ORS plus lactoferrin and lysozyme (Lf/Lz-R-ORS). Intake and output were monitored for 48 h in the ORU, with continued monitoring through home and clinic follow-up for 14 d.. The G-ORS and R-ORS groups did not show any differences in diarrhea outcomes and were therefore combined as the control group. Intent-to-treat analysis showed a significant decrease in duration of diarrhea (3.67 d vs 5.21 d, P = 0.05) in the Lf/Lz-R-ORS group as compared with the control group and a significant increase in the number of children who achieved 48 h with solid stool, 85% vs 69% (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences [corrected] in volume of diarrhea or [corrected] the percentage of children who had a new diarrhea episode after achieving the endpoint.. Addition of recombinant human lactoferrin and lysozyme to a rice-based oral rehydration solution had beneficial effects on children with acute diarrhea.

Topics: Acute Disease; Administration, Oral; Child, Preschool; Dehydration; Diarrhea; Double-Blind Method; Fluid Therapy; Glucose; Humans; Infant; Lactoferrin; Male; Muramidase; Oryza; Peru; Prospective Studies; Treatment Outcome

Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile is one of the leading causes of nosocomial diarrhea. Lysozyme is a common host defense against many pathogenic bacteria. C. difficile exhibits high levels of lysozyme resistance, which is due in part to the extracytoplasmic functioning (ECF) σ factor, σ

Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Clostridioides; Clostridioides difficile; Diarrhea; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Humans; Muramidase; Proteolysis; Sigma Factor

Huangqin Decoction (HQD), a traditional Chinese medicine formula from the Shang Han Lun written by Zhang Zhongjing, has been used in China for nearly two thousand years. According to the traditional Chinese medicine and previous literature, HQD has the effect of clearing heat, removing toxins, relieving diarrhea and pain. Therefore, HQD was used to prevent or cure many diseases, such as inflammation, diarrhea, malaria, and other acute or chronic gastrointestinal diseases. The effect of HQD, one-herb-absent HQD treatments and enrofloxacin (ENR) on the average daily gain (ADG), mortality rates, visceral index and toll-like receptors (TLRs), inflammatory factors and intestinal microflora in E. coli O78-inoculated chicks were investigated. HQD supplementation increased ADG and reduced the mortality rates caused by E. coli challenge, decreased the heart, liver, bursa of Fabricius (BF) and spleen index. HQD supplementation decreased the serum lysozyme (LZM), IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-6 level, down-regulated the mRNA expression of TLR4, -5 and -15 in the spleen by E. coli challenged chicks, and up-regulated the mRNA expression of TLR4, -5 and -15 in BF. At the phylum level, HQD supplementation reversed the increase of Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTUs), decreased the relative abundance of harmful bacteria Proteobacteria, increased the relative abundance of probiotic bacteria Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. At the genus level, HQD decreased the relative abundance of harmful bacteria Escherichia-Shigella and Pseudomonas. It means that HQD treatment reversed the change of the gut microbiota structure. Compared with HQD, HQD-DZ and HQD-HQ increased the mortality rates. HQD-HQ decreased the ADG and liver index. HQD-GC decreased the spleen index. All herb-absent increased the serum IL-6, but only the HQD-HQ and HQD-SY increased the serum TNF-α. All herb-absent did not activate the TLRs signaling pathways in spleen and BF of chicks. The harmful bacteria Escherichia-Shigella were increased in HQD-HQ and HQD-DZ treatments. HQD-DZ treatment also increased the level of Proteobacteria. The results showed that dietary supplementation with HQD, by down-regulating the mRNA expression of TLR4, -5 and -15 in the spleen, further decreasing the serum LZM and IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-6 level, improves the immune function and reverses the change of fecal microbiome in chicks challenged with E. coli. In herb-absent supplementation, the results showed that SY and DZ play a key role in reduc

Topics: Animals; Chickens; Diarrhea; Enrofloxacin; Escherichia coli; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Immunity; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-6; Muramidase; RNA, Messenger; Scutellaria baicalensis; Toll-Like Receptor 4; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

This study aimed to investigate the effect of putrescine on the immune function and intestinal bacteria of weaning piglets. Twenty-four male castrated weaning piglets on their 21st day were randomly assigned into four groups: control (basal diet) and treatment groups given basal diets supplemented with 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.15% putrescine for 11 days. Results were as follows: (1) Dietary putrescine increased the villus height, width, height/crypt depth and surface area, and decreased the diarrhea index (P < 0.05). (2) Dietary putrescine increased the lysozyme and acid phosphatase activities and the amount of immunoglobulin M, antibacterial peptides, and transforming growth factor β1, but decreased the mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (P < 0.05). (3) Dietary putrescine increased the mRNA expression of the mammalian target of rapamycin, signal transducer and activator of transcription, and Janus kinase 2 but decreased the mRNA expression of nuclear factor-kappa B P65 (P < 0.05). (4) Dietary putrescine increased the population of total bacteria, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium and decreased that of Escherichia coli in the colon and cecum (P < 0.05). (5) Finally, dietary putrescine increased the concentrations of butyrate and total volatile fatty acids in the colon and those of acetate, propionate, and total volatile fatty acids in the cecum (P < 0.05). Overall, putrescine can enhance intestinal development, improve immune functions, and regulate the population of intestinal bacteria in weaning piglets.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Animals; Bifidobacterium; Butyrates; Cecum; Colon; Diarrhea; Dietary Supplements; Escherichia coli; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Immunoglobulin M; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestines; Janus Kinase 2; Lactobacillus; Male; Muramidase; Putrescine; RNA, Messenger; Signal Transduction; Sirolimus; Swine; Weaning

Diarrhea remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally, with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) constituting a major causative pathogen. The development of alternative treatments for diarrhea that do not involve chemotherapeutic drugs or result in antibiotic resistance is critical. Considering that lysozyme is a naturally occurring antimicrobial peptide, in a previous study we developed a transgenic pig line that expresses recombinant human lysozyme (hLZ) in its milk. In the present study, we examined the protective effects of the consumption of this milk against ETEC infection in neonatal piglets. We found that consuming hLZ milk facilitated faster recovery from infection and decreased mortality and morbidity following an ETEC oral inoculation or infection acquired by contact-exposure. The protective effect of hLZ was associated with the enrichment of intestinal bacteria that improve gut health, such as Lactobacillus, and the enhancement of the mucosal IgA response to the ETEC-induced diarrhea. Our study revealed potential protective mechanisms underlying the antimicrobial activity of human lysozyme, validating the use of lysozyme as an effective preventive measure for diarrhea.

Topics: Animals; Animals, Genetically Modified; Animals, Newborn; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Diarrhea; Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Intestinal Diseases; Milk; Muramidase; Swine; Swine Diseases

Childhood diarrhea is a significant problem in many developing countries and E. coli is a main causative agent of diarrhea in young children. Lysozyme is an antimicrobial protein highly expressed in human milk, but not ruminant milk, and is thought to help protect breastfeeding children against diarrheal diseases. We hypothesized that consumption of milk from transgenic goats which produce human lysozyme (hLZ-milk) in their milk would accelerate recovery from bacterial-induced diarrhea. Young pigs were used as a model for children and infected with enterotoxigenic E. coli. Once clinical signs of diarrhea developed, pigs were fed hLZ-milk or non-transgenic control goat milk three times a day for two days. Clinical observations and complete blood counts (CBC) were performed. Animals were euthanized and samples collected to assess differences in histology, cytokine expression and bacterial translocation into the mesenteric lymph node. Pigs consuming hLZ-milk recovered from clinical signs of infection faster than pigs consuming control milk, with significantly improved fecal consistency (p = 0.0190) and activity level (p = 0.0350). The CBC analysis showed circulating monocytes (p = 0.0413), neutrophils (p = 0.0219), and lymphocytes (p = 0.0222) returned faster to pre-infection proportions in hLZ-milk fed pigs, while control-fed pigs had significantly higher hematocrit (p = 0.027), indicating continuing dehydration. In the ileum, pigs fed hLZ-milk had significantly lower expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8 (p = 0.0271), longer intestinal villi (p<0.0001), deeper crypts (p = 0.0053), and a thinner lamina propria (p = 0.0004). These data demonstrate that consumption of hLZ-milk helped pigs recover from infection faster, making hLZ-milk an effective treatment of E. coli-induced diarrhea.

Topics: Animals; Animals, Genetically Modified; Blood Cell Count; Diarrhea; Duodenum; Female; Goats; Ileum; Interleukin-8; Lymph Nodes; Male; Mesentery; Milk; Muramidase; Swine

Familial amyloidoses are a group of inherited disorders that cause deposition of misfolded amyloidogenic proteins in various tissues, resulting in organ dysfunction. Point mutations in the coding region of seven different genes are known to cause clinically significant systemic amyloid disease. We describe a new mutation in exon 2 of the lysozyme gene associated with amyloidosis (ALys) in a 61-year-old woman with a 7-year history of non-bloody, watery diarrhea, and weight loss. Biopsies of the duodenum and stomach were positive for amyloid deposits in the lamina propria and blood vessels. Direct DNA sequencing of the lysozyme gene revealed a single base nucleotide transversion from T to A at the first position of codon 54, resulting in replacement of Tyr by Asn in the mature lysozyme protein (pTyr54Asn). Immunoblot analysis of amyloid fibrils extracted from a fat tissue sample confirmed lysozyme as the amyloid protein. Clinically, the phenotype associated with this lysozyme mutation featured chronic abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, malabsorption, and sicca syndrome. There was no associated nephropathy as has been reported for other ALys mutations. We describe a new mutant lysozyme that presents with abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, weight loss, and sicca syndrome.

Topics: Amyloid; Amyloidosis, Familial; Biopsy; Diarrhea; Duodenum; Exons; Female; Gastric Mucosa; Humans; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Pedigree; Point Mutation; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Stomach; Weight Loss

Patients with acute watery diarrhea caused by Vibrio cholerae O1 or enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) were analyzed for innate immune factors produced by the epithelium during the disease process. Duodenal biopsies were obtained from study participants at the acute (day 2) and convalescent (day 21) stages of disease. Levels of α-defensin (HD-5 and -6), β-defensin (hBD-1-4), and cathelicidin (LL-37) mRNAs were determined by real-time qRT-PCR. hBD-2, HD-5, LL-37 peptides were analyzed in duodenal epithelium by immunomorphometry. Concentration of hBD-2 in stool was determined by ELISA. Specimens from healthy controls were also analyzed. hBD-2 mRNA levels were significantly increased at acute stage of diarrhea; hBD-2 peptide was detected in fecal specimens but barely in duodenal epithelium at acute stage. Immunomorphometry analysis showed that Paneth cells contain significantly higher amounts of HD-5 pre/propeptide at convalescence (P<0.01) and in healthy controls (P<0.001) compared to acute stage, LL-37 peptide levels also decreased at acute stage while mRNA levels remained unchanged. mRNA expression levels of the other antimicrobial peptides remained unchanged with higher levels of α-defensins than β-defensins. V. cholerae induced an innate immune response at the acute stage of disease characterized by increased expression of hBD-2, and continued expression of hBD-1, HD-5-6, and LL-37.

Topics: Adult; Animals; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; Cholera; Convalescence; Diarrhea; Duodenum; Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Goats; Horses; Humans; Male; Mice; Middle Aged; Muramidase; RNA, Bacterial; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S; Vibrio cholerae O1; Young Adult

Topics: Diarrhea; Drug Combinations; Humans; Muramidase; Probiotics; Research Design

Activity of fecal lysozyme was determined in healthy cats and cats with chronic diarrhea. The established reference value ranged from 0 up to 2.6 micrograms/g feces. Mean activity of the control group was 1.3 +/- 0.9 micrograms/g feces, mean activity of the patient group was 3.4 +/- 3.3 micrograms/g. There was a statistically significant difference between these two values. Nevertheless it was not possible to classify various diseases by evaluating lysozyme activity. In addition to endoscopy and histological examination, determination of lysozyme can be used as screening test and means of assessment for treatment and progress in cats with chronic diarrhea.

Topics: Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Chronic Disease; Diarrhea; Feces; Muramidase; Reference Values

The purpose of this work was to investigate the relationship between rotavirus infection, diagnosed in faeces using the serological test, in calves with diarrhoea and the activity of lysozyme, alpha-amylase, lipase and trypsin in the same material. The faeces were taken from 28 sick and 1 healthy animals, aged from 1 to 5 days, for microbiological and enzymatic examination. No correlation was found between lysozyme activity in faeces and rotavirus infection. Similar results were obtained with the other enzymes.

Topics: Amylases; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Diarrhea; Feces; Lipase; Muramidase; Rotavirus Infections; Trypsin

Topics: Abomasum; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Diarrhea; Gastric Mucosa; Ileum; Intestinal Mucosa; Muramidase; Tissue Extracts

The activity of lysozyme in feces was estimated in a control group of 50 healthy infants and in a group of 152 infants with acute diarrhoea. All infants investigated were artificially nourished. In the latter group the activity of lysozyme was estimated twice: a) at the beginning of clinically active phase of the disease and (b) in the convalescence period immediately after withdrawal of clinical symptoms. The range of normal values was 14.9--77.0 (average 44.0) of egg-white lysozyme units/g dry feces. In acute diarrhoea the activity of lysozyme in feces was found to be elevated in 72.4% of cases in the first determinations and in an additional 7.6% of cases in the second determination (i.e. a total of 80% of cases in both determinations). The average elevations of lysozyme activity in the feces and the dynamics of their normalization after withdrawal of clinical symptoms were generally related to the severity of the disease.

Topics: Acute Disease; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Diarrhea; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Feces; Humans; Infant; Muramidase

Serum lysozyme (muramidase) activity was determined by the Lyso-Plate diffusion technic in 419 subjects consisting of normal persons and patients with Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, nonspecific diarrhea and various other disorders. Lysozyme activity in the normal subjects did not exceed 37.8 microgram/ml. The values in the several groups of patients overlapped markedly with each other and with the normal range. Approximately two-thirds (62.1%) of the 37 patients with Crohn's disease had values that were within the normal range. In about half (51.8%) of the patients with this disease in whom the process was clinically active, serum lysozyme activity was increased. Of 10 patients with Crohn's disease who had undergone resection, heightened serum lysozyme activity was found only in the three patients in whom there was clinical evidence of recurrence of the disease. It is concluded that serum lysozyme activity is not a dependable means of distinguishing Crohn's disease from ulcerative colitis or nonspecific diarrheas. The determination would appear to be of value, however, in helping to identify activity, recurrence, or extension of the disease in patients with Crohn's disease.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Colitis, Ulcerative; Crohn Disease; Diagnosis, Differential; Diarrhea; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Recurrence

Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Antibodies; Bacterial Vaccines; Colostrum; Complement System Proteins; Diarrhea; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Female; Formaldehyde; Muramidase; Pregnancy; Swine; Swine Diseases; Vaccination

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Child; Diarrhea; Humans; Muramidase