muramidase and Burns

Topics: Bacteria; Burns; Cell Wall; Colitis, Ulcerative; Crohn Disease; DNA, Bacterial; Humans; Inflammation; Leukemia; Muramidase; RNA, Bacterial

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Burns; Chediak-Higashi Syndrome; D-Amino-Acid Oxidase; Glutathione; Glutathione Reductase; Hexoses; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Leukocytes; Lipids; Muramidase; NAD; NADP; Neutrophils; Oxidation-Reduction; Peroxidases; Phagocyte Bactericidal Dysfunction; Proteins

Topics: Animals; Avitaminosis; Bronchoscopy; Burns; Central Nervous System Diseases; Chick Embryo; Child; Crystallization; Ear Diseases; Eye Diseases; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Genital Diseases, Female; Humans; Liver Diseases; Mouth Diseases; Muramidase; Nose Diseases; Postoperative Complications; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Typhus, Epidemic Louse-Borne; Vascular Diseases; Wounds and Injuries

To observe the effects of combined FE enzymes on the infection of the granulation burn wound during late postburn stage in controlling burn wound infection caused by common antibiotic resistant bacteria.. Thirty patients in our burn ward were enrolled and were randomly divided into A [treated with combined FE enzymes (50 ml dissolved in 0-150 ml normal saline to reach the final concentration of 1-3 U/ml)] and B (treated with gentamicin) groups, with 15 patients in each group. Several layers of gauze, either soaked with combined FE enzyme in A or gentamicin in B group, were used to cover the burn wounds once to twice a day. Bacterial culture from the burn wound exudation before and after drug administration was done before the application of the agents. The bacteria in the burn wounds and their susceptibility to antibiotics were identified. The healing time of the burn wounds was recorded. Furthermore, the healing rate of the burn wound was recorded on the 3rd, 5th, 8th, 10th and 12th post skin grafting days (PSGD).. The dominating bacteria in the burn wounds in both groups were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae and MRSA. The susceptibility rate of bacteria ( MRSA, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyte, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Enterobacter cloacae) to combined FE enzyme was 93.8%, 100.0%, 100.0%, 100.0%, 100.0% and 95.0% respectively, which were much higher than those in B group (17.6%, 31.3%, 28.6%, 44.0%, 33.3%, 28.0% respectively, P < 0.1. The wound healing time after skin grafting in A group (10.6 +/- 1.5 days) was significantly shorter than that in B group (15.3 +/- 1.7 days, P < 0.01). The wound healing rate on 10 PSGD in A group was (85.4 +/- 2.4)%, and which was only (51.3 +/- 1.5% in B group (P < 0.01). Combined FE enzyme can effectively control burn wound infection, so that the interval between skin grafting and wound healing can be shortened and success rate of skin grafting be improved.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bacteria; Burns; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Wound Infection

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infection, especially its drug-resistant bacterial infection, is a great challenge often faced by clinicians and patients, and it is also one of the most important threats to public health. Finding a safe and effective antibacterial agent is of great significance for the prevention and treatment of S. aureus infection. Lysozyme is known to have antibacterial effects against Gram-positive bacteria including S. aureus. Here, high-quality lysozyme with a purity of more than 99% and an activity of more than 60, 000 U/mg was prepared from egg white, which showed excellent antibacterial activity against three strains of S. aureus, especially against MRSA. Furthermore, an antibacterial cream loaded with lysozyme was prepared and tested in scald wound healing. The lysozyme-loaded cream exhibited the effect of preventing wound infection and promoting wound healing on scalds, and no toxicity was found in animal organs. Overall, lysozyme showed great application potential in the prevention and treatment of infections caused by S. aureus and scalded wound healing. The most remarkable discovery in this work is the unexpectedly powerful inhibitory effect of lysozyme on the drug-resistant bacterial, especially MRSA, which is usually very difficult to deal with using normal antibacterial drugs.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Burns; Dermatologic Agents; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Muramidase; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Wound Healing

Major challenges facing clinicians treating burn wounds are the lack of integration of treatment to wound, inadequate mechanical properties of treatments, and high infection rates which ultimately lead to poor wound resolution. Electrospun chitosan membranes (ESCM) are gaining popularity for use in tissue engineering applications due to their drug loading ability, biocompatibility, biomimetic fibrous structure, and antimicrobial characteristics. This work aims to modify ESCMs for improved performance in burn wound applications by incorporating elastin and magnesium-phosphate particles (MgP) to improve mechanical and bioactive properties. The following ESCMs were made to evaluate the individual components' effects; (C: chitosan, CE: chitosan-elastin, CMg: chitosan-MgP, and CEMg: chitosan-elastin-MgP). Membrane properties analyzed were fiber size and structure, hydrophilic properties, elastin incorporation, MgP incorporation and in vitro release, mechanical properties, degradation profiles, and in vitro cytocompatibility with NIH3T3 fibroblasts. The addition of both elastin and MgP increased the average fiber diameter of CE (~400 nm), CMg (~360 nm), and CEMg (565 nm) compared to C (255 nm). Water contact angle analysis showed elastin incorporated membranes (CE and CEMg) had increased hydrophilicity (~50°) compared to the other groups (C and CMg, ~110°). The results from the degradation study showed mass retention of ~50% for C and CMg groups, compared to ~ 30% seen in CE and CEMg after 4 weeks in a lysozyme/PBS solution. CMg and CEMg exhibited burst-release behavior of ~6 µg/ml or 0.25 mM magnesium within 72 h. In vitro analysis with NIH3T3 fibroblasts showed CE and CEMg groups had superior cytocompatibility compared to C and CMg. This work has demonstrated the successful incorporation of elastin and MgP into ESCMs and allows for future studies on burn wound applications.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Burns; Chitosan; Elastin; Magnesium; Mice; Muramidase; Nanofibers; NIH 3T3 Cells; Phosphates; Wound Healing

In deep burns, wound contraction and hypertrophic scar formation can generate functional derangement and debilitation of the affected part. In order to improve the quality of healing in deep second-degree burns, we developed a new treatment in a preclinical model using nanostructured membranes seeded with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).. Membranes were obtained by reconstitution of bacterial cellulose (reconstituted membrane [RM]) and produced by a dry-cast process, then RM was incorporated with 10% tamarind xyloglucan plus gellan gum 1:1 and 10% lysozyme (RMGT-LZ) and with 10% gellan gum and 10% lysozyme (RMG-LZ). Membrane hydrophobic/hydrophilic characteristics were investigated by static/dynamic contact-angle measurements. They were cultivated with MSCs, and cell adhesion, proliferation, and migration capacity was analyzed with MTT assays. Morphological and topographic characteristics were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. MSC patterns in flow cytometry and differentiation into adipocytes and osteocytes were checked. In vivo assays used RMG-LZ and RMGT-LZ (with and without MSCs) in. In vitro results demonstrated carboxyl and amine groups made the membranes moderately hydrophobic and xyloglucan inclusion decreased wettability, favoring MSC adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. In vivo, we obtained 40% and 60% reduction in acute/chronic inflammatory infiltrates, 96% decrease in injury area, increased vascular proliferation and collagen deposition, and complete epithelialization after 30 days. MSCs were detected in burned tissue, confirming they had homed and proliferated in vivo.. Nanostructured cellulose-gellan-xyloglucan-lysozyme dressings, especially when seeded with MSCs, improved deep second-degree burn regeneration.

Topics: Animals; Bandages; Blood Vessels; Burns; Cell Adhesion; Cell Differentiation; Cell Proliferation; Cellulose; Collagen; Glucans; Inflammation; Male; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Muramidase; Nanostructures; Polysaccharides, Bacterial; Rats, Wistar; Wound Healing; Xylans

To determine the ability of 149 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from burns, other wounds and environmental isolates to adhere to immobilized proteins.. The ability to bind to immobilized fibrinogen, fibronectin, laminin, collagen, IgG and lysozyme was studied using a microtitre plate assay. The strains were very diverse. Binding to fibrinogen was most frequent, followed by fibronectin, collagen and laminin. Binding to IgG and lysozyme was weak and few strains showed strong binding. Numerical analysis showed that 65% of the strains infecting burns had similar properties and bound to fibrinogen, fibronectin, collagen and IgG. The strains infecting other wounds had more variable characteristics.. The ability to adhere to proteins is important in wound infection, but clinical isolates were diverse in their ability to bind to the proteins tested. Burn wounds were more likely to be infected with strains showing multiple binding characteristics.. The study confirms the importance of adhesins in clinical infection.

Topics: Bacterial Adhesion; Burns; Collagen; Fibrinogen; Fibronectins; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Laminin; Muramidase; Protein Binding; Proteins; Staphylococcus aureus; Wound Infection; Wounds and Injuries

Previous studies have shown that the decreased neutrophil migratory responsiveness seen in burned patients correlates with the extent of thermal injury and the extent of the neutrophil-specific granule deficiency. To understand better the relationship between the neutrophil dysfunction, degranulation, and thermal injury, a rabbit model was studied. Eighteen rabbits were burned over 20% of their surface area. Assay of peripheral blood heterophils disclosed decreased migratory activity compared with preburn levels and decreased lysozyme content vs preburn levels, but no change in the beta-glucuronidase content. The specific binding of tritiated formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine to peripheral blood heterophils was increased fivefold over that of control cells. These studies indicate that, following thermal injury, there is a selective decrease of specific granule contents and an increase in chemoattractant binding to the cell and also suggest an abnormality in chemoattractant receptor processing. The rabbit provides a convenient model for the study of compromised host defenses following thermal injury.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Burns; Cell Migration Inhibition; Chemotaxis, Leukocyte; Disease Models, Animal; Endotoxins; Escherichia coli Infections; Muramidase; Neutrophils; Oligopeptides; Rabbits; Receptors, Formyl Peptide; Receptors, Immunologic; Staphylococcal Infections; Time Factors

Proximal renal tubular function was studied in 11 patients with severe burn injury. Creatinine clearance was normal or increased in ten patients. Fractional excretion of sodium was less than 1% in ten. Fractional excretion of uric acid and amylase were increased in all but four and two cases, respectively, while absolute clearances of lysozyme and beta 2-microglobulin were increased in all but one patient. Renal threshold phosphate concentration was reduced in four patients. Twenty-four-hour urine glucose excretion exceeded 1 g in five patients, aminoaciduria was noted in eight, and proteinuria, predominantly globulinuria, was present consistently. Metabolic acidosis was seen in one patient, and transient hypokalemia occurred in two. Abnormalities of proximal tubular function were more marked in the five patients with the greatest extent of third-degree burns who died. The cause of proximal tubular dysfunction is not clear and may be related to an adaptive response to severe injury.

Topics: Adult; Amylases; Burns; Creatinine; Female; Glucose; Humans; Kidney Tubules, Proximal; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Phosphates; Proteinuria; Uric Acid

Following thermal injury neutrophil function is severely impaired and thought to be hypometabolic; however, the host is considered to be hypermetabolic. To further investigate the metabolism and the function of neutrophils following thermal injury, neutrophil migration and chromium uptake were studied using radio-labelled neutrophils. Random and directed migration were found to be significantly reduced compared to control values. Neutrophil lysozyme content was also reduced in these burn cells while serum lysozyme from the same patients was significantly elevated over control values. These data suggest lysozyme is released by the neutrophil into the circulatory system. The influx of chromium in cells from burned patients was much greater than the influx in normal cells used in studies for chemotaxis. Influx of chromium over time and over varying concentrations of chromium was linear (r2 = 0.90) in cells from burned patients and normals. Cells from burned patients, however, took up more chromium than normals. Influx velocity of chromium was also determined and found to be greater in burn cells than normal cells. Since it has been shown that chromium influx is an energy-dependent reaction it is suggested that cellular energy stores are being depleted by the influx of chromium. Whether this is a response to an intracellular deficit or uncoupling of metabolic pathways is not known at this time.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Burns; Cell Movement; Chemotaxis, Leukocyte; Chromium; Chromium Radioisotopes; Energy Metabolism; Glucuronidase; Humans; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Neutrophils

Topics: Burns; Granulation Tissue; Humans; Muramidase; Wound Healing

Topics: Burns; Cell Movement; Chemotaxis; Cytoplasmic Granules; Humans; Immunoglobulin A; Immunoglobulin E; Immunoglobulin G; Muramidase; Neutrophils

Blood serum of severely burned patients contains several substances which are not present in normal sera. One of these substances, a small protein of an approximate molecular weight of 12 to 14,000 daltons displayed a toxic action on the circulatory system. This cardiotoxic factor was obtained in a purified form by alcohol precipitation followed by gel filtration and carboxymethyl cellulose chromatography. The purified preparation seems to be a low molecular weight protein of about 8000 daltons. The biological effects of this substance consist essentially of alterations of the ECG pattern, indicating decreased cardiac output and ischaemia of the cardial muscle. The blood pressure decreases and respiratory function is also altered. The presence of such a toxic factor in sufficient concentration in the blood serum may explain the cardiovascular complications observed in some burned patients.

Topics: Animals; Blood Proteins; Burns; Chromatography, Gel; Duodenum; Electroencephalography; Female; Heart; Humans; Lysine; Male; Molecular Weight; Muramidase; Muscle Contraction; Muscles; Rabbits; Rats; Toxins, Biological

To lower infectious complications and the mortality rate due to septicaemia in burned patients more knowledge should be acquired to increase the natural resistance of the organism of the burned. This can be done by administering Staphylococcal-Anatoxin, Antistaphylococcal-Plasma, Antipyocyaneus-Serum and convalescent-Serum.

Topics: Antibody Formation; Burns; Humans; Immune Sera; Immunization; Leukocytes; Muramidase; Phagocytosis; Prodigiozan; Staphylococcal Infections; Wound Infection

The possibilities of antibacterial therapy in the clinics of burn diseases has at present decreased because of increasing microflora resistance to antibiotics. This phenomenon is one of the most often causes of antibacterial drug side effects in burn patients. For control of infections complications in burn patients which are most often lethal it is necessary to use biologically active subtance, such as prodigiozan and lysozime in addition to the directed antibiotic therapy. The use of specific antitoxic antistaphylococcal drugs, such as antistaphylococcal plasma and antistaphylococcal gamma-globulin in combination with the antibiotics of the direct action provided effective control of infectious complications and sepsis of staphylococcal genesis in burn patients. Decamine proved to be effective along with the usual use of nystatin in cases with dysbacteriosis as a result of the antibiotic side effects. In the patients treated with decamine the sings of candidosis disappeared by the 5th--7th day. Therefore, for decreasing the side effects of antibiotics in the clinics of burn patients it is expedient to use antibiotics in combination with the biologically active and immune preparations which increases the efficacy of antibiotic therapy, impfoves the treatment results and decreases the antibiotic side effects.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Burns; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Synergism; Drug Therapy, Combination; gamma-Globulins; Humans; Immunization, Passive; Lipopolysaccharides; Muramidase; Polysaccharides, Bacterial; Sepsis; Serratia marcescens; Staphylococcus

A new methodological approach to the study of the organism resistance to infection with the use of experimental animals with controlled microflora (germfree and other categories of gnotobiotic animals) is considered. Characteristics of the state of natural resistance of germfree animals, revealing considerable defects of cellular and humoral protection mechanisms, are given. Findings of experimental studies into inflammation, phagocytosis and other reactions of nonspecific resistance in gnotobiotic animals, disclosing complex mechanisms of formation of these reactions under the influence of microflora, are presented. The etiological and pathogenetic role of the microbial factor in the development of infectious diseases and in the formation of mechanisms of protective reactions at various levels of integration of the organism are discussed. Conclusions concerning prospects of the gnotobiological approach in investigating the role of the microbic factor in pathology are set forth.

Topics: Animals; Antibody Formation; Bacterial Infections; Burns; Cell Movement; Complement System Proteins; Germ-Free Life; Growth; Guinea Pigs; Immunity, Cellular; Infections; Inflammation; Intestines; Leukocytes; Mice; Muramidase; Phagocytosis; Properdin; Rats; Virus Diseases

Examination of 108 patients showed that burn disease was accompanied by significant impairments in the host natural resistance. Inclusion of intramuscular administrations of crystalline lysozyme into the complex therapy of such patients during septicotoxemia provided an increase in the factors of humoral and cell immunity. In most of the cases the dynamics of the indices of the host immunological reactivity correlated with the character of the clinical signs of the burn disease. The positive effect of lysozyme was evident in the cases with severe complications such as pneumonia, bacteriemia and burns of the upper respiratory organs.

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Burns; Female; Humans; Immunity; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase

Topics: Animals; Burns; Humans; Muramidase; Rats; Skin Transplantation; Time Factors

Topics: Burns; Humans; Muramidase; Prognosis

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bacterial Infections; Burns; Candidiasis; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Kidney Transplantation; Leukocytes; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Neutrophils; Periodicity; Peroxidases; Phagocytes; Phagocytosis; Sepsis; Transplantation, Homologous; Wound Infection

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Antibodies; Antineoplastic Agents; Blood Bactericidal Activity; Burns; Child; Complement System Proteins; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Immunity; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Parotitis; Phagocytosis; Pneumonia; Polysaccharides, Bacterial; Pseudomonas Infections; Sepsis; Serratia marcescens; Staphylococcal Infections; Stimulation, Chemical

Topics: Adolescent; Burns; Child; Child, Preschool; Densitometry; Female; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Infant; Male; Mercury; Muramidase; Organometallic Compounds; Surgery, Plastic; Temperature

Topics: Animals; Burns; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Muramidase; Phagocytosis; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pseudomonas Infections; Rats; Time Factors

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Burns; Glucuronidase; Humans; Leukocytes; Lysosomes; Muramidase; Phagocytosis; Spectrophotometry