muramidase and Alcoholism

Enzymological alterations in functional disturbances and in diseases of the intestine are reviewed. Examples are given for diagnostic significance (e.g. in Hirschsprung's and Crohn's diseases), for pathogenetic considerations (e.g. in hypolactasia and in celiac disease), and for secondary involvement of the liver (e.g. in intestinal tumors and after bypass surgery) and are discussed in more detail.

Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Adult; Alcoholism; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Black People; Celiac Disease; Child; Child, Preschool; Colonic Neoplasms; Diarrhea; Enteritis; Enteropeptidase; Humans; Infant; Intestinal Diseases; Isoenzymes; Jejunum; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Lactose; Malabsorption Syndromes; Megacolon; Microbial Collagenase; Microvilli; Muramidase; Rats; Rectum; White People

Topics: Alcoholism; Aminopeptidases; Amylases; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Cholinesterases; Creatine Kinase; Cystic Fibrosis; Enzyme Activation; Enzymes; Female; gamma-Glutamyltransferase; Half-Life; Humans; Isoenzymes; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Liver Cirrhosis; Liver Neoplasms; Muramidase; Myocardial Infarction; Pepsinogens; Phenobarbital; Porphyrias; Pregnancy

We compared effects of binge and chronic alcohol drinking on oral health and salivary immunity proteins.. The study involved males: 13 healthy social-drinking (C), 10 alcohol-dependent after chronic alcohol-intoxication (A), and 8 binge-drinkers after a single binge-drinking session (B). We compared periodontal/dental state and salivary immune proteins (lactoferrin -Lf, lysozyme -Lz, oral peroxidase -OPO, immunoglobulin A -IgA) in all groups.. Group A had worse dental and periodontal states than group C and B. Group B had a lower OPO activity and Lz concentration, and a higher IgA concentration in comparison to group C. Group A had a higher OPO activity than group C. Group B had a lower Lz and a higher LF and IgA outputs than C. Group A had a lower IgA output and a strong tendency of Lf and Lz outputs to be lower than in group C. Positive correlations were found between alcohol amounts and OPO and Lf output in group A, with no such correlations in group B. Only IgA concentration in group B and OPO activity in group A have potential to be markers that help to differentiate binge from chronic alcohol drinking, and OPO activity had better accuracy than IgA.. Binge alcohol consumption resulted in specific disturbances in salivary innate immunity (Lz), whereas chronic drinking led to disturbances in both adaptive and innate immunity (IgA, Lz and Lf). There is potential applicability of raised salivary IgA concentration and especially OPO activity in binge and chronic drinking detection and differential-diagnosis.

Topics: Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholism; Binge Drinking; Biomarkers; Case-Control Studies; Female; Humans; Immunoglobulin A; Lactoferrin; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Peroxidase; Saliva

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of chronic alcohol intoxication and smoking on the concentration and output of salivary lysozyme. Thirty seven men participated in the study, including 17 male smoking alcohol-dependent patients after chronic alcohol intoxication (AS), and 20 control non-smoking male social drinkers (CNS) with no history of alcohol abuse or smoking. The level of lysozyme was assessed by the radial immunodiffusion method. Significantly lower lysozyme output in the AS group compared to the CNS group was found. Moreover, gingival index was significantly higher in AS than in the CNS group. It appeared that the reduced salivary lysozyme output was more likely the result of ethanol action than smoking. In conclusion, persons addicted to alcohol and nicotine have a poorer periodontal status than non-smoking social drinkers, which may partially be due to the diminished protective effects of lysozyme present in the saliva.

Topics: Adult; Alcoholism; Case-Control Studies; Dental Papilla; DMF Index; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Periodontal Index; Saliva; Smoking

The study was designed to evaluate (a) the role of reduced renal phosphate reabsorptive capacity assessed as the ratio of maximum capacity for renal phosphate reabsorption (TmPO4) to glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the pathogenesis of hypophosphatemia in alcoholics, (b) possible mechanisms leading to reduced TmPO4/GFR, and (c) the effect of liver function impairment on TmPO4/GFR. The TmPO4/GFR, its major extrarenal determinants, ratios of urinary excretion gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and of alpha-glucosidase to GFR (uGGT/GFR and uAGL/GFR), indices of structural damage of renal tubular cells, and fractional clearance of lysozyme, an index of proximal renal function, were evaluated in 31 alcoholics with alcohol-related liver disease, 24 alcoholics without alcohol-related liver disease, 14 patients with non-alcohol-related liver disease, and 25 control subjects. Hypophosphatemia was found in 35% of alcoholics with alcohol-related liver disease, 29% of alcoholics without alcohol-related liver disease, and no patients with non-alcohol-related liver disease. A reduced TmPO4/GFR was the major determinant of hypophosphatemia in both groups of alcoholics. No difference in extrarenal determinants of TmPO4/GFR was found between alcoholics with and without hypophosphatemia. Alcoholics with and without alcohol-related liver disease had increased uGGT/GFR and normal uAGL/GFR regardless of serum phosphate level. Fractional clearance of lysozyme, instead, was increased only in hypophosphatemic alcoholics with and without alcohol-related liver disease. The TmPO4/GFR correlated inversely with the fractional clearance of lysozyme in both groups of alcoholics (P less than 0.01). The TmPO4/GFR and urinary enzymes were normal in patients with non-alcohol-related liver disease. It was concluded that a reduced TmPO4/GFR is involved in the pathogenesis of hypophosphatemia in alcoholics. A proximal tubular dysfunction seems to be responsible for the reduced TmPO4/GFR. Liver function impairment is not required for the expression of this tubular dysfunction.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Alcoholism; alpha-Glucosidases; Female; gamma-Glutamyltransferase; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Kidney Tubules; Liver Diseases; Liver Diseases, Alcoholic; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Parathyroid Hormone; Phosphates; Transaminases

We sought to determine whether the clinical setting in which pancreatitis occurs affects the incidence and distribution of increased values of renal clearance of amylase relative to creatinine, CAm/CCr, and whether the increased values reflect a tubular disorder that impairs renal reclamation of certain low molecular weight proteins. We measured the renal clearance of three low molecular weight proteins (amylase, beta 2-microglobulin, and lysozyme) and urinary excretion of three lysosomal enzymes that originate from the renal tubule in three groups of patients (alcoholic pancreatitis, pancreatitis without alcoholism, and alcoholism without pancreatitis). When compared to normal controls, the mean CAm/CCr was significantly elevated in alcoholic pancreatitis (p less than 0.05) but not in equally severe pancreatitis without alcoholism nor in alcoholism without pancreatitis. The clearance ratio of beta 2-microglobulin was significantly increased in each of the three patient groups; mean clearance ratio of lysozyme was not significantly increased in any of the patient groups. Excretion of each of the three lysosomal enzymes was significantly increased in each of the patient groups. We conclude that the etiology of pancreatitis affects the distribution of values for CAm/CCr, impaired tubular reclamation of amylase is the mechanism of the increase in CAm/CCr, and a factor or factors associated with both pancreatitis and with alcoholism per se appear to disorder the renal tubule and to impair tubular reclamation of some but not all low molecular weight proteins-a novel finding of considerable potential significance.

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Acute Disease; Alcoholism; Amylases; beta 2-Microglobulin; Cerebroside-Sulfatase; Creatinine; Glucuronidase; Humans; Kidney Tubules; Muramidase; Pancreatitis

Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Age Factors; Alcoholism; Enzyme Activation; Ethanol; Humans; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Psychoses, Alcoholic

The susceptibility of chronic ethanol-treated mice to S. aureus infection was ascertained, as was the ability of the immunostimulant glucan to modify ethanol-induced susceptibility to infection. Chronic alcohol-treated mice showed enhanced sensitivity to S. aureus. The administration of glucan significantly prolonged survival in S. aureus infected control and chronic ethanol mice.

Topics: Alcoholism; Animals; Glucans; Humans; Immunity; Kidney; Leukocyte Count; Male; Mice; Muramidase; Staphylococcal Infections; Time Factors

12 male alcoholics were followed for 16 d after alcohol withdrawal with respect to the number of the different circulating blood cells and to serum levels of leucocyte markers such as beta 2-microglobulin, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), lactoferrin and lysozyme. The results suggest a direct toxic effect of ethanol on the neutrophil granulocytes as indicated by high S-lactoferrin levels. Relatively low levels of S-lysozyme as compared to S-lactoferrin could suggest a reduced activity of the monocytes/macrophages. The eosinophils and lymphocytes seemed quite unaffected by ethanol. Increased haematopoietic activity after withdrawal was indicated by increasing cell numbers in the peripheral blood and by increasing serum levels of lactoferrin and lysozyme. The increasing monocyte/macrophage activity after withdrawal as suggested by S-lysozyme levels was closely related (P less than 0.001) to the increased thrombopoietic activity as evaluated by peripheral thrombocyte counts. This latter finding could point to a direct relationship between monocyte/macrophage activity and thrombocyte production.

Topics: Adult; Alcoholism; beta 2-Microglobulin; Blood Cell Count; Blood Proteins; Eosinophil Granule Proteins; Eosinophils; Humans; Lactoferrin; Lactoglobulins; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Ribonucleases

Topics: Adult; Alcoholism; Ascitic Fluid; Bacteroides fragilis; Complement C3; Complement C4; Enterococcus faecalis; Escherichia coli; Female; Humans; Immunoglobulin A; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin M; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Liver Cirrhosis; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Peritonitis; Streptococcus pneumoniae