muramidase and Albuminuria

The aim of this study was to assess acute health effects on planters caused by planting conifer seedlings treated with two insecticides, with active ingredients imidacloprid and cypermethrin, in comparison with untreated seedlings.. The investigation was a double-blind crossover study, which included a follow-up of 19 planters over a 3-week period. During Week 1, the 19 planters handled untreated conifer seedlings while they planted imidacloprid- and cypermethrin-treated seedlings during study Week 2 and 3, respectively. Signs and symptoms of acute health effects were documented by a questionnaire, administered by the field staff, during these 3 weeks. Inflammation markers in the nasal mucous membrane were also measured as an objective test. Exposure to cypermethrin was further assessed by measuring 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) in urine. No validated biomarker was available to assess internal exposure to imidacloprid.. No clear, acute adverse health effects could be found in planters during the week of exposure to conifer seedlings treated with imidacloprid (Merit Forest) or cypermethrin (Forester), as compared to during the week of planting untreated seedlings. During the week of cypermethrin exposure, the individuals had 3-PBA values that were 12-54% higher (P < 0.05), depending on the worker, than those observed during the untreated week. There were no statistically significant correlations between the raised levels of 3-PBA and self-reported health problems. These results have been obtained during planting in late summer/early autumn and with good use of protective clothing.. No clear, acute adverse health effects could be found in planters after exposure to conifer seedlings treated with imidacloprid (Merit Forest) or cypermethrin (Forester), as compared with planting untreated seedlings. The metabolite, 3-PBA, was found in low levels in urine and was increased after exposure to cypermethrin. However, no clear relationships could be found between exposure and reported symptoms or between elevated 3-PBA levels and reported symptoms.

Topics: Adult; Air Pollutants, Occupational; Albuminuria; Animals; Benzoates; Biomarkers; Cross-Over Studies; Double-Blind Method; Environmental Monitoring; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Forestry; Humans; Imidazoles; Inhalation Exposure; Insecticides; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Neonicotinoids; Nitro Compounds; Occupational Diseases; Occupational Exposure; Protective Clothing; Pyrethrins; Skin Absorption; Tracheophyta

This study reports a new microfluidic system integrated with a microfluidic control module and a micro electrochemical module for detection of urinary proteins. The integrated microsystem can automatically detect proteins in urine with a high sensitivity. The microfluidic control module consists of a new two-way, spiral-shape micropump which can transport the urine samples to the sensing regions. The net ionic charges of the protein samples can be detected while the samples flow through the sensing region of the micro electrochemical module. Two major urinary proteins including lysozyme and albumin are detected in a multiple-channel layout with little human intervention and are analyzed in a short period of time, while only consuming a 100-mul urine sample. The developed microfluidic system could lead to a convenient, yet crucial, platform for chemical and biological detection and diagnosis.

Topics: Albumins; Albuminuria; Electrochemical Techniques; Humans; Microfluidic Analytical Techniques; Muramidase; Sensitivity and Specificity

Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease in developed countries and is related to chronic hyperglycaemia. The increased production and tissue deposition of advanced glycation end products (AGE) are known to play a major role in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney damage. This study was undertaken to determine if lysozyme (LZ), microencapsulated in orally administrable chitosan-coated alginate microspheres (MS), is effective against the early changes seen in the initial stages of diabetic nephropathy.. LZ-containing MS (MSLZ) and an equivalent dose (equidose) of nonencapsulated LZ were given as oral treatments. LZ was administered to Wistar rats for seven weeks after diabetes induction with streptozotocin.. The results showed that microencapsulated LZ treatment significantly reduced the concentration of serum AGE in the circulation and their deposition in the kidneys. Likewise, MSLZ significantly prevented the development of microalbuminuria compared with untreated diabetic rats. Furthermore, MSLZ significantly prevented the development of glomerular and renal hypertrophy as well as overexpression of AGE receptors (RAGE). An equidose of free LZ had little or no effect whatsoever.. Our study supports a relationship between serum AGE and nephropathy in diabetes, and suggests that orally administered microencapsulated LZ can exert kidney-protective activity in a diabetic animal model.

Topics: Albuminuria; Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Capsules; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Diabetic Nephropathies; Glycation End Products, Advanced; Glycosuria; Muramidase; Rats; Rats, Wistar

We describe the stacking and separation of proteins by CE under discontinuous conditions in conjunction with light-emitting diode induced fluorescence (LEDIF) detection using a violet LED at 405 nm. The proteins were derivatized with naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde (NDA) to form NDA-protein derivatives prior to CE-LEDIF analysis. During the separation, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) solution containing CTAB enters from the cathodic inlet to the capillary via electroosomotic flow (EOF). The optimum conditions are: the capillary was filled with 50 mM glycine buffer (pH 9.0) containing 1.0 mM CTAB, NDA-protein derivatives were prepared in deionized water containing 1.0 mM CTAB, and 0.6% PEO was prepared in 50 mM glycine (pH 9.0) containing 2.0 mM CTAB. The analysis of four NDA-protein derivatives is fast (<3 min), with RSD <1.5% in terms of migration time. In order to improve the sensitivity of NDA-protein derivatives, a stacking approach based on increases in viscosity and electric field, as well as sieving was applied. The efficient stacking approach provides LODs (S/N = 3) of 2.41, 0.59, 0.61, and 4.22 nM for trypsin inhibitor, HSA, beta-lactoglobulin, and lysozyme, respectively. In addition, we also applied the stacking approach to determination of the concentration of HSA in one urine sample, which was determined to be 0.31 +/- 0.05 microM (n = 3).

Topics: Albuminuria; Cetrimonium; Cetrimonium Compounds; Electroosmosis; Electrophoresis, Capillary; Fluorescence; Humans; Lactoglobulins; Muramidase; Naphthalenes; Online Systems; Polyethylene Glycols; Proteins; Serum Albumin; Trypsin Inhibitors

Puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis (PAN) results in a marked increase in the fractional clearance of albumin. The increase in the fractional clearance of [(3)H]albumin to approximately 0.045, as measured both in vivo and in the isolated perfused rat kidney (IPK) with PAN, occurs without an accompanying equivalent increase in glomerular capillary wall size selectivity as previously measured with dextrans. This is very similar to the marked increase in albuminuria seen with kidneys treated with inhibitors of endocytosis by the tubular epithelium, particularly lysine (T. M. Osicka, L. M. Pratt, and W. D. Comper. Nephrology 2: 199-212, 1996). The similarity is further established that, like in the presence of lysine, [(3)H]albumin excreted in urine from rats with PAN is essentially intact whereas, in both in vivo and IPK control experiments, excreted [(3)H]albumin is heavily degraded. The same observations have also been made for (3)H-labeled anionic horseradish peroxidase. These observations suggest that the significant albuminuria that occurs in PAN is primarily post-glomerular basement membrane in origin.

Topics: Albuminuria; Animals; Horseradish Peroxidase; Kidney; Male; Metabolic Clearance Rate; Muramidase; Nephrosis; Puromycin Aminonucleoside; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

1. Biochemical markers of kidney damage were examined in 14 male and 12 female workers highly exposed to soluble nickel compounds in a chemical plant. The results were compared to those obtained in 12 male and 12 female matched controls. 2. The concentration of nickel in urine of male and female workers averaged 5.0 and 10.3 micrograms g-1 creatinine, respectively. The mean duration of exposure in male and female workers was 25 and 15 years. 3. No difference was found in the mean urinary excretion of lactate dehydrogenase, albumin and transferrin in both sexes, total proteins, beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-m) and retinol-binding protein (RBP) in males and lysozyme in females. Lysozyme and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) were increased in male and total proteins, beta 2-m, NAG and RBP in female exposed workers. Significant correlations between urinary concentrations of nickel on one side and that of beta 2-m in women (r = 0.462, P = 0.022) and men (r = 0.41, P = 0.018) and of NAG in men (r = 0.405, P = 0.019) on the other side were found in exposed subjects. 4. Results indicate adverse effects of soluble nickel compounds on the kidney tubular function. In agreement with literature data it seems that those effects occur only at high exposure levels.

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Adult; Albuminuria; beta 2-Microglobulin; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Nickel; Occupational Exposure; Proteinuria; Transferrin

The hydroxyl radical scavengers dimethylthiourea (DMTU), sodium benzoate, and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were administered to rats before doxorubicin hydrochloride (ADR) (5 mg/kg, IV) to probe the role of free radicals in mediating proteinuria in doxorubicin hydrochloride nephrosis (AN). Because ADR stimulates free radical production, the role of renal glutathione was also evaluated; glutathione metabolism is involved in tissue detoxification processes. DMTU administration to rats with AN caused a significant (p less than 0.01) reduction in their proteinuria after 7 days (52.84 +/- 13.21 mg/24 hours) when they were compared with ADR controls (155.81 +/- 20.16 mg/24 hours). In similar fashion, their urine albumin excretion was also significantly reduced when compared with that of ADR controls (11.13 +/- 2.75 mg/24 hours vs 32.08 +/- 4.14 mg/24 hours; p less than 0.01). DMTU-treated rats also had significantly (p less than 0.001) reduced urinary protein and albumin excretion at 14 days when compared with rats that received ADR alone. The urinary excretion of lysozyme and N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, markers of renal tubular injury, were significantly increased after 7 or 14 days in rats with AN, despite DMTU treatment. Creatinine clearance was significantly reduced (p less than 0.05) in rats receiving ADR alone (0.223 +/- 0.011 ml/min/100 gm) when compared with that in normal controls (0.331 +/- 0.027 ml/min/100 gm) or DMTU-treated rats (0.289 +/- 0.035 ml/min/100 gm). Unlike DMTU, neither sodium benzoate nor DMSO reduced proteinuria in rats with AN.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Albuminuria; Animals; Benzoates; Benzoic Acid; Creatine; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Disease Models, Animal; Doxorubicin; Free Radical Scavengers; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Glutathione; Hydroxides; Hydroxyl Radical; Injections, Intravenous; Kidney Cortex; Male; Muramidase; Nephrosis; Proteinuria; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thiourea

Competitive inhibition of renal tubular transport occurs between low- and high-molecular-weight proteins following intravenous infusion, but this relationship is less clear following de novo glomerular or renal tubular injury. The present study evaluated renal lysozyme and albumin handling following renal tubular injury induced by both low- and high-dose mercuric chloride (0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg) and maleic acid (50 and 400 mg/kg), and following glomerular injury induced by puromycin aminonucleoside (5 mg/100 g) or Adriamycin (5 mg/kg). Subtle renal tubular injury induced only mild isolated albuminuria, while severe tubular injury caused dramatic lysozymuria and moderate albuminuria. However, increased filtration of albumin in these models of glomerular injury did not inhibit lysozyme transport.

Topics: Albumins; Albuminuria; Animals; Biological Transport, Active; Doxorubicin; Kidney Glomerulus; Kidney Tubules; Male; Maleates; Mercuric Chloride; Muramidase; Proteins; Puromycin Aminonucleoside; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains

The present study evaluated the degree of renal impairment caused by intra-arterial hypertensive chemotherapy (CDDP, PEP). In 11 cases of advanced cancer of the uterine cervix, serum and urinary levels of alpha 1-microglobulin (alpha 1-m) and beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-m), and urinary albumin (Alb) and lysozyme (LZM) were determined before the chemotherapy and 1,2 and 3 weeks after the therapy. Results are summarized as follows: 1. After intra-arterial chemotherapy, the histological classification was Grade I in 1 case (9.1%), Grade IIa in 2 cases (18.2%), and Grade IIb in 8 cases (72.7%). 2. Serum alpha 1-m and beta 2-m levels remained within the normal range after chemotherapy. 3. Urinary alpha 1-m, beta 2-m and LZM levels exceeded the normal limit between 1 and 2 weeks after the therapy, but thereafter they returned to normal. 4. Urinary Alb was significantly increased (p less than 0.05) between 1 and 2 weeks after therapy, but thereafter it returned to normal. These results suggested that intra-arterial chemotherapy (CDDP 100mg and PEP 40 mg in a dose) was effective for advanced cancer of the cervix and that renal disorders including tubular and glomerular impairment, which are the adverse effects of the therapy, were mild and reversible.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Albuminuria; Alpha-Globulins; Angiotensin II; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; beta 2-Microglobulin; Bleomycin; Blood Pressure; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Cisplatin; Female; Humans; Infusions, Intra-Arterial; Kidney; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Peplomycin; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

The hypothesis that intermittent claudication initiates a systemic inflammatory response was investigated by studying the effect of exercise on markers of neutrophil activation and vascular permeability in 25 claudicants and 10 controls. Urinary albumin excretion, previously demonstrated to reflect vascular permeability, increased significantly after exercise in claudicants and was associated with decreased neutrophil filterability and increased serum lysozyme activity. No similar exercise-induced changes were seen in controls or in claudicants after successful arterial bypass surgery. These results suggest that intermittent claudication is associated with potentially deleterious systemic manifestations that are surgically reversible.

Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Albuminuria; Capillary Permeability; Creatinine; Exercise; Female; Hemofiltration; Humans; Inflammation; Intermittent Claudication; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Neutrophils

This study was carried out to test the hypothesis that diet-induced nephrocalcinosis causes enhanced loss of albumin in urine, irrespective of the composition of the nephrocalcinogenic diet. Female rats were fed various purified diets for 28 days. There was a control diet (0.5% Ca, 0.04% Mg, 0.4% P, 15.1% protein, wt/wt), a low Mg (0.01% Mg), a high protein (30.2% protein) and a high P diet (0.6% P). The low Mg and high P diet induced nephrocalcinosis as demonstrated histologically and by markedly increased concentrations of kidney Ca. In rats fed the high protein diet, nephrocalcinosis was essentially absent. Group mean values of urinary excretion of albumin and plasma concentrations of urea were increased in rats fed either the low Mg or high P diet. The high protein diet did not affect urinary albumin but caused lysozymuria which was not seen in the other groups. Plasma urea was increased in rats fed the high protein diet. In individual rats, the concentration of Ca in kidney and urinary albumin excretion were positively correlated. It is suggested that nephrocalcinosis in female rats induced by either low Mg or high P intake causes kidney damage which in turn leads to increased concentrations of albumin in urine and urea in plasma.

Topics: Albuminuria; Animals; Calcium; Diet; Female; Kidney Function Tests; Metabolic Clearance Rate; Muramidase; Nephrocalcinosis; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; Urea

An investigation was carried out into renal injury caused by extracorporeal piezoelectric lithotripsy (EPL) using an EDAP lithotriptor. Four urinary proteins, with a molecular weight range of 160000-14500, immunoglobulin G (IgG), N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAG), albumin and lysozyme, were monitored in 27 patients 1 day before and 1, 7, 30, 90 and 180 days after unilateral EPL treatment. All patients had non-obstructive renal stones, previously untreated. Apart from 5 patients with stablised hypertension and 6 with persistent urinary infections due to the infected stones, all patients appeared healthy, as confirmed by clinical, haematological and biochemical investigations. Only albumin levels increased significantly 1 day after treatment; statistically nonsignificant increases and decreases were recorded in the levels of NAG and lysozome respectively. IgG was beyond the limit of detection (less than 0.5 mg%) in all patients. The albumin level returned to normal 7 days after treatment. The EPL-induced increase in albumin was recorded in 88% of patients, compared with increased levels of NAG in 46% and lysozyme in 64%, mainly in those with infected stones. These findings indicated a transient glomerular injury after EPL treatment.

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Albuminuria; Female; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Kidney; Kidney Calculi; Lithotripsy; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Time Factors

Renal tubular function was investigated in 98 non-insulin-dependent and 18 insulin-dependent diabetics under conditions of standard glycemic control. Mean urinary excretion of lysozyme, beta 2-microglobulin and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) in both Albustix-negative and positive patients were significantly elevated above the control range. The increased excretion of lysozyme, beta 2-microglobulin and NAG was found in 21, 55 and 62% of the normoalbuminuric patients, and in 40, 57 and 74% of the microalbuminuric patients, respectively. Besides the parameters cited above, urinary acid-soluble glycoprotein (ASP) was measured to assess its potential as an indicator of early renal dysfunction. Mean urinary ASP excretion was also elevated in both Albustix-negative and positive patients. The albumin/ASP ratio increased as nephropathy advanced. Such a mode of excretion was similar to those of low-molecular-weight proteins (lysozyme and beta 2-microglobulin). The results of multiple regression analysis showed that serum creatinine most highly correlated with the excretion of the urinary proteins except for NAG.

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Adult; Albuminuria; beta 2-Microglobulin; Biomarkers; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Nephropathies; Female; Humans; Kidney Tubules; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Regression Analysis

To determine if changes in dietary protein intake alter renal excretion of small molecular weight proteins in passive Heymann nephritis, 21 rats with passive Heymann nephritis were fed 8.5% protein for 12 days after injection with antiserum. Dietary protein intake was then increased to 40% in 10 rats (LP-HP) while 11 rats remained on 8.5% protein (LP-LP). Lysozymuria (UlysV) increased from 66.5 +/- 31.0 mcg/day to 457.5 +/- 98.0 mcg/day (P less than 0.001) after five days in LP-HP, but was unchanged in LP-LP. Albuminuria (UalbV) increased only in LP-HP, from 168 +/- 23 mg/day to 447 +/- 45 mg/day (P less than 0.001). Urinary lysozyme excretion correlated with UalbV (r = 0.737, P less than 0.001), and changes in UlysV correlated with changes in UalbV (r = 0.657, P less than 0.01). To determine whether the increase in UlysV was the direct effect of the change in diet, enalapril 40 mg/kg/day was administered to prevent the increase in UalbV that occurs when these rats are fed a high protein diet. Twelve rats were fed 8.5% (LP) and 10 were fed 40% protein (HP) from the time of injection with antiserum. Six LP (LPE) and five HP (HPE) received enalapril. UlysV was 873 +/- 391 mcg/day in HP and nearly undetectable in the other three groups. UalbV was significantly greater in HP (368 +/- 60 mg/day) compared to the other three groups (114 +/- 16 in LP, 136 +/- 44 in HPE, 95 +/- 21 in LPE.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Albuminuria; Animals; Dietary Proteins; Enalapril; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Male; Muramidase; Nephritis; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains

We measured the excretion rates of six urinary enzymes that either originate from the proximal renal tubule, like alanine aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.2), alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), gamma-glutamyltransferase (EC 2.3.2.2), and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30), or that are typical low-molecular-mass proteins, like lysozyme (EC 3.2.1.17) and pancreatic ribonuclease (EC 3.1.27.5). These rates were compared with those of total protein and albumin in urine of 36 insulin-dependent diabetic men and 30 healthy men. Seventeen of the diabetics had "clinical proteinuria," defined as excretion of more than 7.5 g of protein per mole of urinary creatinine (group B). Group A comprised the 19 diabetics without proteinuria. Except for gamma-glutamyltransferase, the excretions of enzymes and proteins were significantly higher in diabetics than in controls and were greater in group B than in group A. N-Acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase was the analyte most often increased in group A (89%), followed by albumin and alkaline phosphatase (each 32%). All patients in group B showed increased excretion of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase. We conclude from the comparative data that this enzyme may be useful as an early predictor of diabetic nephropathy.

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Adult; Albuminuria; Alkaline Phosphatase; Aminopeptidases; CD13 Antigens; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetic Nephropathies; gamma-Glutamyltransferase; Humans; Male; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Ribonuclease, Pancreatic

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Albuminuria; beta 2-Microglobulin; gamma-Glutamyltransferase; Glomerulonephritis; Hexosaminidases; Humans; Kidney Glomerulus; Kidney Tubules; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Muramidase; Proteinuria

The effect of lysozyme on intraglomerular immune complex deposition was examined in NZB/W F1 mice undergoing unilateral nephrectomy. Unilateral nephrectomy enhanced the glomerular immune complex deposition and glomerular lesions, which were suppressed by repeated intraperitoneal injections of lysozyme, in spite of unaltered serum anti-DNA antibody titers. DNA binding to the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) examined in vitro and that to glomeruli examined in vitro were also suppressed by lysozyme. An increased survival rate and decreased proteinuria were also induced by this basic protein. The mechanisms of the ameliorative effect were studied in vitro. DNA was bound to the GBM only in the presence of serum, plasma, or fibronectin. A similar inhibitory effect on DNA binding was also obtained by another polycation, hexadimethrine, in place of lysozyme. The in vitro findings suggest that DNA binding to the GBM is mediated by fibronectin, and that lysozyme electrostatically inhibits this binding, thereby possibly reducing the in situ DNA-anti-DNA complex formation in the GBM.

Topics: Albuminuria; Animals; Antigen-Antibody Complex; Autoantibodies; Basement Membrane; DNA; Fibronectins; In Vitro Techniques; Kidney Glomerulus; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic; Lupus Nephritis; Mice; Muramidase

The activities of urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and alanine aminopeptidase (AAP) were measured in 207 diabetic patients and 57 healthy controls, and the relationship of these enzymes to different stages of diabetic microangiopathy was studied. Diabetics with clinical proteinuria had higher urinary NAG and AAP (17.7 +/- 1.9 and 42.8 +/- 4.9 U/g creatinine, mean +/- SE, respectively) than healthy controls (1.8 +/- 0.1 and 10.0 +/- 0.4) or diabetics without proteinuria. Among diabetics without proteinuria, NAG excretion in those with retinopathy was slightly higher than in those without (6.4 +/- 0.5 v 5.4 +/- 0.4), and AAP in those with retinopathy was significantly higher than in those without (23.0 +/- 1.5 v 17.4 +/- 0.8, P less than 0.01). Urinary albumin measured by radioimmunoassay and lysozyme in diabetics with retinopathy but without proteinuria was higher than those without retinopathy (P less than 0.001 and P less than 0.01). The increase in albumin was the greatest in diabetics with long duration of the disease (greater than or equal to 8 years); however, NAG and AAP increased more significantly in those with high hemoglobin A1c than in patients with long duration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Adult; Aged; Albuminuria; Aminopeptidases; CD13 Antigens; Creatinine; Diabetic Angiopathies; Diabetic Retinopathy; Female; Hexosaminidases; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Proteinuria

To better characterize the effects of body position and exercise on urinary protein excretion, carefully defined random urine samples were obtained during recumbency and following both ambulation and exercise in healthy adolescent student athletes. Albumin, lysozyme, and N-acetyl-B-D-glucosaminidase were measured in all samples. Glomerular permeability and tubular function were assessed using the urinary albumin creatinine ratio (UAlb/UCr), the urinary lysozyme creatinine ratio (ULy/UCr), the urinary N-acetyl-B-D-glucosaminidase creatinine ratio (UNag/UCr), and the urinary lysozyme albumin ratio (ULy/UAlb). UAlb/UCr was significantly (p less than 0.001) lower in recumbent urine samples than in either ambulatory or postexercise samples, although no difference was seen between the latter two groups. Furthermore, recumbent UAlb/UCr was higher in females (p less than 0.01) and postexercise UAlb/UCr varied significantly (p less than 0.001), depending on the type of physical activity. ULy/UCr, UNag/UCr, and ULy/UAlb were unaffected by either posture or physical activity. A significant correlation was found between UAlb/UCr and UNag/UCr (r = 0.60, p = 0.0001) and also between ULy/UCr and ULy/UAlb (r = 0.84, p = 0.001). In addition, urine-specific gravity was found to have a significant negative correlation with UAlb/UCr (r = -0.33, p = 0.001). The results of this study suggest that in the adolescent, recumbent albumin excretion is higher in females and that ambulation increases glomerular permeability. Exercise does not appear to induce any additional alteration in glomerular permeability, although the effects of exercise are likely-related to the type and severity of physical activity. Renal tubular function is unaltered by either ambulation or exercise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Adolescent; Albuminuria; Female; Humans; Male; Muramidase; Physical Exertion; Posture; Proteinuria

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Albuminuria; Antigen-Antibody Complex; beta-N-Acetyl-Galactosaminidase; Female; Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome; Hexosaminidases; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Proteinuria

A wide variety of tests for the detection of circulating immune complexes (IC) has been proposed by different authors, but there is very little to no information concerning the performance of IC screening assays in samples known to contain in vivo-formed IC. The purpose of our investigation was to compare the behavior of a non-specific assay, the PEG-IgG screening test for IC, with an antigen-specific assay in serum samples sequentially obtained from rabbits to which we induced acute serum sickness. Five animals were used in the study; we were able to detect an increase of IC constituted by the heterologous antigen (human serum albumin) and corresponding antibodies in all, and in 4 animals the results of the PEG-IgG assay closely correlated with the results of the antigen-specific assay (rho values between 0.975 and 1.00). The 4 animals in which IC showed a definite peak by both assays developed proteinuria and IC deposits at the glomerular level, while the animal that failed to develop IC detectable by the PEG-IgG test remained normal throughout the study. These results demonstrate the ability of the PEG-IgG test to detect in vivo-formed IC and suggest that the IC detected by this test have pathogenic potential.

Topics: Acute Disease; Albuminuria; Animals; Antigen-Antibody Complex; Autoimmune Diseases; Disease Models, Animal; Immunoglobulin G; Longitudinal Studies; Muramidase; Polyethylene Glycols; Proteinuria; Rabbits; Serum Sickness

The albuminuria occurring after swimming in splenectomized dogs was investigated. Swimming in splenectomized dogs induces metabolic acidosis, a decrease in renal vascular conductance, and an increase in plasma renin activity, all three factors possibly implicated in the occurrence of albuminuria. The administration of sodium bicarbonate prior to swimming reduced the magnitude of the acidosis and eliminated the increase in albuminuria after swimming. Phenoxybenzamine, an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that maintains the renal blood flow during exercise also blocked the increase in albuminuria despite a decrease of blood pH during swimming. However, after metoprolol, a beta 1-adrenergic blocking agent that blocks the rise in plasma renin activity during exercise, swimming causes a threefold increase in albuminuria (P less than 0.01). The albuminuric response to swimming preceded by saline was also significant (P less than 0.05). It is likely that post-swimming albuminuria in splenectomized dogs is linked to the decrease of renal vascular conductance or to the decrease in blood pH rather than to the rise in plasma renin activity.

Topics: Acidosis; Albuminuria; Animals; Bicarbonates; Blood; Dogs; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Metoprolol; Muramidase; Phenoxybenzamine; Renal Circulation; Renin; Sodium Bicarbonate; Splenectomy; Swimming

Topics: Albuminuria; Autoantigens; beta 2-Microglobulin; Diagnosis, Differential; Epithelium; Glomerulonephritis; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Kidney Tubules; Muramidase; Nephritis, Interstitial; Nephrotic Syndrome; Proteinuria

Topics: Adult; Albuminuria; Child; Creatinine; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Muramidase; Proteinuria

In an effort to elucidate mechanisms by which glucocorticoids enhance urinary protein excretion, albumin and lysozyme excretion patterns were studied in normal rats which had been subjected to a variety of experimental protocols. On the basis of these studies the following conclusions were reached: (1) The acute administration of glucocorticoids produces an immediate increase of both glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and of urinary albumin and lysozyme excretion rates. (2) A delayed albuminuric response to glucocorticoids occurs 14-32 h after drug administration. This second period of albuminuria is quantitatively far more significant than the acute albuminuric response and it occurs at a time when GFR is not statistically different from control experimental animals. (3) Lysozyme excretion 14-32 h following glucocorticoid administration is normal, suggesting an intact tubular protein reabsorption mechanism at the time of maximal albuminuria. (4) The delayed albuminuric period cannot be acutely reproduced by infusion of 5 ml of serum harvested from dexamethasone pretreated albuminuric rats. (5) Dietary Na intake (and presumed activity of the renin/angiotensin axis) does not appear to influence the magnitude of the glucocorticoid-induced albuminuric reaction. Further work is needed to more fully delineate the pharmacologic pathway by which glucocorticoids affect urinary protein excretion and to ascertain whether this response differs between the normal and pathologic kidney.

Topics: Albuminuria; Animals; Blood Transfusion; Diet; Female; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Glucocorticoids; Kidney; Kidney Tubules; Muramidase; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Time Factors

To facilitate the study of mechanisms and patterns of proteinuria, radioimmunoassays for human lysozyme (LZM) and albumin (alb) were established to permit quantitation of physiologic amounts of these proteins in urine. Commercially available LZM and alb preparations were radiolabeled with I125, and single antibody, competitive protein binding assays were developed. Separation of free and antibody-bound radioprotein was achieved with 20 per cent polyethylene glycol. LZM and alb 24-hr excretion rates for 12 normal subjects were 7 to 64 microgram and 2.3 to 16.1 mg, respectively. Of 6 renal disease patients with undetectable urine LZM by bioassay, 5 were shown to have elevated LZM concentrations by radioimmunoassay. The ease of establishing and performing these assays and their reproducibility suggest that they may have clinical and investigative value.

Topics: Albumins; Albuminuria; Animals; Antibodies; Muramidase; Protein Binding; Proteinuria; Radioimmunoassay

In an effort to identify new diagnostic features of tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN), urinary total protein concentrations and urinary excretion rates of four serum proteins and of proximal renal tubular epithelial antigens were determined for five normal subjects and for 44 patients with well-characterized renal diseases. Four urinary protein indices correlated with TIN: clearance of lysozyme/clearance of albumin > 20; clearance of immunoglobulin G/clearance of albumin % > 55 per cent; renal tubular epithelial antigen excretion > 10 units per min; urinary albumin/urinary total protein concentrations < 50 per cent. Of TIN patients, 86 per cent were (+) to one or more of these criteria whereas 89 per cent of glomerular disease patients were (-) to all criteria. By combining these criteria into multiphasic testing profiles, 88 per cent of patients could be successfully categorized as having either tubulointerstitial or glomerulonephritis. This finding suggests the potential diagnostic value of these new testing parameters.

Topics: Albuminuria; Antigens; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Kidney Tubules; Muramidase; Nephritis, Interstitial; Proteinuria

Two commonly used brands of reagent strip (dipsticks) were evlauated for their sensitivity to Bence-Jones and seven other urinary proteins. Both brands showed significant differences in sensitivity to albumin, glycoprotein, ribonuclease and lysozyme; both were most sensitive to albumin and least sensitive to globulin. Furthermore, their comparative sensitivities to these proteins also differed markedly. These differences in sensitivity could lead to underestimation of protein content in urine specimens. Tests on urines from patients with multiple myeloma showed that a negative urinary dipstick test result did not rule out the presence of the disease.

Topics: Albuminuria; Bence Jones Protein; Globulins; Glycoproteins; Humans; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Ribonucleases

Urinary and serum proteins were studied in 55 patients with extrarenal epithelial carcinoma, using an automated immunopreciptin reaction. The 24 h excretion and renal clearance of 6 high molecular weight proteins: albumin, transferrin, haptoglobin, IgG, IgA, and IgM were significantly increased compared with a control group, implying a glomerular injury. The 24 h excretion of 4 low molecular weight proteins: free lambda and kappa light chains of immunoglobulin, lysozyme, and beta2-microglobulin was significantly increased in patients with disseminated carcinoma compared with patients with localized carcinoma. The serum concentrations of albumin and transferrin were significantly decreased and the serum concentration of haptoglobin significantly increased in patients with disseminated carcinoma compared with patients with localized tumours.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Albuminuria; beta 2-Microglobulin; Blood Proteins; Female; Haptoglobins; Humans; Immunoglobulins; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Neoplasms; Proteinuria; Transferrin

Urinary and serum proteins were studied preoperatively in 48 patients with renal carcinoma, using an automated immunoprecipitin reaction. The 24 h excretion and the renal clearance of albumin, transferrin, haptoglobin, IgG, IgA, and IgM and the 24 h excretion of the immunoglobulin lambda and kappa free light chains and beta2-microglobulin were significantly increased compared with a control group. The excretion of lysozyme was also increased, but not significantly. Increased protein excretion was the most common urinary finding in patients with renal carcinoma. The protein excretion was predominantly of the glomerular type, implying a glomerular injury. The serum concentrations of albumin and transferrin were significantly decreased and the serum concentration of haptoglobin significantly increased in patients with stage III and IV tumours compared with patients with stage I and II tumours. Abnormal serum concentrations of albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin were indicative for advanced renal carcinoma.

Topics: Aged; Albuminuria; beta 2-Microglobulin; Blood Proteins; Circadian Rhythm; Female; Haptoglobins; Humans; Immunoglobulin A; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains; Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains; Immunoglobulin Light Chains; Immunoglobulin M; Kidney Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Serum Albumin; Transferrin

The 24-hour urinary excretion of albumin, transferrin, haptoglobin, IgG, IgA, IgM, free lambda and kappa light chains from immunoglobulin, lysozyme, and beta2-microglobulin has been investigated in 22 patients with febrile diseases, using an automated immunoprecipitin reaction. The average excretion of the 10 proteins was significantly increased in the patients compared with a control group. In patients with body temperature is greater than or equal to 38.5 degrees C the tubular type of proteinuria was significantly increased compared with those with body temperature is less than 38.5 degrees C. Sequential studies in 10 patients showed that the tubular type of proteinuria occurred in all, whereas the glomerular type was demonstrated in 8. when the fever had subsided, the tubular proteinuria disappeared rapidly i in all patients, while the glomerular proteinuria disappeared in only 4 out of 8. It was shown that tubular proteinuria was caused by fever per se, and it is suggested that glomerular prteinuria might be due to an immue response to antigens, derived from the infectious agents, producing a transient or permanent glomerular injury.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Albuminuria; beta 2-Microglobulin; Female; Fever; Haptoglobins; Humans; Immunoglobulin A; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains; Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains; Immunoglobulin Light Chains; Immunoglobulin M; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Transferrin

Using an automated immunoprecipitin reaction, the urinary excretion of albumin, transferrin, haptoglobin, IgM, IgG, IgA, free lambda and kappa light chains from immunoglobulin, lysozyme and beta2-microglobulin has been investigated in 40 long-term bilaterally nephrectomized renal transplant patients. The excretion of the proteins, except lysozyme, was significantly increased in 21 of the paitents with Albustix-negative urine. In patients with glomerulonephritis prior to the transplantation, the excretion of albumin, transferrin, and IgG was significantly increased compared with the other patients. The IgM excretion was significantly increased in patients who had received C and D matches compared with those with A and B matches. Patients with severe surgical complications in the postoperative period had a tubular proteinuria, and in patients surviving more than 60 months after transplantation the excretion of several proteins was significantly increased compared with patients surviving less than 60 months.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Albuminuria; beta 2-Microglobulin; Female; Haptoglobins; Humans; Immunoglobulin A; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains; Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains; Immunoglobulin M; Kidney Transplantation; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Proteinuria; Time Factors; Transferrin; Transplantation, Homologous

In 239 apparently healthy subjects the 24-h urinary excretion of albumin transferrin, haptoglobin, IgM, IgG, IgA, immunoglobulin-free lambda and kappa light chains, lysozyme, and beta-2-microglobulin was studied by means of an automated immunoprecipitin reaction. The 24-h excretion of the proteins showed a very uneven distribution. Albumin was excreted in the largest quantities, 1.6-34.2 mg/24 h (0.95 range), and beta-2-microglobulin in the smallest quantities, 0-0.14 mg/24 h (0.95 range). Seven of 10 proteins were excreted in significantly lower quantities in children than in adults.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Albuminuria; beta 2-Microglobulin; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Haptoglobins; Humans; Immunoglobulin A; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains; Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains; Immunoglobulin M; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Precipitin Tests; Proteinuria; Time Factors; Transferrin

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Albuminuria; Alpha-Globulins; Animals; Beta-Globulins; Creatinine; Female; Graft Rejection; Humans; Immune Sera; Immunoassay; Immunodiffusion; Kidney Transplantation; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Postoperative Complications; Proteinuria; Rabbits; Serum Albumin; Serum Globulins; Transplantation, Homologous

Topics: Albuminuria; Alpha-Globulins; Beta-Globulins; Creatinine; Female; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Graft Rejection; Humans; Kidney Transplantation; Male; Muramidase; Postoperative Complications; Potassium; Proteinuria; Sodium; Time Factors; Transplantation, Homologous

Topics: Adult; Aged; Albuminuria; Antibody Formation; Blood Glucose; Creatinine; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetic Nephropathies; Female; Growth Hormone; Humans; Insulin; Kidney; Male; Metabolic Clearance Rate; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Proteinuria

Topics: Albuminuria; Animals; Chromatography, Gel; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Fibrin; Fibrinogen; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Glomerulonephritis; Humans; Immunoelectrophoresis; Kidney Transplantation; Molecular Weight; Muramidase; Nephrosis; Plasminogen; Rabbits; Streptokinase; Transplantation, Homologous; Uremia

Topics: Albuminuria; Bence Jones Protein; Blood Proteins; Chromatography, Gel; Electrophoresis, Disc; Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase; gamma-Globulins; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Glomerulus; Kidney Tubules; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Methods; Molecular Weight; Muramidase; Ovalbumin; Pepsin A; Protein Binding; Proteinuria; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

Serum levels, urinary excretion, and clearances of several proteins of different molecular weights were studied in 18 patients with mono- and myelomonocytic leukemia. Nine patients had normal renal function (group A) and nine had impaired renal function with azotemia (group B). The majority of patients in both groups had increased concentration of immunoglobulins, particularly IgG, IgA, and IgM; IgD level was normal. Serum transferrin and alpha(2)-macroglobulin were frequently reduced while the level of ceruloplasmin was often increased, especially in patients with azotemia. The activity of lysozyme in the serum was high in all patients, but was considerably higher in group B. Proteinuria was found in most patients but was more prominent in group B. Almost invariably albumin constituted less than 25% of the total protein excreted. Qualitative analysis of various urinary proteins by immunochemical techniques and clearance studies suggested the presence of glomerular as well as tubular dysfunction. Determination of urinary lysozyme frequently showed no direct correlation between the serum level of the enzyme and its concentration in the urine or its clearance by the kidney. In addition to glomerular filtration, impaired tubular reabsorption may account for the high level of lysozyme in the urine. It is postulated that the very high level of lysozyme in the glomerular filtrate and possibly hypergammaglobulinemia may play a role in the induction of tubular damage. Renal impairment has been correlated with histological changes in the kidneys. From a comparative study of various leukemias, it seems that the combined glomerular-tubular dysfunction is a manifestation unique to mono- and myelomonocytic leukemia.

Topics: Adult; Agammaglobulinemia; Aged; Albuminuria; Blood Chemical Analysis; Blood Proteins; Ceruloplasmin; Female; Humans; Hypergammaglobulinemia; Immunoglobulins; Kidney Glomerulus; Kidney Tubules; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Middle Aged; Muramidase; Nitrogen; Proteinuria; Transferrin; Uremia

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Albumins; Albuminuria; Child; Child, Preschool; Creatinine; Fanconi Syndrome; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Kidney Tubules; Male; Muramidase; Nephrotic Syndrome; Pyuria

Topics: Albuminuria; Centrifugation; Chemical Precipitation; Humans; Methods; Muramidase; Salicylates