muramidase and Cadmium-Poisoning

The increasing environmental and occupational exposure of populations to cadmium creates the need for biological indicators of cadmium exposure and toxicity. The advantages and disadvantages of monitoring blood cadmium, urinary, fecal, hair, and tissue cadmium, serum creatine, beta 2-microglobulin, alpha 1-anti-trypsin and other proteins, and urinary amino acids, enzymes, total proteins, glucose, beta 2-microglobulin, retinol-binding protein, lysozyme, and metallothionein are discussed. It is concluded that urinary cadmium, metallothionein and beta 2-microglubulin may be used together to assess cadmium exposure and toxicity.

Topics: alpha 1-Antitrypsin; Amino Acids; beta 2-Microglobulin; Blood Proteins; Cadmium Poisoning; Creatinine; Environmental Exposure; Enzymes; Feces; Glycosuria; Hair; Humans; Metallothionein; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Retinol-Binding Proteins

The increasing environmental and occupational exposure of populations to cadmium creates the need for biological indicators of cadmium exposure and toxicity. The advantages and disadvantages of monitoring blood cadmium, urinary, fecal, hair, and tissue cadmium, serum creatinine, beta 2-microglobulin, alpha 1-antitrypsin and other proteins, and urinary amino acids, enzymes, total proteins, glucose, beta 2-microglobulin, retinol-binding protein, lysozyme, and metallothionein are discussed. It is concluded that urinary cadmium, metallothionein and beta 2-microglobulin may be used together to assess cadmium exposure and toxicity.

Topics: Alkaline Phosphatase; alpha 1-Antitrypsin; Amino Acids; Animals; Aspartate Aminotransferases; beta 2-Microglobulin; Blood Proteins; Body Burden; Cadmium; Cadmium Poisoning; Clinical Enzyme Tests; Creatinine; Environmental Exposure; Feces; Glycosuria; Hair; Humans; Kidney; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Metallothionein; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Retinol-Binding Proteins

The adverse and beneficial effects of metals have occupied a great concern in many branches of biology for centuries, but their biochemical roles have been studied systematically only in the last four decades. Almost all the metals, especially those of high toxicity, bind readily to mercapto groups, and these are frequently important in enzyme systems. Furthermore, a large number of in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that toxic metals can replace essential metals in many of their metalloenzymes, with resultant changes in activity. Metals also bind to protein, phospholipid and nucleic acid, and have been shown to effect a change in the conformation of enzymes required for normal function, or to uncouple oxidative phosphorylation. This review, of necessity brief, will focus on the biochemical and enzymatic effects of metals, emphasizing meanings available to occupational medicine. The present knowledge on enzymatic toxicology of metals can provide for access to three main problems. These include an exposure evaluation, a health injury evaluation and a pathogenic understanding of workers exposed to metals. In this article, these problems are discussed in general, and the recent developments made in the enzymatic toxicology of cadmium and lead are presented with pertinent literatures.

Topics: Alanine Transaminase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Cadmium; Cadmium Poisoning; Environmental Exposure; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Lead Poisoning; Metals; Muramidase; Occupational Diseases; Porphobilinogen Synthase; Rabbits; Rats

Cadmium (Cd), a substance with one of the most critical health hazard indices, can cause damage to both the blood and kidneys and accumulates in the body at last. The present work studied the toxicological effects of Cd and the therapeutic effects of metallothionein (MT) and vitamin E (VE) on the trunk kidney and blood of freshwater grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Grass carp were divided into three groups: Cd + phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) group, Cd + VE group, and the Cd + MT group. Fish were injected with CdCl

Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Cadmium; Cadmium Poisoning; Carps; Kidney; Leukocyte Count; Metallothionein; Muramidase; Protective Agents; Vitamin E

We tested the diagnostic sensitivity of various urinary analytes for detecting cadmium-induced nephropathy at an early stage. We investigated 73 healthy persons (control group 1) and individuals exposed to cadmium, either environmentally (n = 36, risk group 2) or occupationally (n = 62, exposed group 3). All data were related to limits of the central 95% reference intervals of the control group. The serum creatinine and ribonuclease values, indicators of the glomerular filtration rate, were not different in the three groups. In the exposed persons (group 3), proximal tubular indicators (low-M(r) proteins lysozyme, ribonuclease, retinol-binding protein, and alpha 1-microglobulin) were more often increased than the glomerular indices (higher-M(r) proteins transferrin, IgG, and albumin). Both the low-M(r) proteins and tubular enzymes were differently altered in their excretion rates. Alanine aminopeptidase, alkaline phosphatase, and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase increased even in the risk group 2. alpha 1-Microglobulin was increased in the exposed persons whose cadmium excretion was < 5 mumol/mol creatinine. The combined determination of alpha 1-microglobulin and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase exceeded the corresponding upper reference limits in 30% of group 2 and 39% of group 3. We recommend screening for these two analytes to detect cadmium-induced renal dysfunction at an early stage.

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Adult; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Alpha-Globulins; Aminopeptidases; Cadmium Poisoning; CD13 Antigens; Creatinine; Environmental Exposure; Female; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Occupational Diseases; Proteinuria; Reference Values; Retinol-Binding Proteins; Ribonucleases

Topics: Animals; Cadmium Poisoning; Kidney; Male; Microvilli; Muramidase; Rabbits

Topics: Blood Proteins; Cadmium Poisoning; Creatine; Fanconi Syndrome; Female; Glomerulonephritis; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Tubules; Male; Molecular Weight; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Ribonucleases

Topics: Amino Acids; Cadmium Poisoning; Electrophoresis; Glycosuria; Humans; Immunoelectrophoresis; Muramidase; Phosphorus; Proteinuria; Ribonucleases