muramidase and Bone-Neoplasms

Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Bone Neoplasms; Breast Neoplasms; Drug Tolerance; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Granulocytes; Hematopoiesis; Hodgkin Disease; Humans; Leukemia; Lymphoma; Muramidase; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms

A summary is presented of those organ specific enzyme assays traditionally used in evaluation of the patient with cancer. In addition, the use of certain serum enzymes such as gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, phosphohexose isomerase or 5'-nucleotidase as aids in following the course of the disease, particularly in patients with metastatic spread to the liver is outlined. Also considered is the utility of enzyme analysis in biopsy tissue, biologic fluids, and washings of body cavities. Newer enzymes are considered which might, in the future, be developed as diagnostic tools or as probes for the understanding of the etiology of cancer.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Amylases; Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; Bone Neoplasms; Clinical Enzyme Tests; gamma-Glutamyltransferase; Humans; Isoenzymes; Isomerases; Leucyl Aminopeptidase; Lipase; Liver Neoplasms; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Muramidase; Neoplasms; Nucleotidases; Oxidoreductases; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Neoplasms; Sulfatases

Topics: Amyloidosis; Blood Protein Disorders; Bone Neoplasms; gamma-Globulins; Humans; Karyotyping; Kidney Diseases; Kinetics; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Leukemia, Plasma Cell; Lung Neoplasms; Lymph Nodes; Lymphoma; Microscopy, Electron; Multiple Myeloma; Muramidase; Plasmacytoma

Current therapy of osteosarcoma (OS), the most common primary bone malignancy, is based on a combination of surgery and chemotherapy. Multidrug resistance mediated by P-glycoprotein (P-gp) overexpression has been previously associated with treatment failure and progression of OS, although other mechanisms may also play a role. We considered the typical acidic extracellular pH (pHe) of sarcomas, and found that doxorubicin (DXR) cytotoxicity is reduced in P-gp negative OS cells cultured at pHe 6.5 compared to standard 7.4. Short-time (24-48 hours) exposure to low pHe significantly increased the number and acidity of lysosomes, and the combination of DXR with omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor targeting lysosomal acidity, significantly enhanced DXR cytotoxicity. In OS xenografts, the combination treatment of DXR and omeprazole significantly reduced tumor volume and body weight loss. The impaired toxicity of DXR at low pHe was not associated with increased autophagy or lysosomal acidification, but rather, as shown by SNARF staining, with a reversal of the pH gradient at the plasma membrane (ΔpHcm), eventually leading to a reduced DXR intracellular accumulation. Finally, the reversal of ΔpHcm in OS cells promoted resistance not only to DXR, but also to cisplatin and methotrexate, and, to a lesser extent, to vincristine. Altogether, our findings show that, in OS cells, short-term acidosis induces resistance to different chemotherapeutic drugs by a reversal of ΔpHcm, suggesting that buffer therapies or regimens including proton pump inhibitors in combination to low concentrations of conventional anticancer agents may offer novel solutions to overcome drug resistance.

Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Apoptosis; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; Bone Neoplasms; Cell Membrane; Cell Proliferation; Doxorubicin; Drug Resistance, Multiple; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred NOD; Mice, SCID; Muramidase; Osteosarcoma; Tumor Cells, Cultured; Tumor Microenvironment; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays

Topics: Aged; Antigens, CD; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; Biomarkers, Tumor; Bone Neoplasms; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Muramidase; Neoplasms, Multiple Primary; Peroxidase; Sarcoma, Myeloid; Skin Neoplasms; Soft Tissue Neoplasms; Subcutaneous Tissue

Eighty-two cases of giant cell tumor (GCT) were reviewed. Hematoxylin-eosin-and hematoxylin, phloxine, saffron, and alcian green-stained sections (82 cases) were examined for mitotic rate, the number of giant cells, and the pleomorphism of the stromal cells. In 29 cases, the tumor was stained for CD68, alpha 1-antichymotrypsin (AIACT), S100 protein, Muramidase, and von Willebrand factor (factor VIII). The staining properties of mononuclear and multinucleated giant cells were compared. Morphometric analysis was performed on 14 cases with a LECO 2001 computer-assisted image analyzer (LECO Instruments Ltd, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada) and included absolute cell count, nuclear area, perimeter, roughness, roundness, and aspect and nuclear versus cytoplasmic ratios, measured both in the stromal cells and giant cells. The cases were divided into four groups: (1) cases with metastasis, (2) cases with recurrence, (3) cases with both metastasis and recurrence, and (4) cases with neither metastasis nor recurrence. Immunohistochemistry revealed a stronger AIACT than muramidase positivity in general. The staining was stronger in stromal cells than in giant cells. Giant cells in all tumors were positive for CD68. Stromal cells showed weaker positivity for the same stain. The number of asymmetrical mitotic figures was significantly greater in group 3 than in group 4 (P < .05). Morphometric assessment has identified a statistically significant difference in the aspect ratio and the roundness of the nuclei between these two groups. The other parameters did not differ significantly. In this article, the significance of these findings in prognostication and the histogenesis of the giant cell tumor are discussed. Their clinical applicability is yet to be determined.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin; Bone Neoplasms; Giant Cell Tumor of Bone; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Immunohistochemistry; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local

A series of experiments was conducted to examine the effect of glucan on the reticuloendothelial system (RES) and on the development of 90Sr-induced osteosarcomas and malignant lymphomas in CBA/S mice. Glucan demonstrated a strong RES-stimulating effect, as evidenced by a dose-related increase in lysozyme levels in the plasma and an enlargement of the liver and spleen. Weekly injections of glucan between 150 and 250 days after exposure to 90Sr suppressed the actuarial appearance of the fibroblastic type of osteosarcomas and stimulated the emergence of malignant lymphomas. Glucan itself had no tumorigenic effect in mice not exposed to 90Sr.

Topics: Animals; Bone Neoplasms; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Glucans; Lymphoma; Macrophages; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred CBA; Mononuclear Phagocyte System; Muramidase; Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced; Organ Size; Osteosarcoma; Spleen; Strontium Radioisotopes

We report two cases of osteoclast-like giant cell tumour of urinary bladder associated with papillary transitional cell tumours. Both cases were morphologically identical to giant cell tumour of bone. The giant cells stained strongly for acid phosphatase which was resistant to tartrate digestion, a staining reaction typical of osteoclasts. In view of the ability of urinary bladder to induce metaplastic and neoplastic bone, we believe that these tumours may represent extraosseous giant cell tumours of bone.

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aged; Bone Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell; Diagnosis, Differential; Giant Cell Tumors; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Keratins; Male; Membrane Glycoproteins; Mucin-1; Muramidase; Osteoclasts; S100 Proteins; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms; Vimentin

Fifty bone tumors were investigated using immunohistological methods for an assessment of the amount and nature of macrophage infiltration. Polyclonal antibodies against lysozyme, alpha 1-antichymotrypsin, and alpha 1-antitrypsin were used as markers, besides certain monoclonal antibodies against blood monocytes and mature tissue macrophages. Particularly high macrophage infiltration was found in malignant fibrous histiocytomas, giant cell-containing osteosarcomas, giant cell tumors of bone, and aneurysmal bone cysts. Moderate infiltrates were seen in some highly malignant osteosarcomas, in fibrosarcoma, and in chondroblastoma. A low macrophage content was observed in some osteosarcomas, in Ewing's sarcomas, chordomas, fibrous dysplasias, aggressive fibromatoses, and cartilage tumors. Osteoclast-like giant cells showed distinctly positive reactions with the monoclonal antibody against mature tissue macrophages. In fibrohistiocytic tumors (MFH, giant cell tumor, non-ossifying fibroma) only macrophages gave positive reactions with those antibodies, whereas the reaction of spindle-shaped tumor cells was always negative. These results strongly indicate that the macrophages found in bone tumors (including those of fibrohistiocytic type) result from reactive infiltration. The autochthonous tumor cells are most probably derived from local mesenchymal cells, and are thus cytogenetically unrelated to the infiltrating macrophages.

Topics: alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin; alpha 1-Antitrypsin; Antibodies; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibody Specificity; Bone Neoplasms; Cell Movement; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immunochemistry; Macrophages; Muramidase

One patient with gastric carcinoma and secondary myelofibrosis due to disseminated bone marrow metastasis had markedly elevated lysozyme (LZM) levels in serum and urine with the intense presence of LZM within tumor tissues. It is considered to be a case of gastric carcinoma with LZM secreting functional capacities. To date, there were many reported cases to verify the LZM positive cells by LZM staining in the tissue of gastric carcinoma and to demonstrate the elevated serum levels of LZM in malignant tumor bearing patients, whereas no papers to disclose the elevated levels of LZM in serum and urine originated from the productions and secretions of gastric carcinoma cells. So, this report might be the first reported case of LZM secreting tumor verified by LZM staining of carcinoma cells except for haematological malignancies such as acute monocytic leukemia or myelomonocytic leukemia.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Bone Marrow; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Primary Myelofibrosis; Stomach Neoplasms

An 11-year-old patient with inflammatory fibrous histiocytoma of the iliac bone is presented. In addition to routine histopathological procedures the lesion was studied by enzyme-histochemical and immuno-histochemical methods. The results of acid phosphatase, alpha-naphthyl-acetate esterase and intracytoplasmic muramidase demonstration in tumour cells supported the histiocytic nature of the presented case.

Topics: Bone Neoplasms; Child; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Histiocytoma, Benign Fibrous; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Ilium; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Inflammation; Muramidase

We performed an immunohistochemical study of 24 giant-cell tumors of bone and 30 other lesions (fibrous histiocytoma, nonossifying fibroma, and giant-cell tumor of the tendon sheath) using lysozyme and alpha 1-antitrypsin as markers for histiocytic cells. The presence of histiocytic cells in giant-cell tumors of bone is confirmed by the finding of a positive reaction for alpha 1-antitrypsin in both multinucleate giant cells and mononuclear stromal cells in some cases. It is not clear whether the positive cells are to be regarded as neoplastic or reactive and alpha 1-antitrypsin is not considered as a diagnostically useful marker for giant-cell tumor of bone. In malignant fibrous histiocytoma, too, histiocytic cells could be identified by their positive reaction for alpha 1-antitrypsin; some of these cells had the morphologic features of tumor cells. Cells with a positive reaction for lysozyme were rarely found, except in giant-cell tumors of the tendon sheath.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; alpha 1-Antitrypsin; Bone Neoplasms; Child; Female; Giant Cell Tumors; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase

This report presents the interesting case of a 50-year-old white man with an unusual benign tumor composed predominantly of a proliferation of atypical endothelial cells combined with a variable inflammatory response. This case represents an instance of the recently renamed entity "histiocytoid hemangioma" in which two organ systems are involved. Both skin and bone showed typical lesions. No physical connection jointed the separate lesions. The results of examination by light microscopy, electron microscopy, and immunoperoxidase examination for lysozyme and Factor VIII are reported. The significance of this case is that it supports the concept of classifying similar vascular lesions, despite varied organ system origin, into a single entity, the histiocytoid hemangioma.

Topics: Bone Neoplasms; Factor VIII; Hemangioma; Histiocytes; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Radiography; Scapula; Skin Neoplasms

Primary leiomyosarcoma of bone is extremely rare. A 60-year-old woman had a mass in the right femur that was studied immunohistochemically and by electron microscopy. Human smooth-muscle actomyosin was detected in tumor cells, but human skeletal-muscle myoglobin and lysozyme (muramidase) were not. Electron microscopy of the tumor showed findings suggestive of a smooth-muscle origin, such as myofilaments, dense bodies, pinocytotic vesicles, and basement membrane. The results were diagnostic of leiomyosarcoma rather than rhabdomyosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, or malignant fibrous histiocytoma, which are similar neoplasms. We believe that ours is the first case of primary leiomyosarcoma of the bone proved by immunohistochemistry.

Topics: Actomyosin; Bone Neoplasms; Female; Femoral Fractures; Hip Prosthesis; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immunochemistry; Leiomyosarcoma; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Myoglobin; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

The lysozyme (muramidase) activity was measured in the sera of 84 dogs with neoplastic disease. Neoplasms included 32 lymphomas, 13 primary bone neoplasms, 5 melanomas, 5 thyroid neoplasms, 9 soft tissue sarcomas, 5 mast cell sarcomas, and 15 carcinomas. The sera from 21 healthy dogs served as control. Dogs with neoplastic disease had significantly (P less than 0.005) higher serum lysozyme activity than did the healthy controls. For lymphosarcoma, dogs with clinical signs of systemic disease had significantly higher serum lysozyme activity than did dogs without clinical signs. For bone neoplasms, dogs with metastatic disease had higher serum lysozyme activity than did dogs without metastasis. Increased lysozyme activity may be a useful marker of macrophage-mediated host responses to neoplasms in dogs.

Topics: Animals; Bone Neoplasms; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Lymphoma; Mast-Cell Sarcoma; Muramidase; Neoplasms; Sarcoma; Thyroid Neoplasms

Giant cell tumors of bone obtained from 7 patients were dispersed with clostridial collagenase and trypsin and adherent cells were maintained in culture. Early cultures contained both mononucleated and multinucleated cells presumably derived from the stromal and giant cells of the original tumor. The original multinucleated cells did not survive for greater than 7-10 days whereas the mononucleated cells persisted and could be passaged by trypsinization. In 5 of 7 early cultures exposed to parathyroid hormone (PTH) there was a rise in cAMP within 5-10 min in both cells and medium which averaged approximately 12-fold. None of the cells responded to calcitonin and a variable rise in cAMP was seen after incubation with prostaglandin E2. In cells cultured from 3 tumors the PTH response disappeared with passage of the cells, but in the remaining 2, PTH response persisted through multiple passages. The presence as well as the magnitude of the PTH-induced cAMP response in these cells is consistent with a skeletal origin.

Topics: Adult; Bone Neoplasms; Cells, Cultured; Cyclic AMP; Epitopes; Female; Giant Cell Tumors; Humans; Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments; Male; Muramidase; Parathyroid Hormone; Phagocytosis

Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Bone Marrow; Bone Neoplasms; Breast Neoplasms; Drug Therapy, Combination; Granulocytes; Humans; Leukocyte Count; Muramidase; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Neutrophils

Topics: Bone Marrow; Bone Neoplasms; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Muramidase; Neoplasm Metastasis

Topics: Bone Neoplasms; Cells, Cultured; Cyclic AMP; Giant Cell Tumors; Humans; Muramidase; Parathyroid Hormone; Prostaglandins E

Topics: Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Bone Neoplasms; Eosinophilia; Humans; Male; Muramidase; Neoplasm Metastasis; Pericardium; Pleura; Pleural Effusion; Pleural Neoplasms; Ribs; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Bone Neoplasms; Dermatologic Agents; Humans; Leukocytes; Muramidase; Neoplasms; Radiation-Protective Agents